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1.
Seismic safety of low ductility structures used in Spain 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The most important aspects of the design, seismic damage evaluation and safety assessment of structures with low ductility
like waffle slabs buildings or flat beams framed buildings are examined in this work. These reinforced concrete structural
typologies are the most used in Spain for new buildings but many seismic codes do not recommend them in seismic areas. Their
expected seismic performance and safety are evaluated herein by means of incremental non linear structural analysis (pushover
analysis) and incremental dynamic analysis which provides capacity curves allowing evaluating their seismic behavior. The
seismic hazard is described by means of the reduced 5% damped elastic response spectrum of the Spanish seismic design code.
The most important results of the study are the fragility curves calculated for the mentioned building types, which allow
obtaining the probability of different damage states of the structures as well as damage probability matrices. The results,
which show high vulnerability of the studied low ductility building classes, are compared with those corresponding to ductile
framed structures. 相似文献
2.
Macroseismic and mechanical models for the vulnerability and damage assessment of current buildings 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：5
The European Commission funded the RISK-UE project in 1999 with the aim of providing an advanced approach to earthquake risk scenarios for European towns and regions. In the framework of Risk-UE project, two methods were proposed, originally derived and calibrated by the authors, for the vulnerability assessment of current buildings and for the evaluation of earthquake risk scenarios: a macroseismic model, to be used with macroseismic intensity hazard maps, and a mechanical based model, to be applied when the hazard is provided in terms of peak ground accelerations and spectral values. The vulnerability of the buildings is defined by vulnerability curves, within the macroseismic method, and in terms of capacity curves, within the mechanical method. In this paper, the development of both vulnerability and capacity curves is presented with reference to an assumed typological classification system; moreover, their cross-validation is presented. The parameters of the two methods and the steps for their operative implementation are provided in the paper. 相似文献
3.
Ground-shaking scenarios and urban risk evaluation of Barcelona using the Risk-UE capacity spectrum based method 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
J. Irizarry N. Lantada L.G. Pujades A.H. Barbat X. Goula T. Susagna A. Roca 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2011,9(2):441-466
The Capacity Spectrum Based Method developed in the framework of the European project Risk-UE has been applied to evaluate
the seismic risk for the city of Barcelona, Spain. Accordingly, four damage states are defined for the buildings, the action
is expressed in terms of spectral values and the seismic quality of the buildings, that is, their vulnerability, is evaluated
by means of capacity spectra. The probabilities of the damage states are obtained considering a lognormal probability distribution.
The most relevant seismic risk evaluation results obtained for Barcelona, Spain, are given in the article as scenarios of
expected losses. 相似文献
4.
A. Martinelli G. Cifani G. Cialone L. Corazza A. Petracca G. Petrucci 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2008,28(10-11):875
A procedure for assessing the seismic vulnerability of residential buildings is presented along with the results of its application in an Italian town in Abruzzo (Celano Aq). This procedure is part of a methodological proposal which includes specific studies on expected seismic inputs and site effects analyses. The procedure is based on a simplified collection of data, such as typological features and factors concerning the seismic behaviour of buildings, and provides an estimate of seismic vulnerability and an expected damage forecast using fragility curves. The instruments and methods used for the Celano project are an updated and improved version of those applied to previous vulnerability investigations. This paper demonstrates how this procedure can meet the objectives of the integrated methodology proposed. In fact, the information that can be obtained using this procedure—state of vulnerability, risk analyses and GIS presentations of damage scenarios—could be used in urban planning to reduce seismical risk. 相似文献
5.
This paper is a presentation of an European project called RISK-UE, entitled: “An advanced approach to earthquake risk scenarios with applications to different European towns”. It gives the origin, the objectives and the organisation of the project, together with the content of the different workpackages comprising methodological aspects: different features of European town, seismic hazard, urban system exposure, vulnerability of current, historical and monumental buildings, vulnerability of lifelines and essential facilities, seismic risk scenario, with an application to the seven following cities: Barcelona, Bitola, Bucharest, Catania, Nice, Sofia and Thessaloniki. These studies were realized in close relation with the decisionmakers of these cities, in order that they implement Risk Management Plans and Plans of Action to effectively reduce seismic risk. 相似文献
6.
Seismic hazard and risk scenarios for Barcelona,Spain, using the Risk-UE vulnerability index method 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
N. Lantada J. Irizarry A. H. Barbat X. Goula A. Roca T. Susagna L. G. Pujades 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2010,8(2):201-229
The vulnerability index method, in its version developed in the framework of the European project Risk-UE, has been adapted
and applied in this article, to evaluate the seismic risk for the city of Barcelona (Spain) through a GIS based tool. According
to this method, which defines five damage states, the action is expressed in terms of the macroseismic intensity and the seismic
quality of the buildings by means of a vulnerability index. The probabilities of damage states are obtained considering a
binomial or beta-equivalent probability distribution. The most relevant seismic risk evaluation results obtained, for current
buildings and monuments of Barcelona, are given in the article as scenarios of expected losses. 相似文献
7.
Andreas J. Kappos Georgios Panagopoulos Christos Panagiotopoulos Gregorios Penelis 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2006,4(4):391-413
The methodology followed by the Aristotle University (AUTh) team for the vulnerability assessment of reinforced concrete (R/C) and unreinforced masonry (URM) structures is presented. The paper focuses on the derivation of vulnerability (fragility) curves in terms of peak ground acceleration (PGA), as well as spectral displacement (s
d), and also includes the estimation of capacity curves, for several R/C and URM building types. The vulnerability assessment methodology is based on the hybrid approach developed at AUTh, which combines statistical data with appropriately processed (utilising repair cost models) results from nonlinear dynamic or static analyses, that permit extrapolation of statistical data to PGA’s and/or spectral displacements for which no data are available. The statistical data used herein are from earthquake-damaged greek buildings. An extensive numerical study is carried out, wherein a large number of building types (representing most of the common typologies in S. Europe) are modelled and analysed. Vulnerability curves for several damage states are then derived using the aforementioned hybrid approach. These curves are subsequently used in combination with the mean spectrum of the Microzonation study of Thessaloniki as the basis for the derivation of new vulnerability curves involving spectral quantities. Pushover curves are derived for all building types, then reduced to standard capacity curves, and can easily be used together with the S
d fragility curves as an alternative for developing seismic risk scenarios. 相似文献
8.
M. Altuğ Erberik 《地震工程与结构动力学》2008,37(3):387-405
This study focuses on the seismic safety evaluation of masonry buildings in Turkey for in‐plane failure modes using fragility curves. Masonry buildings are classified and a set of fragility curves are generated for each class. The major structural parameters in the classification of masonry buildings are considered as the number of stories, load‐bearing wall material, regularity in plan and the arrangement of walls (required length, openings in walls, etc.), in accordance with the observations from previous earthquakes and field databases. The fragility curves are generated by using time history (for demand) and pushover (for capacity) analyses. From the generated sets of fragility curves, it is observed that the damage state probabilities are significantly influenced from the number of stories and wall material strength. In the second stage of the study, the generated fragility curves are employed to estimate the damage of masonry buildings in Dinar after the 1995 earthquake. The estimated damage by fragility information is compared with the inspected visual damage as assessed from the Damage Evaluation Form. For the quantification of fragility‐based damage, a single‐valued index, named as ‘vulnerability score’ (VS), is proposed. There seems to be a fair agreement between the two damage measures. In addition to this, decisions regarding the repair or demolition of masonry buildings in Dinar due to visual damage inspection are on comparable grounds with the relative measure obtained from VS of the same buildings. Hence, the fragility‐based procedure can provide an alternative for the seismic safety evaluation of masonry buildings in Turkey. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
9.
Fragility curves constitute the cornerstone in seismic risk evaluations and performance-based earthquake engineering. They describe the probability of a structure to experience a certain damage level for a given earthquake intensity measure, providing a relationship between seismic hazard and vulnerability. In this paper a numerical approach is applied to derive fragility curves for tunnel shafts built in clays, a component that is found in several critical infrastructure such as urban metro networks, airport facilities or water and waste water projects. The seismic response of a representative tunnel shaft is assessed using tridimensional finite difference non-linear analyses carried out with the program FLAC3D, under increasing levels of seismic intensity. A hysteretic model is used to simulate the soil non-linear behavior during the seismic event. The effect of soil conditions and ground motion characteristics on the soil-structure system response is accounted for in the analyses. The damage is defined based on the exceedance of the concrete wall shaft capacity due to the developed seismic forces. The fragility curves are estimated in terms of peak ground acceleration at a rock or stiff soil outcrop, based on the evolution of damage with increasing earthquake intensity. The proposed fragility models allows the characterization of the seismic risk of a representative tunnel shaft typology and soil conditions considering the associated uncertainties, and partially fill the gap of data required in performing a risk analysis assessment of tunnels shafts. 相似文献
10.
This study focuses on the evaluation of seismic safety of unreinforced masonry buildings in Turkey by using fragility curves generated for two behavior modes of load bearing walls: in-plane and out-of-plane. During generation of fragility curves, a force-based approach has been used. There exist two limit states in terms of base shear strength for in-plane behavior mode and flexural strength for out-of-plane behavior mode. To assess the seismic vulnerability of unreinforced masonry buildings in Turkey, fragility curves generated for in-plane behavior were verified by the observed damage during the 1995 Dinar (Turkey) earthquake and fragility curves generated for out-of-plane behavior were verified by the observed damage during the 2010 Elaz?? (Turkey) earthquake. The verification results reveal that the proposed fragility-based procedure can provide an alternative for the seismic safety evaluation of unreinforced masonry buildings in Turkey. Using this procedure, it becomes possible to investigate a large population of masonry buildings located in regions of high seismic risk in a short period of time. The obtained results are valuable in the sense that they can be used as a database during the development of strategies for pre-earthquake planning and risk mitigation for earthquake prone regions of Turkey. 相似文献
11.
Earthquake risk assessment of lifelines 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Kyriazis Pitilakis Maria Alexoudi Sotiris Argyroudis Olivier Monge Christophe Martin 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2006,4(4):365-390
This paper presents the RISK-UE methodology for the seismic risk assessment of utility systems (potable water, waste-water, gas system, telecommunication, electric power) and transportation infrastructures (port, airport, road and railway system). The proposed methodology provides a uniform basis for the reduction of the consequences of lifeline damages in urban areas and an efficient mitigation strategy and prioritization policies for pre-earthquake and post earthquake actions. A detailed inventory for every element at risk together with a reliable seismic hazard assessment, appropriate selection of fragility models, estimation of the “global value” and economical impact of lifeline damages and losses are the main steps of the proposed methodology. The consideration of European distinctive features of lifelines and utility systems in the construction of seismic scenarios and the proposition of fragility curves are among the basic aims of the proposed methodology. Different modules of the methodology were applied in seven pilot cities (Thessaloniki, Catania, Nice, Bucharest, Sofia, Barcelona, Bitola). We present herein few representative examples (case studies) in order to illustrate the methodology and to prove its efficiency. 相似文献
12.
L. G. Pujades A. H. Barbat R. González-Drigo J. Avila S. Lagomarsino 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2012,10(1):331-349
Between the late nineteenth century and the early twentieth century, Barcelona was expanded, occupying the terrains connecting
the old walled city and the nearby towns of the plateau of Barcelona. At that time, a large number of unreinforced masonry
buildings were constructed and nowadays many of them are still used as dwellings. Though built individually, these buildings
are connected to adjacent buildings, forming blocks composed of aggregates. In order to analyze the seismic behavior of isolated
buildings and aggregates, two typical central buildings and one typical corner building have been chosen. The two central
buildings and the corner building are referred as C1, C2, and E buildings. Two corner buildings and two central buildings have been connected in order to simulate a block side. This aggregate
is referred as AGG and it is composed by the following sequence of individual buildings: E-C1-C2-E. Original plans and drawings of existing buildings are then used to model these buildings. The modeled buildings have five
stories. Standard pushover analyses lead to evaluate their seismic performance by means of capacity spectra and fragility
curves. The analysis has been carried out in the parallel (Ux) and transversal (Uy) directions to the street. Then, a capacity
spectrum based method is used to analyze the seismic behavior of these buildings considered as individual buildings and as
an aggregate. Two earthquake scenarios are considered. The first one is a deterministic scenario which is based on a historical
earthquake occurred in 1,824, 25 km away from the city and the second one is a probabilistic scenario, which represents the
ground motion with a probability of occurrence of 10% in 50 years. The soil local effects have been also considered and both
scenarios have been used to assess the expected damage. Four non-null damage states are considered: slight (1), moderate (2),
severe (3) and extensive-to-collapse (4). For the type of soil where most of the buildings are, and in the Ux direction, the
four buildings show a similar behavior. The mean damage grade is 2.3 for the deterministic scenario and 2.7 for the probabilistic
one. This means that moderate to severe damage is expected in both cases; furthermore, in the case of the deterministic scenario
more than 10% of the buildings would suffer extensive-to-collapse damage and nearly 20% for the probabilistic scenario, confirming
the high vulnerability of such buildings. The differences in the expected damage are due to the significant different characteristics
of the response spectra of the earthquake scenarios in the range of the fundamental periods of the buildings. 相似文献
13.
Many historic buildings in old urban centers in Eastern Canada are made of stone masonry reputed to be highly vulnerable to seismic loads.Seismic risk assessment of stone masonry buildings is therefore the first step in the risk mitigation process to provide adequate planning for retrofit and preservation of historical urban centers.This paper focuses on development of analytical displacement-based fragility curves reflecting the characteristics of existing stone masonry buildings in Eastern Canada.The old historic center of Quebec City has been selected as a typical study area.The standard fragility analysis combines the inelastic spectral displacement,a structure-dependent earthquake intensity measure,and the building damage state correlated to the induced building displacement.The proposed procedure consists of a three-step development process:(1) mechanics-based capacity model,(2) displacement-based damage model and(3) seismic demand model.The damage estimation for a uniform hazard scenario of 2% in 50 years probability of exceedance indicates that slight to moderate damage is the most probable damage experienced by these stone masonry buildings.Comparison is also made with fragility curves implicit in the seismic risk assessment tools Hazus and ELER.Hazus shows the highest probability of the occurrence of no to slight damage,whereas the highest probability of extensive and complete damage is predicted with ELER.This comparison shows the importance of the development of fragility curves specific to the generic construction characteristics in the study area and emphasizes the need for critical use of regional risk assessment tools and generated results. 相似文献
14.
Carlo Gavarini 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2001,21(5):480
In the first part the paper outlines the current conceptions relevant to seismic risk for constructions in urban centres analysing seismic hazard, vulnerability and exposure. In the second part there are some details about the vulnerability assessment of ordinary buildings, and about the differences that arise when monumental or historical buildings are in question. Then the concept of seismic scenario is given (third part), so that the specific question of seismic vulnerability of historical centres may be treated (part four), presenting an appropriate methodology recently proposed by the author. Finally part five presents an introduction to the theme of risk mitigation for historical centres and monuments, a very difficult question, where the two aspects of preservation and seismic safety must be considered together. 相似文献
15.
Typological fragility curves have been derived from post-earthquake survey data on building damage, collected in the areas affected by the most relevant Italian earthquakes of the last three decades. A complex and time consuming codification and reinterpretation work has been done on a set of about 150,000 survey building records, in order to define empirical damage probability matrices for several building typologies, characteristic of the Italian building stock. The obtained data have then been processed by advanced nonlinear regression methods in order to derive typological fragility curves. These curves, organised in five damage levels, provide useful information both for relative comparisons among typologies and for seismic risk analyses at different scales. By combining hazard definitions, fragility curves and inventory data, complete earthquake risk scenario studies can be performed, but even the single convolution of hazard and fragility allows to obtain typological risk maps, both for single damage state definitions and for concise average loss parameters. The very high potential of these results is shown by some applications reported in the paper. 相似文献
16.
传统考虑后期使用年限的地震动参数研究,在建筑物抗震设计中的应用,缺乏地震危险性分析和建筑物损伤指数分析,应用性差。提出新的地震动参数在建筑物抗震设计中的应用方法,以地震危险性分析为基础,通过水平地震动加速度衰减关系方程,求得建筑场地水平向基岩峰值加速度和反应谱,以此得到地震动加速度反应谱方程,利用该方程获得地震动反应谱参数,采用变形和线性组合构建损伤指数模型,获取地震波作用下地震动参数对建筑物损伤程度。实验结果表明,利用所提方法得到的地震动反应谱最小误差为0.563,小于允许误差4.0;在50年超越概率63%的条件下地震动参数值分别为0.26、0.095,所提方法可在规定误差范围内得到地震动反应谱参数值,其进行建筑物抗震设计精度和应用性高。 相似文献
17.
A comparison of seismic risk maps for Italy 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
Helen Crowley Miriam Colombi Barbara Borzi Marta Faravelli Mauro Onida Manuel Lopez Diego Polli Fabrizio Meroni Rui Pinho 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2009,7(1):149-180
National seismic risk maps are an important risk mitigation tool as they can be used for the prioritization of regions within
a country where retrofitting of the building stock or other risk mitigation measures should take place. The production of
a seismic risk map involves the convolution of seismic hazard data, vulnerability predictions for the building stock and exposure
data. The seismic risk maps produced in Italy over the past 10 years are compared in this paper with recent proposals for
seismic risk maps based on state-of-the-art seismic hazard data and mechanics-based vulnerability assessment procedures. The
aim of the paper is to open the discussion for the way in which future seismic risk maps could be produced, making use of
the most up-to-date information in the fields of seismic hazard evaluation and vulnerability assessment. 相似文献
18.
青海东南部农村民居结构特点及抗震能力分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
我国农村民居的抗震能力具有显著的地域特点。本文基于现场调研结果总结了青海东南部黄河流域农村民居的结构特点,并对其抗震能力进行了评估。庄廓院是调研区内的典型农村民居,本文对调研区内庄廓院的木构架房屋进行研究,提出庄廓土墙围护木构架房屋的震害等级分类标准,根据实际震害资料和类比的方法确定了当地土墙围护木构架结构的震害矩阵和震害指数与峰值加速度的关系曲线。与云南鲁甸农村的土木结构房屋比较,青海庄廓院民居具有更高的抗震能力;与未设防的砖混结构比较,这种土墙围护的木构架结构在高烈度区造成人员伤亡的风险更低。 相似文献
19.
城市所处的地震危险性环境和城市建筑物的易损性是影响复杂网络建筑物强震环境下抗毁能力的关键因素。由于现阶段对建筑物抗震抗毁能力的评定仍存在一定困难,对建筑物震害程度测评只能通过强震之后建筑物受破坏的程度进行评估,且评估结果不够精准,因此提出基于复杂网络的建筑物抗震能力的评估方法。考虑到地震中的危险性因素,以地面峰值加速度为参数对强震环境下复杂网络建筑物抗毁性进行测评和分析,在此基础上提出对复杂网络下建筑物的防震抗毁能力进行评估的相对建筑物抗震性能指数,并结合建筑物抗震能力评估标准确定其抗震能力水平;再进行仿真实验加以测量,并结合震害经验,证实该方法的有效性。 相似文献
20.
Seismic fragility assessment of RC frame structure designed according to modern Chinese code for seismic design of buildings 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Following several damaging earthquakes in China,research has been devoted to find the causes of the collapse of reinforced concrete(RC) building sand studying the vulnerability of existing buildings.The Chinese Code for Seismic Design of Buildings(CCSDB) has evolved over time,however,there is still reported earthquake induced damage of newly designed RC buildings.Thus,to investigate modern Chinese seismic design code,three low-,mid-and high-rise RC frames were designed according to the 2010 CCSDB and the corresponding vulnerability curves were derived by computing a probabilistic seismic demand model(PSDM).The PSDM was computed by carrying out nonlinear time history analysis using thirty ground motions obtained from the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center.Finally,the PSDM was used to generate fragility curves for immediate occupancy,significant damage,and collapse prevention damage levels.Results of the vulnerability assessment indicate that the seismic demands on the three different frames designed according to the 2010 CCSDB meet the seismic requirements and are almost in the same safety level. 相似文献