共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
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The paper contributes to a better understanding of the principles and methods of civil engineering, especially those of geotechnics,
and its relation to the environment. It is highlighted that the topic has limitations, which are rooted in the human understanding
of nature. The paper has basically been written for geologists and less for engineers, and deals mainly with the inorganic
environment, the geo- and hydrosphere, we do not deal with the biosphere.
Civil engineering, and geotechnics as a part of it, is often misunderstood in two ways. It is either seen as architectural
construction, or it is considered a nature-destroying activity. It is highlighted in the paper that products of civil engineering
must be in balance with nature. If not, extraordinary expenses are needed for maintenance, or for preserving nature to keep
the project "operation or existense"; otherwise the project will not be longstanding. Reliable products of civil engineering
were, are and will be in good balance with nature; they provide the proper interface between nature and mankind. We place
emphasis on the work of engineers, the environment in which they work, the use and reliability of their ground-testing and
ground characterization methods, the planning and design process, and finally the devices with which projects can be made
to fit nature and meet the goals. As an example, a case-study of controlling an old hazardous waste depository with the DRYDEP
method is presented.
Received: 25 February 1997 · Accepted: 16 December 1997 相似文献
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Mark A. Woods Jonathan R. Lee 《Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. Geologists' Association》2018,129(3):255-263
Over the past one billion years, England has experienced a remarkable geological journey. At times it has formed part of ancient volcanic island arcs, mountain ranges and arid deserts; lain beneath deep oceans, shallow tropical seas, extensive coal swamps and vast ice sheets; been inhabited by the earliest complex life forms, dinosaurs, and finally, witnessed the evolution of humans to a level where they now utilise and change the natural environment to meet their societal and economic needs. Evidence of this journey is recorded in the landscape and the rocks and sediments beneath our feet, and this article provides an overview of these events and the themed contributions to this Special Issue of Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association, which focuses on ‘The Geology of England – critical examples of Earth History’. Rather than being a stratigraphic account of English geology, this paper and the Special Issue attempts to place the Geology of England within the broader context of key ‘shifts’ and ‘tipping points’ that have occurred during Earth History. 相似文献
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《Geodinamica Acta》2001,14(1-3):3-30
Turkey forms one of the most actively deforming regions in the world and has a long history of devastating earthquakes. The better understanding of its neotectonic features and active tectonics would provide insight, not only for the country but also for the entire Eastern Mediterranean region. Active tectonics of Turkey is the manifestation of collisional intracontinental convergence- and tectonic escape-related deformation since the Early Pliocene (∼5 Ma). Three major structures govern the neotectonics of Turkey; they are dextral North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ), sinistral East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ) and the Aegean–Cyprean Arc. Also, sinistral Dead Sea Fault Zone has an important role. The Anatolian wedge between the NAFZ and EAFZ moves westward away from the eastern Anatolia, the collision zone between the Arabian and the Eurasian plates. Ongoing deformation along, and mutual interaction among them has resulted in four distinct neotectonic provinces, namely the East Anatolian contractional, the North Anatolian, the Central Anatolian ‘Ova’ and the West Anatolian extensional provinces. Each province is characterized by its unique structural elements, and forms an excellent laboratory to study active strike-slip, normal and reverse faulting and the associated basin formation. 相似文献
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Erdin Bozkurt 《Geodinamica Acta》2013,26(1-3):3-30
AbstractTurkey forms one of the most actively deforming regions in the world and has a long history of devastating earthquakes. The belter understanding of its neotectonic features and active tectonics would provide insight, not only for the country but also for the entire Eastern Mediterranean region. Active tectonics of Turkey is the manifestation of collisional intracontinental convergence- and tectonic escape-related deformation since the Early Pliocene (~5 Ma). Three major structures govern the neotectonics of Turkey; they are dextral North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ), sinistral East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ) and the Aegean–Cyprean Arc. Also, sinistral Dead Sea Fault Zone has an important role. The Anatolian wedge between the NAFZ and EAFZ moves westward away from the eastern Anatolia, the collision zone between the Arabian and the Eurasian plates. Ongoing deformation along, and mutual interaction among them has resulted in four distinct neotectonic provinces, namely the East Anatolian contractional, the North Anatolian, the Central Anatolian ‘Ova’ and the West Anatolian extensional provinces. Each province is characterized by its unique structural elements, and forms an excellent laboratory to study active strike-slip, normal and reverse faulting and the associated basin formation. © 2001 Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS 相似文献
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George H. Shaw 《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2008,68(3):235-264
The chemistry of Earth's atmosphere during its first 2–2.5 Ga bears on several branches of geoscience including the origin of prebiotic molecules and life itself, early surface processes, the “faint young sun” problem, carbon isotope systematics, and the transition to an oxidized surface. The geologic record, as sparse as it is for this era, presents several difficulties for attempts to model the atmosphere and its changes through time. The prevailing view for the past 50 years has centered around a moderately oxidized atmosphere of CO2 and N2, and most modeling efforts have been directed at reconciling geologic data, and atmospheric and chemical constraints, with such a composition. Improvements in modeling of early Earth processes and increased knowledge of Archean geology, including new geochemical methods and data, have largely helped support this view of the early atmosphere over the last 25 years, but have also left several nagging questions unanswered. How was a sufficient reservoir (and concentration) of prebiotic molecules produced? What were the major reservoirs for carbon, and how did they develop their isotopic signatures? Is there a solution to the problem of the “faint young sun”? Why was surface oxidation delayed following the advent of oxygenic photosynthesis? Lately, some attempts at answering these questions have suggested the importance of more reducing capacity at the early Earth's surface, but without abandoning the idea of a mainly CO2–N2 atmosphere. It may be that returning to ideas of the early atmosphere current during the 1940s and earliest 1950s could help resolve some of these problems. Such an approach may not only be consistent with the atmospheres of the other terrestrial planets, but may help answer significant questions about the surface history of Mars. 相似文献
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Geologie en Mijnbouw - 相似文献
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Sinkhole development along the western shore of the Dead Sea became a major concern in 1990 with the appearance of a series
of holes 2–15 m diameter and up to 7 m deep in the Newe Zohar area. One of these sinkholes, below the asphalt surface of the
main road along the western shore of the Dead Sea, was opened by a passing bus. Repeated infilling and collapse of these holes
indicated the extent of this ongoing process and the significance of this developing hazard. Since then sinkholes have developed
in other areas including Qalia, Ein Samar, Ein Gedi and Mineral Beach.
Three main types of sinkholes have been recognized. Gravel holes occurring in alluvial fans, mud holes occurring in the intervening
bays of clay deposits between fans and a combination of both types at the front of young alluvial fans where they overlap
mud flats. Fossil, relict sinkholes have been observed in the channels of some old alluvial fans.
Sinkhole development is directly related to the regression of the Dead Sea and the corresponding lowering of the regional
water table. Continuation of this process widens the neritic zone enveloping the sea and increases the sinkhole hazard of
the region.
Received: 4 February 1999 · Accepted: 8 April 1999 相似文献
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《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2014,74(3):453-469
In common with the remarkable variation in the bulk rock Zr content of distinct meteorite groups, ranging from <1 ppm to >800 ppm, the occurrence and abundance of accessory zircon is also highly diverse and limited to certain meteorite classes. A detailed literature study on the occurrence of meteoritic zircon, along with other Zr-bearing phases reveals that lunar rocks, eucrites and mesosiderites are the prime sources of meteoritic zircon. Rare zircon grains occur in chondrites, silicate-bearing iron meteorites and Martian meteorites, with grain sizes of >5 μm allowing chemical and chronological studies at high spatial resolution using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) technique. Grain sizes, crystal habits, structural and chemical characteristics of zircon grains derived from various meteorite types, including their REE abundances, minor element concentrations, and Zr/Hf values is diverse. Superchondritic Zr/Hf values (47 ± 8; s.d. with n = 97), i.e., typical for zircon in eucrites and mesosiderites, indicate crystallization from a fractionated, incompatible-element-rich (residual) melt. Differences in REE abundances, occurrence or absence of Ce- and Eu-anomalies, and overall REE patterns that are often fractionated with a depletion in LREE, might be primarily controlled by variable formation conditions of individual grains and/or differences in the residual melt compositions on a small, local scale within single samples. Subsequent fractionation/modification of the chemical fingerprint of meteoritic zircon can involve high-temperature annealing processes during thermal metamorphic reactions and/or impact events along with mixing of lithic fragments since many samples are breccias. 相似文献
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Environmental Mineralogy has developed over the past decade in response to the recognition that minerals are linked in many important ways with the global ecosystem. Minerals are the main repositories of the chemical elements in Earth's crust and thus are the main sources of elements needed for the development of civilization, contaminant and pollutant elements that impact global and local ecosystems, and elements that are essential plant nutrients. These elements are released from minerals through natural processes, such as chemical weathering, and anthropogenic activities, such as mining and energy production, agriculture and industrial activities, and careless waste disposal. Minerals also play key roles in the biogeochemical cycling of the elements, sequestering elements and releasing them as the primary minerals in crustal rocks undergo various structural and compositional transformations in response to physical, chemical, and biological processes that produce secondary minerals and soils. These processes have resulted in the release of toxic elements such as arsenic in groundwater aquifers, which is having a major impact on the health of millions of people in South and Southeast Asia. The interfaces between mineral surfaces and aqueous solutions are the locations of most chemical reactions that control the composition of the natural environment, including the composition of natural waters. The nuclear fuel cycle, from uranium mining to the disposition of high-level nuclear waste, is also intimately related to minerals. A fundamental understanding of these processes requires molecular-scale information about minerals, their bulk structures and properties such as solubility, their surfaces, and their interactions with aqueous solutions, atmospheric and soil gases, natural organic matter, and biological organisms. Gaining this understanding is further complicated by the presence of natural, incidental, and manufactured nanoparticles in the environment, which are becoming increasingly important due to the rapidly developing field of nanotechnology. As a result of this complexity, Environmental Mineralogy requires the use of the most modern molecular-scale analytical and theoretical methods and overlaps substantially with closely related fields such as Environmental Sciences, low-temperature Geochemistry, and Geomicrobiology. This paper provides brief overviews of the above topics and discusses the complexity of minerals, natural vs. anthropogenic inputs of elements and pollutants into the biosphere, the role of minerals in the biogeochemical cycling of elements, natural nanoparticles, and the Environmental Mineralogy of three major potential pollutant elements (Hg, As and U). 相似文献
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Risto Laulajainen 《GeoJournal》1999,47(4):501-510
The credit ratings of US states, German Länder and Russian oblasty are evaluated in the light of different institutional settings and rating principles. The implicit weight given to these principles varies widely depending on the particular institutional framework and social values. 相似文献
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The term "background" is discussed and a definition is suggested to put an end to the currently unsatisfying (non-)definition
of geochemical or natural background. Based on the requirements stated in the definition, several simple and robust statistical methods are applied to different
data sets (n>50) from the atmosphere, pedosphere, and biosphere in order to explore their potential for the evaluation of a useful and
robust background. Compared with the original data set both the calculated distribution, based upon the lower 50% of the values,
as well as a 2σ-approximation of the normalised data set lead to promising and realistic results. Both methods seem appropriate
for a fast and reliable evaluation of likely upper limits of background values. Nevertheless, even this robust method is not
able to present absolute and doubtlessly correct background values. True quantification of any natural or geochemical background
still requires a thorough investigation and is impossible without costly expert knowledge.
Received: 12 July 1999 · Accepted: 9 September 1999 相似文献
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《Geoforum》2015
‘Nature does not discriminate, but humans do’ – this deliberately echoed sentiment in an area affected by Cyclone Sidr problematizes the practice of resource distribution in post-disaster situations. While relief and rehabilitation services have the objective of ‘building back better’, the possibility of elite-capture of resource distribution channels, jeopardizes both humanitarian initiatives as well as future development. This paper explores the political economy of post-Sidr interventions from an ethnographic account. The paper establishes links between power networks and access to resources in the study area, finding that marginality is a production of ongoing disaster interventions which favour the relatively well-off over the structurally poor. Ultimately, humanitarian assistance channels resources through established power networks, thus reinforcing them and producing uneven resilience among different social strata. This paper offers important insights for redesigning the distribution of humanitarian assistance. 相似文献