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1.
云南威信县新庄煤矿区多为高瓦斯及煤与瓦斯突出矿井,该矿区总体上为一向斜,发育一系列轴向NEE的次级褶曲,瓦斯含量为0.25～40.55m3/t,平均为9.10m3/t。通过对矿区地质构造、煤层厚度、煤的变质程度、顶板岩性、煤层埋深、水文地质条件等瓦斯地质因素分析,其瓦斯分布规律总体上受向斜控制,瓦斯含量在次级构造(如向斜轴部)较高,瓦斯含量等值线总体上呈NEE向展布,瓦斯含量与煤层厚度呈正相关,瓦斯含量在浅部煤层中变化大,随埋深增大趋于增高,在600m以深,瓦斯含量增加的速度减慢;从泥岩顶板-泥质灰岩顶板-粉砂岩顶板,煤层瓦斯含量依次显著降低;矿区浅部地下水活动较活跃,随深度增加,下水头压力增大,有利于瓦斯的保存和富集,区内岩溶发育但大部分位于地表,对C5煤层影响甚微。 相似文献
2.
Summary Two faults related to the Pine Mountain overthrust sheet near Buchanan County, Virginia, were investigated to determine their effect on ground control and to develop recognition criteria for prediction. Both faults are right lateral, strike-slip faults overprinted simultaneously with thrust faulting. Offsets of the coal seam due to thrust faulting average 6 ft with severe roof conditions (20 ft high roof falls) occurring through an average 30 ft wide zone of disturbance. Recognition criteria include characteristic overthrusting, coalbed swag, bedding plane slippage, and fault gouge. Ground control strategies include mine designs that minimize fault exposure. 相似文献
3.
S.E. Phillipson 《International Journal of Coal Geology》2005,64(3-4):239-256
Carbonate nodules have been encountered for many years in the southern Illinois Basin, in parts of southern Illinois, southern Indiana, and southwestern Kentucky. The nodules occur as oblate spheroids of calcium carbonate that are isolated in the shale immediate roof of coal mines. They are common in the Springfield coal seam, known as the No. 5 seam in Illinois, and as the No. 9 seam in western Kentucky. Several different mechanisms have been proposed for the formation of various semi-spherical objects in coal measure rocks. The distribution and association with rooted horizons suggest that carbonate nodules in black fossiliferous shale observed in the roof of a studied mine in the Springfield seam represent pedogenic carbonate paleosols, which formed in a caliche-favoring environment subsequent to Springfield mire deposition. This interpretation is supported by 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratios of 0.710893 ± 13 to 0.711035 ± 12, which indicate a freshwater rather than seawater source.Petrographic examination of rock textures and mineral grains indicates that nodules collected from two Illinois Basin coal mines are composed of subangular grains of fine-grained, crystalline microspar. Although the carbonate is not ferroan, iron hydroxide stains interstices between microspar grains. The rounded, commonly pinched boundaries of nodules truncate commonly imbricated microspar grains. In contrast, concentric growth patterns are not observed except as defined by secondary, subhedral to euhedral pyrite crystals that form a diffuse, concentric replacement zone around the nodule's outer rind. Polished slickensides, with well-developed radial slickenlines, are developed at highly compacted margins in black shale or mudstone that commonly encases the carbonate nodules.Of the 450 carbonate nodules documented at a study mine in the southern Illinois Basin, the long axes of 36% are preferentially aligned parallel to regional structures such as anticline axes and drag folds that are interpreted to have formed in response to compression during the Late Pennsylvanian-Permian Alleghanian orogeny. Mapping also suggests that clusters of carbonate nodules are spatially associated with the trends of low-angle drag folds in the immediate roof of the Springfield seam at the study mine. The preferential elongation and distribution with respect to tectonic structures suggest that regional compression influenced the shape and distribution of carbonate nodules, and that nodule lithification may have been approximately contemporaneous with regional deformation. 相似文献
4.
5.
《Sedimentary Geology》2007,193(1-4):81-92
The origin and development of the Cenozoic Kleszczów Graben were strongly influenced by a pre-existing fault pattern within the Permian–Mesozoic bedrock. Dike-filled fractures penetrating Neogene/Quaternary deposits, analysed in the opencast Bełchatów browncoal mine, follow extensional structural patterns parallel to the axes of the local anticlinal forms established (or rejuvenated) in the Quaternary. These structures are particularly well developed along the fold crests. The spacing and structural features of the fractures and normal faults are explained in terms of the tensile stress operating in beds subjected to folding. The main localities of the Quaternary folds precisely align with segments of two deep-seated reverse faults: the Kleszczów–Kodrąb Fault and the Gomunice–Piaski Fault. Both are NW–SE orientated dislocations along a hinge zone of the Laramide Łękińsko Anticline, subcropping the Cenozoic graben infill in the open mine. The origin of the Quaternary folds as fault-overlying folds is attributed to a young block uplift on the Łękińsko Anticline area, which is well recorded by a strong reduction in thickness of the Cenozoic sediments; the Quaternary succession is reduced in thickness twice as much as the Neogene. The successive stages of Quaternary reactivation of the Łękińsko Anticline (during the Cromerian through the Late Saalian), with diminishing intensity, are believed to be correlatable with the sequence of glacial rebound events coupled with mobility of the deep-rooted fault zone. 相似文献
6.
综采一次采全高顶板导水裂缝带发育高度的计算公式及适用性分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
确定煤层顶板导水裂缝带高度可为顶板防治水、采掘工程布置、防水煤柱留设以及瓦斯抽采设计提供依据。采用井下仰孔注水测渗漏法,实测山西西山煤田镇城底矿8煤导水裂缝带高度为57.98 m,其中冒落带高度16.72 m,裂隙带高度41.26 m。依据实测结果并收集了8个矿综采一次采全高中硬覆岩下导水裂缝带高度数据,利用数理统计回归分析的方法,得出了适用于综采一次采全高中硬覆岩下导水裂缝带高度计算的经验公式,并与《煤矿安全规程》中相应经验公式进行对比分析,结果表明,该公式适用性好,而《煤矿安全规程》中有关公式应用于中厚煤层综采一次采全高开采条件预测,其误差较大。 相似文献
7.
浅埋煤层上覆采空区水威胁着陕北地区诸多煤矿的安全生产。以陕北地区某煤矿为例,针对该类水害问题进行分析,通过经验公式、数值模拟等方法计算,开采3-1号煤层产生的覆岩导水裂缝带高度至少为66 m,运用类比法及经验公式预计,矿井正常涌水量为163 m3/h,最大涌水量203 m3/h,3-1号煤层上覆采空区积水量约为2.6×106 m3。根据各计算结果,提出"物探先行、钻探验排、先治后采、有掘必探"的安全开采技术方案和思路,为矿井后期制定合理有效的煤层顶板采空区水综合防治措施打好基础。 相似文献
8.
Fault-propagation folds form an important trapping element in both onshore and offshore fold-thrust belts, and as such benefit from reliable interpretation. Building an accurate geologic interpretation of such structures requires palinspastic restorations, which are made more challenging by the interplay between folding and faulting. Trishear (Erslev, 1991; Allmendinger, 1998) is a useful tool to unravel this relationship kinematically, but is limited by a restriction to planar fault geometries, or at least planar fault segments. Here, new methods are presented for trishear along continuously curved reverse faults defining a flat–ramp transition. In these methods, rotation of the hanging wall above a curved fault is coupled to translation along a horizontal detachment. Including hanging wall rotation allows for investigation of structures with progressive backlimb rotation. Application of the new algorithms are shown for two fault-propagation fold structures: the Turner Valley Anticline in Southwestern Alberta, and the Alpha Structure in the Niger Delta. 相似文献
9.
随着煤矿开采强度的不断增大,矿井逐渐向深部转移,冲击地压灾害日益严峻。而深部冲击地压矿井往往存在一层或多层坚硬厚岩层,这些坚硬顶板厚度较大,整体性强,突然断裂时会释放大量弹性能,易引发冲击地压事故,严重制约矿井安全生产。以陕西彬长矿区孟村矿为例,针对矿区内煤层埋藏深、普遍存在多种坚硬厚岩层的特殊情况,提出针对性治理措施：对顶板上方0～80 m范围内厚度超过10 m的坚硬厚岩层进行破断、弱化处理,对煤层上方0～30 m范围的低位岩层采取顶板深孔爆破预裂措施,对煤层上方30～60 m范围内的中位坚硬岩层采取顶板定向长钻孔水力压裂措施,对煤层60 m以上高位坚硬岩层采取地面水平井分段压裂措施;使高、中、低位顶板产生的裂缝在垂向上实现贯穿,将顶板“切割”成相对规则的“块状”结构,使上覆岩层应力由“硬传递”转化为“软传递”;并结合煤层大直径孔卸压、煤层爆破等煤层卸压措施,形成了区域与局部相结合、煤层与岩层全覆盖的“井上下”立体防治模式。工程实践证明：采用“井上下”立体防治模式后,工作面103 J以上微震事件降低88%,周期来压强度降低23%,来压持续时间缩短61%,防冲效果良好。该技术模式的成功... 相似文献
10.
Gregory Molinda 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2008,26(5):553-566
NIOSH has recently completed a study of the interaction between polyurethane (PUR) and coal mine roof in order to determine
the mechanism of reinforcement, in both highly fractured rock and unfractured rock. Four case studies of PUR reinforcement
are presented. At a West Virginia site, a borehole camera revealed the location of roof voids and guided the PUR injection.
By injecting polyurethane into a zone from 0.6 to 1.8 m (2–6 ft.) high in the roof, a roof beam was created and ongoing intersection
falls were halted. In another highly fractured roof in a western Pennsylvania mine, a total of 5.8 cm (2.3 in.) of rubbleized
rock was found in a zone up to 3 m (10 ft.) into the roof. Untargeted PUR injection filled approximately 1/2 of the fractures.
These two case studies showed that it is not necessary to fill up 100% of the void space to create stability. In the other
two field sites, polyurethane was injected into weak, but unfractured roof. Post-injection video monitoring showed that weak
bedding planes were hydraulically wedged open and polyurethane injected along bedding. The reinforcement value of this injection
method is limited because of the wafer-thin layer of PUR introduced along bedding, and the lack of a PUR “webbing” which would
serve as a structural framework to provide strength. It was determined that video inspection prior to PUR injection can aid
in identifying the fracture zones to target, and minimize “blind” pumping and loss of PUR. 相似文献
11.
S. F. Greb C. F. Eble D. A. Williams W. J. Nelson 《International Journal of Coal Geology》2001,45(4):121
The Western Kentucky No. 4 coal is a high-volatile B to high-volatile C bituminous coal that has been heavily mined along the southern margin of the Western Kentucky Coal Field. The seam has a reputation for rolling floor elevation. Elongate trends of floor depressions are referred to as “dips” and “rolls” by miners. Some are relatively narrow and straight to slightly curvilinear in plan view, with generally symmetric to slightly asymmetric cross-sections. Others are broader and asymmetric in section, with sharp dips on one limb and gradual, ramp-like dips on the other. Some limbs change laterally from gradual dip, to sharp dip, to offset of the coal. Lateral changes in the rate of floor elevation dip are often associated with changes in coal thickness, and in underground mines, changes in floor elevation are sometimes associated with roof falls and haulage problems. In order to test if coal thickness changes within floor depressions were associated with changes in palynology, petrography and coal quality, the coal was sampled at a surface mine across a broad, ramp-like depression that showed down-dip coal thickening. Increment samples of coal from a thick (150 cm), down-ramp and thinner (127 cm), up-ramp position at one surface mine correlate well between sample sites (a distance of 60 m) except for a single increment. The anomalous increment (31 cm) in the lower-middle part of the thick coal bed contained 20% more Lycospora orbicula spores.The rolling floor elevations noted in the study mines are inferred to have been formed as a result of pre-peat paleotopographic depressions, syn-depositional faulting, fault-controlled pre-peat paleotopography, and from compaction beneath post-depositional channels and slumps. Although the association of thick coal with linear trends and inferred faults has been used in other basins to infer syn-depositional faulting, changes in palynology within increment samples of the seam along a structural ramp in this study provide subtle evidence of faulting within a specific increment of the coal itself. The sudden increase in L. orbicula (produced by Paralycopodites) in a single increment of a down-ramp sample of the Western Kentucky No. 4 coal records the reestablishment of a rheotrophic mire following a sudden change in edaphic conditions. Paralycopodites was a colonizing lycopod, which in this case became locally abundant after the peat was well established along a fault with obvious growth during peat accumulation. Because many coal-mire plants were susceptible to sudden edaphic changes as might accompany faulting or flooding, changes in palynology would be expected in coals affected by syn-depositional faulting. 相似文献
12.
断层作用下深部开采诱发冲击地压相似试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以典型断层型冲击地压矿井为例,采用相似材料模拟试验方法,基于覆岩空间结构失稳与断层活化耦合致灾原理,分析了巨型逆冲断层下盘煤层开采采场覆岩运动过程、工作面倾向支承压力及断层面的应力变化规律,研究了巨型逆冲断层影响下巨厚坚硬顶板易冲击煤层冲击地压显现特征。试验结果表明：煤层开采诱发巨型逆冲断层冲击灾变过程分为3阶段：第1阶段,受煤层采动影响,上覆岩层发生空间运动,煤体中形成明显高应力集中区;第2阶段,覆岩多层空间结构演化诱发断层活化,断层活化导致空间结构外部岩体回转,给空间结构施加外部载荷,造成空间结构失稳加剧,煤岩体的应力激增,影响范围扩大;第3阶段,断层滑移释放能量,提供动载荷。根据应力监测数据变化规律,划分了逆冲断层的明显影响区域,研究结果为断层影响下煤层开采的防冲策略与设计提供可靠依据。 相似文献
13.
豫西告成煤矿滑动构造区瓦斯赋存特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
地质构造是煤与瓦斯突出的控制因素,豫西煤田中滑动构造普遍发育。运用区域构造演化、瓦斯赋存构造逐级控制理论,在系统分析煤田地质勘探和矿井揭露的瓦斯地质资料的基础上,研究了告成煤矿滑动构造的形成机制及其对煤系、煤层和瓦斯赋存的控制作用。告成煤矿位于芦店滑动构造的西部,受两期滑动构造的影响,煤层厚度变化剧烈,构造煤成层发育,煤层顶板结构形成了张性角砾岩、断层泥和张性角砾岩复合、原生顶板(深灰色细砂岩)、剪切角砾岩4种破坏类型,控制着瓦斯逸散、富集和煤与瓦斯区域突出危险性的分布。 相似文献
14.
对白云鄂博超大型稀土-铌-铁矿田内褶皱及断层构造特征进行了剖析和总结,认为矿区内构造活动演化具有多期性,中元古代—海西期至少发育4期构造活动,包括近东西向控岩断层(F1)、近东西向逆-平移断层(F2)、近东西向褶皱和韧性剪切构造、北东向左行走滑正断层(F3),并将其对成岩成矿的影响及控制作用作了详细分析。认为:①沿白云石碳酸岩与顶底板围岩界线分布的近东西向断层控制了白云石碳酸岩的产出和矿体的形成;②白云石碳酸岩侵位之后,近东西向逆-平移断层对矿体进行了第一次破坏,导致主矿、东矿的深部矿体向东平移,钻孔WK14-01的深部矿体应为主矿深部的矿体平移所致;③成矿期后发育一期近南北向的挤压变形事件对矿体进行了第二次破坏,导致矿区白云鄂博群紧闭褶皱的形成和矿体发生透镜体化;④主矿、东矿之间的北东向左行走滑正断层对矿体进行了第三次破坏,导致主、东矿位置的错动。这些认识将对矿区深部及外围找矿工作具有重要的指导意义。 相似文献
15.
The benefits of geologic analysis for roof-control studies and hazard prediction in coal mines are well documented. Numerous case studies have illustrated the importance of recognizing geologic features such as paleochannels, coal riders, and kettlebottoms in mine roofs. Relatively understudied features, in terms of mining, are paleoslumps .Paleoslumps represent ancient movement and rotation of semi-consolidated sediment. Because bedding in paleoslumps is deformed or inclined, these features cause instability in mine roofs, haul roads, surface highwalls, and other excavations. Various types of paleoslumps above coals in the Eastern Kentucky Coal Field were studied in order to aid in their recognition and prediction in mines.The paleoslumps studied all showed characteristic slump-deformation features, although some differences in magnitude of deformation and overall slump size were noted. Coals beneath slumps often exhibited folding, reverse displacements, truncation, clastic dikes, and locally increased thickness. Slumps are inferred to have been triggered by a wide range of mechanisms, such as loading of water-saturated sediment on rigid substrates, synsedimentary faulting, and over-pressurization of channel margin and bar slopes.Analysis of paleoslumps in underground mines, where paleoslumps are viewed from beneath rather than in profile is difficult, since characteristic bed rotation may not be conspicuous. Sudden increases in bed-dip angle inferred from changes in rock type or bedding contacts in the roof; occurrence of bounding, polished rotation surfaces; or roof irregularity and occurrence of loading features may indicate the presence of paleoslumps. Another key to recognition may be the sudden appearance of over-thickened coal, which can occur because of slump-created paleotopography, synsedimentary faults, and slump-generated overthrusting. In addition, steeply inclined, folded, or transported coal marginal to paleoslumps can create apparent increases in coal thickness in cores. Although thick coals are obviously a target of exploration, anomalously thick coals may actually indicate adjacent paleoslumps accompanied by hazardous roof conditions and loss of seam thickness. 相似文献
16.
本文以水文地球化学理论为指导,基于研究区水文地质条件及矿山水害研究基础,构建了不同充水含水层水化学和氢、氧同位素基础特征值,结合不同煤层埋深煤矿含隔水层组合特征和导水裂隙带发育高度,综合识别了浅埋、中深埋和深埋多个煤矿的矿井水来源。研究结果显示,受水岩作用和水动力条件等因素影响,煤层上覆不同充水含水层地下水水化学类型和氢、氧同位素值差异明显;随着煤层埋深的增大,矿井水的矿化度呈显著增加趋势,氢、氧同位素整体呈减小趋势;在此基础上,综合采用水化学和环境同位素的方法对研究区不同煤层埋深煤矿的矿井涌水进行识别,认为浅埋煤矿矿井水为第四系松散含水层地下水和侏罗系砂岩含水层地下水的混合水,深埋和中深埋煤矿矿井水主要为侏罗系砂岩含水层地下水。 相似文献
17.
Relay zone geometry and displacement transfer between normal faults recorded in coal-mine plans 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Overlap lengths, separations and throw gradients were measured on 132 relay zones recorded on coal-mine plans. Throws on the relay-bounding fault traces are usually ≤ 2 m and individual structures are recorded on only one seam. Throw gradients associated with relay zones are not always higher than on single faults, but asymmetry of throw profiles is diagnostic of relay zones. Bed geometries around larger faults in opencast mines are used to assess the displacement accommodated by shear in the vertical plane normal to the faults and displacement transfer accommodated by shear in the fault-parallel plane. Three-dimensional structure is defined for two relay zones, each recorded on five seam plans. These relay zones are effectively holes through the fault surfaces and overlap occurs between salients or lobes of the parent fault surfaces. Lobes initially terminated at tip-lines but, as the faults grew, gradually rejoined the main fault surfaces along branch lines. This type of relay zone originates by bifurcation of a single fault surface at a locally retarded tip-line and is an almost inevitable result of a tip-line irregularity. 相似文献
18.
The mining depth of main coal mines could reach around 600 m in eastern North China, and extends to the dept with speed of around 12 m/a. As the basement of eastern North China-type coal mine, the Ordovician karst aquifer is the main water source that influences the carboniferous coal seam mining. As the deep karst water has large buried depth and high water pressure (8–12 MPa), with10–30 m space between high pressure aquifer and coal seam, the geological area of deep coal occurrence is often forbidden for mining. Environmental damage, to a greater or lesser degree, is caused by coal mining. On the basis of analyzing the hydrogeological conditions of mining areas, this paper introduces the hydrogeological survey work of ultra-high confined karst water deep in the coal seam floor within researched region for preventing and controlling water disaster of the mine. After researching into the hydrogeological investigation data in the researched region, we explored the hydrodynamic and water chemical characteristics of deep karst water by using pumping test, dynamic observation, and dewatering test. Finally, this study suggests that the hydraulic pressure of deep mining could be mined, on the circumstances that reasonable and effective of water prevention measures are taken based on a detailed survey on water abundance of deep karst. 相似文献
19.
Arka Jyoti Das Prabhat Kumar Mandal Satya Prakash Sahu Angad Kushwaha Rana Bhattacharjee Subhashish Tewari 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2018,92(6):732-742
The rock mass around an excavation is generally traversed by different geological discontinuities such as faults, folds, slips, joints, etc. Fault is one of the major geological discontinuities which creates lot of difficulties during underground winning of coal. Entire stress regime and ground conditions in the formation are altered in and around the faults. Faults also impose detrimental effects by introducing impurities, including clay and various forms of mineral matter into the coal seams; opening of pathways for the influx of water and gas into the underground workings; displacing the coal seams upward/downwards making the coal seams difficult or sometimes impractical to mine. Appropriate evaluation of the effect of the fault on the stability of the underground workings is a requisite for safe design of the underground mining structures. In this paper, a study has been carried out to assess the effect of the fault on the stability of underground coal mines by numerical simulation with distinct element method (DEM). On the calibrated DEM model, parametric study has been performed by varying the selected parameters, the dip and the friction angles of the fault. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) shows that both the factors have statistically significant effect on the strength of the coal pillar. Similarly, the displacement of the immediate roof and the height of the disturbed strata are evaluated by the DEM modelling and statistical analysis when the fault passes through the middle of the gallery. The results of ANOVA for both cases indicate that the both factors have significant effect on the displacement of the immediate roof and the height of the disturbed strata. It is obtained from the study that the low angle fault causes high instability in the immediate roof. The paper has been supplemented with the field observations where instability in underground roadways of a coal mine in India is caused by the fault. It was observed in VK-7 incline mine of Singareni Collieries Company Limited, India that there was sudden failure of immediate roof of a roadway where a low angle fault crosses the middle of the roadway. The findings of the paper help to understand the behaviour of the coal pillar and the surrounding rock mass in the presence of the fault. The study would also help to take appropriate decisions about the unstable regions of the working safeguarding safety in underground coal mines. 相似文献
20.
矿井层间滑动构造定量评价——以潘集一矿为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
煤层及其顶底板中滑动现象极为普遍。层滑构造是导致煤层不稳定的主要因素,常常造成煤层厚度的突然变化,甚至形成无煤区,严重影响煤炭生产。为了掌握并了解矿区层滑构造的分布规律及发育强度,采用模糊综合评判法,取煤层层滑断层密度、煤层异常指数、断层密度、断层的强度指数、构造煤的发育强度指数、岩层组合关系量化参数6个评价指标,对矿区层间滑动构造复杂程度进行评价。结果表明:采用模糊综合评判法所得评价结果与矿区揭露结果相似。结合矿区地质条件预测深部未采区层滑构造发育程度取得了良好的效果,这为矿区生产部署提供了参考依据。 相似文献