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1.
多分量联合逆时偏移最佳匹配层吸收边界 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
有限空间内的波动方程逆时偏移需要利用有效的边界处理技术用以消除人工截断对偏移结果产生的影响。本文以横向各向同性介质弹性波速度-应力方程为基础,依据传统分裂式最佳匹配层（Perfect Matched Layer,PML）吸收边界技术的思想,推导了应用于逆时偏移的完全匹配层波动方程,并给出了其高阶交错网格有限差分格式。针对由边界处向计算区域内传播的＂反射波＂,以及地震记录排列两端地震同相轴突变对计算区域的影响这两方面问题,本文给出了逆时偏移中吸收层的布设方式。模型和实际资料的弹性波叠前多分量联合逆时深度偏移结果表明本文的边界处理方法取得了较好的吸收效果,获得了好的联合偏移成像结果。 相似文献
2.
A modified reverse-time migration algorithm for offset vertical seismic profiling data is proposed. This algorithm performs depth imaging of target areas in the borehole vicinity without taking into account the overburden. Originally recorded seismograms are used; reliable results can be obtained using only the velocity profile obtained along the well. The downgoing wavefield emitted from a surface source is approximated in the target area using the transmitted P-wave, recorded by the receivers deployed in the well. This is achieved through a reverse-time extrapolation of the direct transmitted P-wave into the target area after its separation in offset vertical seismic profiling seismograms generated using a finite-difference scheme for the solution of the scalar wave equation.
The proposed approach produces 'kinematically' reliable images from reflected PP- and PS-waves and, furthermore, can be applied as a salt proximity tool for salt body flank imaging based on the transmitted PS-waves. Our experiments on synthetic data demonstrate that the modified reverse-time migration provides reliable depth images based on offset vertical seismic profiling data even if only the velocity profile obtained along the borehole is used. 相似文献
The proposed approach produces 'kinematically' reliable images from reflected PP- and PS-waves and, furthermore, can be applied as a salt proximity tool for salt body flank imaging based on the transmitted PS-waves. Our experiments on synthetic data demonstrate that the modified reverse-time migration provides reliable depth images based on offset vertical seismic profiling data even if only the velocity profile obtained along the borehole is used. 相似文献
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根据具有垂直对称轴的横向各向同性（VTI）介质中的一阶准P波方程,导出了该方程在交错网格中逆时延拓的高阶有限差分格式,给出了其稳定性条件,采用完全匹配层吸收边界条件解决边界反射问题,分别应用下行波最大能量法和归一化互相关成像条件, 实现了VTI介质中准P波方程的叠前逆时深度偏移．各向异性Marmousi模型的试算结果表明,VTI介质准P波方程叠前逆时深度偏移算法不受地下构造倾角和介质横向速度变化的限制,对复杂模型具有良好的成像能力;应用归一化互相关成像条件能得到更好的成像效果．对比该模型的各向异性和各向同性逆时偏移剖面表明,在各向异性地区采集的纵波数据用各向异性偏移算法理论上能得到更好的成像结果． 相似文献
5.
在地震资料的处理中,逆时偏移方法可以实现复杂构造高精度成像,但计算量和存储量两大问题影响了该方法的实际应用.逆时偏移算法中的边界处理方式的优化可以大大减少存储量,本文讨论了记录波场边界信息的吸收边界和随机边界这两种方法的计算效率和成像效果,提出了吸收边界中只记录边界范围内未衰减单层波场的方法并通过数值实验验证了其可行性,选择了不同的边界策略应用于模型数据和实际资料的处理.结果表明:记录单层波场边界信息的吸收边界的成像效果同传统存储波场历史的方式几乎无差别,但要额外存储每个时刻的波场边界信息;随机边界不需要额外存储波场信息,但会带来边界漫反射影响和计算区域的增加;记录单层波场边界可以明显减少存储量,并且不影响成像效果. 相似文献
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在对地下复杂构造介质,特别是盐丘侧翼及岩下区域进行成像时,相对于传统的各向同性逆时偏移和VTI逆时偏移,具有倾斜对称轴的TTI逆时偏移成像效果最优.不仅反射同相轴更加的连续,而且能量得到了更好的聚焦.传统的各向异性介质全弹性波RTM的计算量大且计算效率低.由于目前仍以纵波勘探为主,因此TTI逆时偏移qP波波动方程的选取显得尤为重要.为了提高计算效率,采用将沿着对称轴方向的横波速度设为零的方法,简化得到qP波波动方程.然而,这样会引入一种严重影响成像效果的低速度、低振幅的qSV波人为干扰.本文建立了qP波方程的完全匹配层控制方程,而后借助于辅助波场采用一种高效的压制伪横波噪声传播的方法,通过模型测试验证了该方法的有效性. 相似文献
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与其他偏移方法相比,逆时偏移基于精确的波动方程而不是对其近似,用时间外推来代替深度外推.因此,它具有良好的精度,不受地下构造倾角和介质横向速度变化的限制.激发时间成像条件的求取是叠前逆时偏移的难点之一,本文采用求解程函方程的方法得到地下各点的初至波走时,以此作为叠前逆时偏移的成像条件.基于任意矩形网格和局部平面波前近似的有限差分初至波走时计算方法精度较高并适用于强纵横向变速的复杂介质.试算结果表明,在复杂介质模型中利用叠前逆时深度偏移收到了很好的成像效果. 相似文献
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Acoustic reverse-time finite-difference migration for zero-offset data is extended from two- to three-dimensional media. The formulation is based on the full three-dimensional acoustic wave equation and so has no dip restrictions and it involves extrapolation in a velocity distribution variable in three dimensions. The algorithm is demonstrated by successful migration of synthetic data sets for three models: a point diffractor, an oblique pinch-out, and a dome overlying a planar reflector. 相似文献
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A prestack reverse-time migration algorithm which operates on common-source gathers, recorded at the Earth's surface, from 3D structures, is conceived, implemented and tested. Reverse-time extrapolation of the recorded wavefield (a boundary-value problem), and computation of the excitation-time imaging condition for each point in a 3D volume (an initial-value problem), are both performed using a second-order finite-difference solution of the full 3D scalar wave equation. The algorithm is illustrated by processing synthetic data for a point diffractor, an oblique wedge, and the French double dome and fault model. 相似文献
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最小二乘逆时偏移（LSRTM）相对于常规逆时偏移（RTM）具有分辨率更高、振幅更准确、噪音更少等优势,可以对复杂的地质构造进行有效的成像.这种迭代更新反演成像方法十分依赖目标函数的梯度质量和计算效率.当地质模型中存在强反射界面或者记录中存在折射波时,基于常规互相关成像条件（CCC）的最小二乘逆时偏移梯度会包含很强的低频噪音,从而使反演的收敛速度和成像质量降低.为此,本文在最小二乘逆时偏移的梯度中引进了逆散射成像条件来压制这种低频噪音,并以此提出基于逆散射成像条件（ISC）的最小二乘逆时偏移方法.数值模拟结果表明,两者计算耗时基本一致,但逆散射成像条件能高效压制梯度中的低频噪音,从而使反演过程中收敛加速,成像质量得到显著提高. 相似文献
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Imaging the PP- and PS-wave for the elastic vector wave reverse-time migration requires separating the P- and S-waves during the wave field extrapolation. The amplitude and phase of the P- and S-waves are distorted when divergence and curl operators are used to separate the P- and S-waves. We present a P- and S-wave amplitude-preserving separation algorithm for the elastic wavefield extrapolation. First, we add the P-wave pressure and P-wave vibration velocity equation to the conventional elastic wave equation to decompose the P- and S-wave vectors. Then, we synthesize the scalar P- and S-wave from the vector Pand S-wave to obtain the scalar P- and S-wave. The amplitude-preserved separated P- and S-waves are imaged based on the vector wave reverse-time migration (RTM). This method ensures that the amplitude and phase of the separated P- and S-wave remain unchanged compared with the divergence and curl operators. In addition, after decomposition, the P-wave pressure and vibration velocity can be used to suppress the interlayer reflection noise and to correct the S-wave polarity. This improves the image quality of P- and S-wave in multicomponent seismic data and the true-amplitude elastic reverse time migration used in prestack inversion. 相似文献
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偏移成像是VSP数据处理中的一个重要环节,常规的VSP成像方法通常利用VSP-CDP转换或Kirchhoff偏移,均存在保幅性差及成像精度低等问题,而波动方程叠前深度偏移被认为是对地下复杂构造进行成像的精确偏移方法.任意广角波动方程作为一种高精度的空间域单程波波动方程,同时由于只含有二阶偏导数项,易于数值实现,与其他单程波波动方程相比,具有更大的成像倾角,因此是偏移成像的有力工具之一.本文将AWWE推广应用到VSP数据成像中,实现了VSP时空域高角度单程波方程偏移.首先从三维标量任意广角波动方程出发,推导了完全匹配层吸收边界条件,在基本不增加计算量的前提下有效地压制了边界反射成像噪音,同时利用非线性反演算法优选参考速度来提高平方根算子的近似程度,从而提高高角度地层的成像精度.模型数值模拟实验验证了该方法的有效性,同时表明该方法在陡倾角构造情况下能取得很好的成像效果.最后对某地区实际观测的VSP资料进行了偏移成像,并与地面地震偏移结果进行了对比,显示出VSP波动方程偏移在成像分辨率上的优势. 相似文献
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地下岩石的速度各向异性影响地震波的传播与成像.横向各向同性(TI)介质为最普遍的等效各向异性模型.引入TI介质拟声波方程可以避免复杂的弹性波方程求解以及各向异性介质波场分离,以满足对纵波成像的实际需要.本文从垂直横向各向同性(VTI)介质弹性波方程出发,推导出正应力表达的拟声波方程以及相应的纵波分量的表达式,进而分析从频散关系得到的拟声波方程的物理意义,而后将拟声波方程扩展到更一般的倾斜横向各向同性(TTI)介质中.波前快照与群速度平面的对比验证了拟声波方程可以很好地近似描述qP波的运动学特征.在此基础上,将拟声波方程应用在逆时偏移中并与其特例声波近似方程进行对比,讨论了计算效率、稳定性等实际问题.数值试验表明VTI介质情况下采用声波近似方程可以提高计算效率,而TTI介质qP-qSV波方程则在效率相当的情况下可以保证稳定性.SEG/HESS模型和逆冲模型逆时偏移试验验证了本文TI介质拟声波方程的实用性. 相似文献
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与地面地震资料相比,VSP资料具有分辨率高、环境噪声小及能更好地反映井旁信息等优点.常规VSP偏移主要对上行反射波进行成像,存在照明度低、成像范围受限等问题.为了增加照明度、拓宽成像范围、提高成像精度,本文采用直达波除外的所有声波波场数据(全波),包括一次反射波、多次反射波等进行叠前逆时偏移成像.针对逆时偏移中的四个关键问题,即波场延拓、吸收边界条件、成像条件及低频噪声的压制,本文分别采用自适应变空间差分算子长度的优化有限差分方法(自适应优化有限差分方法)求解二维声波波动方程以实现高精度、高效率的波场延拓,采用混合吸收边界条件压制因计算区域有限所引起的人工边界反射,采用震源归一化零延迟互相关成像条件进行成像,采用拉普拉斯滤波方法压制逆时偏移中产生的低频噪声.本文对VSP模型数据的逆时偏移成像进行了分析,结果表明:自适应优化有限差分方法比传统有限差分方法具有更高的模拟精度与计算效率,适用于VSP逆时偏移成像;全波场VSP逆时偏移成像比上行波VSP逆时偏移的成像范围大、成像效果好;相对于反褶积成像条件,震源归一化零延迟互相关成像条件具有稳定性好、计算效率高等优点.将本文方法应用于某实际VSP资料的逆时偏移成像,进一步验证了本文方法的正确性和有效性. 相似文献
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Depth migration consists of two different steps: wavefield extrapolation and imaging. The wave propagation is firmly founded on a mathematical frame-work, and is simulated by solving different types of wave equations, dependent on the physical model under investigation. In contrast, the imaging part of migration is usually based on ad hoc‘principles’, rather than on a physical model with an associated mathematical expression. The imaging is usually performed using the U/D concept of Claerbout (1971), which states that reflectors exist at points in the subsurface where the first arrival of the downgoing wave is time-coincident with the upgoing wave. Inversion can, as with migration, be divided into the two steps of wavefield extrapolation and imaging. In contrast to the imaging principle in migration, imaging in inversion follows from the mathematical formulation of the problem. The image with respect to the bulk modulus (or velocity) perturbations is proportional to the correlation between the time derivatives of a forward-propagated field and a backward-propagated residual field (Lailly 1984; Tarantola 1984). We assume a physical model in which the wave propagation is governed by the 2D acoustic wave equation. The wave equation is solved numerically using an efficient finite-difference scheme, making simulations in realistically sized models feasible. The two imaging concepts of migration and inversion are tested and compared in depth imaging from a synthetic offset vertical seismic profile section. In order to test the velocity sensitivity of the algorithms, two erroneous input velocity models are tested. We find that the algorithm founded on inverse theory is less sensitive to velocity errors than depth migration using the more ad hoc U/D imaging principle. 相似文献
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叠前深度偏移理论及方法一直是地震数据成像中研究的热点问题.业界对单程波叠前深度偏移方法和逆时深度偏移开展了深入的研究,但对双程波方程波场深度延拓理论及成像方法的研究还鲜有报道.本文以地表记录的波场值为基础,利用单程波传播算子估计波场对深度的偏导数,为在深度域求解双程波方程提供充分的边界条件,并提出利用矩阵分解理论实现双程波方程的波场深度外推.通过对强速度变化介质中传播波场的计算,与传统的单程波偏移方法相比,本文提出的偏移方法计算的波场与常规有限差分技术计算的波场相一致,证明了本方法计算的准确性.通过对SEAM模型的成像,在相同的成像参数下,与传统的单程波偏移算法和逆时深度偏移算法方法相比,本文提出的偏移方法能够提供更少的虚假成像和更清晰的成像结果.本文所提偏移算法具有深度偏移和双程波偏移的双重特色,推动和发展了双程波叠前深度偏移的理论和实践. 相似文献
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Migration is a process whereby events in ‘image space’ are mapped into their correct positions in ‘object space’. The wave equations associated with this mapping may be defined and solved numerically either in image space or in object space. In the former the CMP section, which represents the initial conditions, is extrapolated toward increasing depths, and the migrated data are recovered at zero time. In the latter, the wave-field extrapolation takes place in the coordinate frame of the depth section, and the CMP data serve as boundary conditions at the surface. Computations begin at the last sample of the record section and continue ‘reverse time’ until time zero. This paper describes a reverse-time migration (RTM) method and compares its performance with that of an image-space method based on the idea of phase shift plus interpolation (PSPI). Synthetic zero-offset sections serve as examples for migration experiments with the RTM and PSPI methods. It is shown that the RTM approach to migration is rather expensive, but its robustness and accuracy are difficult to surpass. 相似文献
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叠前逆时偏移是目前成像精度最高的地震偏移方法之一,其实现过程中的一个重要步骤是数值求解全波方程,所以快速有效求解全波方程的数值算法对逆时偏移至关重要. 四阶近似解析辛可分Runge-Kutta (NSPRK) 方法是近年发展的一种具有高效率、高精度的数值求解波动方程的保辛差分方法, 能在粗网格条件下有效压制数值频散, 从而提高计算效率, 节省计算机内存需求量. 本文利用四阶NSPRK方法构造的基本思想,发展了具有六阶空间精度的NSPRK方法,并对新的六阶NSPRK方法进行了详细的稳定性和数值频散分析,以及计算效率比较和波场模拟. 同时将该方法用于声波叠前逆时偏移中, 得到一种时间上保辛、空间具有六阶精度、低数值频散、可应用大步长进行波场延拓并能长时计算的叠前逆时偏移方法,对Sigsbee2B模型进行了偏移成像, 并和四阶NSPRK方法、传统的六阶差分方法、四阶Lax-Wendroff correction (LWC) 方法进行了对比. 数值结果表明, 基于六阶NSPRK方法的叠前逆时偏移能得到更好的成像结果, 是一种优于四阶NSPRK方法、传统的六阶差分方法、四阶LWC叠前逆时偏移的方法, 尤其是在粗网格情况下具有更明显的优越性. 相似文献
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We present a new depth‐imaging method for seismic data in heterogeneous anisotropic media. This recursive explicit method uses a non‐stationary extrapolation operator to allow lateral velocity variation, and it uses the relationship between phase angle and the spectral coordinates of seismic data to allow velocity variation with phase angle. A qualitative comparison of migration impulse responses suggests that, for an equivalent cost, the symmetric non‐stationary phase‐shift (SNPS) operator is superior to the phase‐shift plus interpolation (PSPI) operator, for very large depth intervals. To demonstrate the potential of the new method, seismic data from a physical model acquired over a transversely isotropic medium are imaged using a shot‐record migration based on the SNPS operator. 相似文献
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Prestack depth migration of multicomponent seismic data improves the imaging accuracy of subsurface complex geological structures. An accurate velocity field is critical to accurate imaging. Gaussian beam migration was used to perform multicomponent migration velocity analysis of PP- and PS-waves. First, PP- and PS-wave Gaussian beam prestack depth migration algorithms that operate on common-offset gathers are presented to extract offset-domain common-image gathers of PP- and PS-waves. Second, based on the residual moveout equation, the migration velocity fields of P- and S-waves are updated. Depth matching is used to ensure that the depth of the target layers in the PP- and PS-wave migration profiles are consistent, and high-precision P- and S-wave velocities are obtained. Finally, synthetic and field seismic data suggest that the method can be used effectively in multiwave migration velocity analysis. 相似文献