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1.
This paper presents a case study investigation into the hydrogeological characteristics and permeability of rock mass in a seabed mine. Following an introduction to the geology and hydrogeological conditions in the Xinli mine area, we reveal the features of the preferred structural planes, dynamic characteristics of mine water seepage, and the permeability of the fractured rock mass in the pit. The permeability of the pit rock mass shows varied characteristics at different geotectonic locations because of the different degrees to which the structural planes developed. The fractured rock mass generally shows low permeability, and the main composition of water seepage is high-salinity brine. Future large-scale undersea mining may induce rock mass movement, destroy water-resistant layers, and enhance water transmissibility and the probability of water gushing into the pit. Thus, strengthening the quality of the filling mass, protecting the stope roof and the water-resistant layers, as well as regular monitoring of water seepage discharge and identification of water sources are critical to work safety and the prevention of seawater gushing in the mine.  相似文献   

2.
The Kangan Permo-Triassic brine aquifer and the overlying gas reservoir in the southern Iran are located in Kangan and Dalan Formations, consisting dominantly of limestone, dolomite, and to a lesser extent, shale and anhydrite. The gasfield, 2,900 m in depth and is exploited by 36 wells, some of which produce high salinity water. The produced water gradually changed from fresh to saline, causing severe corrosion in the pipelines and well head facilities. The present research aims to identify the origin of this saline water (brine), as a vital step to manage saline water issues. The major and minor ions, as well as δ2H, δ18O and δ37Cl isotopes were measured in the Kangan aquifer water and/or the saline produced waters. The potential processes causing salinity can be halite dissolution, membrane filtration, and evaporation of water. The potential sources of water may be meteoric, present or paleo-seawater. The Na/Cl and I/Cl ratios versus Cl? concentration preclude halite dissolution. Concentrations of Cl, Na, and total dissolved solid were compared with Br concentration, indicating that the evaporated ancient seawater trapped in the structure is the cause of salinization. δ18O isotope enrichment in the Kangan aquifer water is due to both seawater evaporation and interaction with carbonate rocks. The δ37Cl isotope content also supports the idea of evaporated ancient seawater as the origin of salinity. Membrane filtration is rejected as a possible source of salinity based on the hydrochemistry data, the δ18O value, and incapability of this process to dramatically enhance salinity up to the observed value of 330,000 mg/L. The overlaying impermeable formations, high pressure in the gas reservoir, and the presence of a cap rock above the Kangan gasfield, all prevent the downward flow of meteoric and Persian Gulf waters into the Kangan aquifer. The evaporated ancient seawater is autochthonous, because the Kangan brine aquifer was formed by entrapment of brine seawater during the deposition of carbonates, gypsum, and minor clastic rocks in a lagoon and sabkha environment. The reliability of determining the source of salinity in a deep complicated inaccessible high-pressure aquifer can be improved by combining various methods of hydrochemistry, isotope, hydrodynamics, hydrogeology and geological settings.  相似文献   

3.
为查明新立海底金矿浅部裂隙涌水在开采条件下的演化规律,从水文地球化学的角度出发,提出采用主成分分析法和最大似然概率法对裂隙涌水水源及其混合比进行判识和计算,并采用数值模拟法间接验证计算结果的可靠性。研究表明:该方法能够有效识别矿山涌水水端元的组合模型及其变化,计算出可能性最大的端元混合比;新立金矿浅部裂隙涌水端元模型经历了由Ⅰ类基岩水+海底地下水到Ⅰ类基岩水+海底地下水+现代海水的演化过程;海底地下水和现代海水易从采空区两侧肩部进入矿坑,且涌水中海水含量呈现先增加后减小的变化规律。  相似文献   

4.
为了判定新立矿井海水渗入情况,在详细的水文地质调查、取样测试的基础上,应用主成分分析法将7个水质测试指标进行了降维处理,分析了主成分的实际意义,并根据综合主成分指标进行了水样的分类。结果表明,7个指标可以综合为两个主成分,Cl^-,Mg^2＋,Na^＋和SO4^2-四个变量在第一主成分上具有类似的、较高的载荷值,反映海水的浓缩效应,K^＋在第二主成分上显示较高的载荷值,反映离子交换吸附效应;矿坑涌水中K^＋、Na^＋等指标即可反映海水渗入的物理、化学特征,通过涌水水质的监测可以判定海水渗入情况。  相似文献   

5.
Evolution of the shallow groundwater quality under saline intrusion in porous aquifer system has been studied with environmental isotopes and geochemistry in the Laizhou Bay area, China. Two campaigns of water sampling from various sources were carried out in spring and winter for environmental isotopic and chemical analyses. The origin of groundwater salinity from intrusion of both modern seawater and deep brine water was identified by analysing the correlations between 18O, D, T, Cl−, SO42− and electrical conductivity. The results indicate that the brine is originated from evaporating and concentrating of intruded seawater and its δD and δ18O are different from modern seawater but similar to those of mixture of seawater with fresh groundwater. It is hard to distinguish the salinity origin in this area by the δD–δ18O relationship alone. The relations between δ18O and conductivity, Cl− and SO42− have been used to identify the salinity origin due to the distinct difference in salinity between the brine and seawater, conjunctively with use of T. A threshold of T = 12 TU was adopted to identify the origin of saline groundwater.  相似文献   

6.
贵州地区岩溶普遍发育,岩溶区矿产资源丰富。由于含矿层及上下部地层含水性强至极强,矿产开采过程中水害问题突出。大型地下堰塞水体是形成矿井突水的主要水体之一,因其隐蔽性高,防范难度极大。阐明大型地下堰塞水体成因及其形成矿井突水的特点,对矿山生产防水治水有重要意义。以赫章县珠市铁矿山2015年“11·22”突水事故为例,在对突水矿井开展技术调查的基础上,结合矿山水文地质条件,通过对断层构造部位的岩溶发育特点、地下水径流、赋存状态以及形成矿井突水的水源类型、各类水体形成突水特征等分析,揭示了岩溶区大型地下堰塞水体的形成机制; 阐明了该类水体形成矿井突水的一般特征及突水征兆; 明确了造成赫章县珠市铁矿山矿井突水的水源为大型地下堰塞水体,事故系矿井爆破掘进过程中揭穿大型地下堰塞水体下部岩溶管道所致。大型地下堰塞水体形成矿井突水有其独特性,针对性地开展矿井防治水工作,及时采取合理、有效的防治水措施意义重大。  相似文献   

7.
在对巷道导水裂隙详细调查量测的基础上, 通过对导水裂隙产状的归纳总结, 结合涌水水样的温度、矿化度及氢、氧同位素的动态监测结果, 分析了三山岛金矿两个矿区的渗流优势方位以及矿坑水与地表水体的连通性。研究表明:西山矿区的渗流优势方位与最大水平地应力平行, 而新立矿区的渗流优势方位与最大水平地应力近于垂直; 西山矿区存在海水、基岩咸水和第四系淡水的稳定补给, 新立矿区的咸水和淡水补给量不断减小, 海水补给量不断增大; 新构造断裂对矿区渗流优势方位的控制作用大于采动裂隙, 使得西山矿坑与地表水体存在良好的连通性, 也控制着海水补给矿坑的方式; 而新立矿仅在采动裂隙的影响下与海水、咸水和淡水存在较弱的连通性。  相似文献   

8.
Chemical and isotopic compositions were analyzed in porewater squeezed from a clayey aquitard in Jiangsu coastal plain, eastern China, to interpret the salinity origin, chemical evolution and water-mass mixing process. A strong geochemical fingerprint was obtained with an aligned Cl/Br ratio of 154 in the salinized aquitard porewater over a wide Cl? concentration range (396–9,720 mg/L), indicating that porewater salinity is likely derived from a mixing with old brine with a proportion of less than 20%. Very small contributions of brine exerted limited effects on water stable isotopes. The relationships between porewater δ18O and δD indicate that shallow and intermediate porewaters could be original seawater and were subsequently diluted with modern meteoric water, whereas deep porewaters with depleted stable isotopic values were probably recharged during a cooler period and modified by evaporation and seawater infiltration. The cation–Cl relationship and mineralogy of associated strata indicate that porewater has been chemically modified by silicate weathering and ion-exchange reactions. 87Sr/86Sr ratios of 0.7094–0.7112 further confirm the input source of silicate minerals. Numerical simulations were used to evaluate the long-term salinity evolution of the deep porewater. The alternations of boundary conditions (i.e., the third aquifer mixed with brine at approximately 70 ka BP, followed by recharge of glacial meltwater at 20–25 ka BP, and then mixing with Holocene seawater at 7–10 ka BP) are responsible for the shift in porewater salinity. These timeframes correspond with the results of previous studies on ancient marine transgression-regression in Jiangsu coastal plain.  相似文献   

9.
This study has evaluated the main hydrogeochemical characteristics that affect the quality of shallow groundwater in the coastal area at Kimje in South Korea. In this area, the chemical composition of groundwater is mostly classified into Na+?Cl? and Ca2++Mg2+?NO3-+Cl? types. These types are affected by three major factors: seawater intrusion, fertilizers and redox processes. The Na+?Cl? type, which is generally localized in the coastal area, shows typical characteristics of groundwater affected not only by modern seawater but also by old seawater residing in the reclaimed land. In contrast, the Ca2++Mg2+?NO3-+Cl? type, which is usually found inland, is very contaminated by fertilizers. As groundwater flows from the inland area to the coast, the redox condition changes from an oxic condition to a suboxic/anoxic condition. In addition, the reclamation has caused a large amount of underlying organic matter. These effects provide optimum conditions for the occurrence of redox processes in the coastal area.  相似文献   

10.
The study of brine aquifers in southern Taiwan is highly complicated by hybrid geochemical reactions, which obscure important geochemical information. Using multivariate analysis on major and minor ion compositions normalized by Cl− content, chemical constituents were combined into two principal components representing brine mixing and mineral precipitation. Comparing to multivariate analysis on the original data, this procedure reveals more geochemical information. It demonstrates that the brine groundwater of the region is primarily composed of highly evaporated seawater. The evaporation ratio is >70%; a point at which calcite, dolomite and gypsum precipitate. Oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions confirm this inference; and further, geochemical modeling quantitatively determined the evaporation ratio to be about 85%. Natural boron contamination is a consequence of brine groundwater. Two evolutionary trends in the plotting of the Cl/B ratio versus Cl− can be identified: (1) Cl/B ratio decreases with boron being released from clay minerals when brine aquifers are flushed with freshwater; and (2) Cl/B ratio increases when seawater of a high Cl/B ratio infiltrates coastal aquifers.  相似文献   

11.
Natural tracers (Cl? and stable water isotopes) in pore water of the Opalinus Clay and adjacent formations were studied in the motorway tunnel at Mont Russelin, Switzerland. The Opalinus Clay occurs in the core of an anticline which is cut by a complex system of thrust faults. Concentration profiles of natural tracers were taken from 17 boreholes along a 363 m long section. Pore waters of drillcore samples were analysed with indirect and direct methods. The Cl? and stable water isotope distribution in the pore water shows a regular and well defined profile, with a conspicuous decrease towards the overlying Dogger limestone aquifer. The highest Cl? values (approximately 23,000 mg/L) are found in the core of the anticline in Liassic claystones underlying the Opalinus Clay. To quantify the large-scale transport properties of the Opalinus Clay formation, a 2D transport model was constructed and used to reproduce the observed concentration profiles. The calculations indicate that the observed tracer distributions are consistent with diffusion as the dominant transport process. Groundwater flow in the overlying Dogger aquifer was initiated about 2–4 Ma ago, which is long after the folding of the Jura Mountains and probably coincides with the exposure of the aquifer to freshwater recharge following continued erosion of the anticline. The calculations suggest that tracer distributions are controlled by 1) the timing of freshwater recharge in the overlying limestone aquifer, 2) the shape of the anticline and 3) the magnitude and the anisotropy ratio of diffusion coefficients.  相似文献   

12.
Past disposal of oil-field brine at the surface has caused substantial contamination of water resources in Kansas. Natural saline water occurs in and discharges from Permian bedrock in parts of the state, and other anthropogenic sources of saline water exist, requiring clear identification of different sources. Time-series analysis of Cl− concentration and streamflow relative to pre-contamination contents, and end-member mixing plots, especially for Br− and Cl−, are practical methods for source differentiation and quantification. Although regulations preventing escape of saltwater from oil wells were first passed in Kansas in 1935, much oil and gas brine was disposed on the surface through the 1940s. Hydrogeologic characteristics of the areas with past surface disposal of oil brine differ appreciably and result in large differences in the ratio of saltwater transported in streams or ground water. Much of the brine disposed during the 1910s to 1940s in an area of silty clay soils overlying shale and limestone bedrock in south-central Kansas soon ran off or was flushed from the surface by rain into streams. Chloride concentration in the rivers draining this area often exceeded 1000 mg/L after the start of oil production up to the 1950s. Chloride content in the rivers then generally declined to about 100 mg/L or less in recent low flows. Oil brine was also disposed in surface ponds overlying the unconsolidated High Plains aquifer in south-central Kansas from the latter 1920s into the 1940s. Most of the surface-disposed brine infiltrated to the underlying aquifer. Where the High Plains aquifer is thin, saltwater has migrated along the top of clay layers or the underlying shaly bedrock and either discharged into small streams or flowed into thicker parts of the aquifer. Where the aquifer is thick, surface-disposed oil brine moved downward until reaching clay lenses, migrated latterly to the edge of the clay, and again moved downward if still dense enough. Water-level declines from pumping have increased the lateral migration rate of the saltwater contamination in the aquifer towards water-supply wells. The period of flushing most of the surface-disposed saltwater from the area of shale and limestone bedrock is on the order of many decades but is at least many centuries for the deeper parts of the High Plains aquifer.  相似文献   

13.
He-Ar isotopic compositions of fluid inclusions trapped in pyrites from some representative PGE-polymetallic deposits in Lower Cambrian black rock series in South China were analyzed by using an inert gas isotopic mass spectrometer. The results show that the ore-forming fluids possess a low 3He/4He ratio, varying from 0.43×10-8 to 26.39×10-8, with corresponding R/Ra value of 0.003-0.189. The 40Ar/36Ar ratios are 258-287, close to those of air saturated water (ASW). He-Ar isotopic indicator studies show that the ore-forming fluids were mainly derived from the formation water or basinal hot brine and sea water, while the content of mantle-derived fluid or deep-derived magmatic water might be negligible. The PGE-polymetallic mineralization might be related to the evolution of the Caledonian miogeosynclines distributed along the southern margin of the Yangtze Craton. During the Early Cambrian, the formation water or basinal hot brine trapped in Caledonian basins which accumulated giant thick sediments was  相似文献   

14.
The integration of the statistical approaches and GIS tools with the hydrogeological and geological contexts allowed the assessment of the processes that cause groundwater quality deterioration in the great important deltaic aquifer in the northeastern Tunisia (Medjerda Lower Valley Aquifer). The spatial variation of the groundwater parameters and the molar ratio (Cl?/Br?) were also used to determine the possible impacts from seawater intrusion and from the septic tank leachate. Sixty shallow groundwater samples were collected in 2014 and analyzed for major and trace ions over an area of about 1090 km2 to determine the suitability for drinking or agricultural purposes. The total dissolved solids (TDS) content ranges from 1005 to 19,254 mgl?1 with a mean value of 3477.18 mgl?1. The chemistry is dominated by the sodium–chloride waters (55%). Mapping of TDS, Cl?, Na+, SO42? and NO3? using kriging method shows a clear increase in salinity toward the coastline accompanied by Na+ and Cl? increase which may be related to seawater intrusion and halite dissolution. Locally, higher nitrate concentration is related to the agricultural activities inducing contribution of chemical fertilizers and irrigation with treated wastewater. The saturation indices indicate that all carbonate minerals tend to reach saturation equilibrium confirming water–rock interactions, while evaporitic minerals are still in sub-saturation state and may increase the salinity of the groundwater. The principal component analysis proves the occurrence of groundwater contamination principally by seawater intrusion in the factor I (74.15%) and secondary by an anthropogenic source in the factor II (10.35%).  相似文献   

15.
High water demand for domestic use in Douala with over 3 million inhabitants is met mainly by shallow groundwater. Field measurements and water sampling in January 2015 were carried out to examine the major controls on the groundwater composition and spatial view of ions in the water, timing of recharge and link between the recharge process and quality of the water. Fifty-two water samples were analysed for major ions and stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes. Low pH values (3.61–6.92) in the groundwater indicated an acidic aquifer; thus, prone to acidification. The dominant water type was Na–Cl. Nitrate, which exceeded the WHO guide value of 50 mg/l in 22% of the groundwater, poses a health problem. Mass ratios of Cl?/Br? in the water ranged from 54 to 3249 and scattered mostly along the mixing lines between dilute waters, septic-tank effluent and domestic sewage. A majority of the samples, especially the high NO3 ? shallow wells, clustered around the septic-tank effluent-end-member indicating high contamination by seepage from pit latrines; hence, vulnerable to pollution. Stable isotopes in the groundwater indicated its meteoric origin and rapid infiltration after rainfall. The δ18O values showed narrow ranges and overlaps in rivers, springs, open wells and boreholes. These observations depict hydraulic connectivity, good water mixing and a homogeneous aquifer system mainly receiving local direct uniform areal recharge from rainfall. The rapid and diffused recharge favours the leaching of effluent from the pit toilets into the aquifer; hence, the high NO3 ? and Cl? in shallow wells. Silicate weathering, ion exchange and leaching of waste from pit toilets are the dominant controls on the groundwater chemistry. Drilling of deep boreholes is highly recommended for good-quality water supply. However, due the hydraulic connection to the shallow aquifer, geochemical modelling of future effects of such an exploitation of the deeper aquifer should support groundwater management and be ahead of the field actions.  相似文献   

16.
为了研究以煤层顶板弱富水含水层为直接充水水源的顶板透水机理,并探索防治方法,以宁夏宁东煤田红柳煤矿1121工作面开采期间发生的4次大规模透水为切入点,通过理论分析、数值模拟并结合井下钻探等工程技术手段,得出该工作面透水是由煤层开采后顶板岩移形成的次生离层水体引发,提出了煤层顶板覆岩中隔水关键层是造成次生离层水体透水的必要条件;研究了隔水关键层位置、尺寸及其水理性质对次生离层水体周期性透水的控制作用;确定了临界隔水关键层厚度为18 m,并提出了次生离层水体致灾前疏放的最佳时机为次生离层水体形成且周期垮落前,最佳位置垂向上为煤层A主隔水关键层顶板,平面上位于下顺槽距煤帮1/6~1/3工作面斜长范围。   相似文献   

17.
Large quantities of highly saline brine flow from gas wells in the Marcellus Formation after hydraulic stimulation (“fracking”). This study assesses the composition of these flowback waters from the Marcellus shale in Pennsylvania, USA. Concentrations of most inorganic components of flowback water (Cl, Br, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Sr, Ba, Ra, Fe, Mn, total dissolved solids, and others) increase with time from a well after hydraulic stimulation. Based on results in several datasets reported here, the greatest concentration of Cl− in flowback water is 151,000 mg/L. For total Ra (combined 226Ra and 228Ra) in flowback, the highest level reported is 6540 pCi/L. Flowback waters from hydraulic fracturing of Marcellus wells resemble brines produced from conventional gas wells that tap into other Paleozoic formations in the region. The Br/Cl ratio and other parameters indicate that both types of brine formed by the evaporation of seawater followed by dolomitization, sulfate reduction and subsurface mixing with seawater and/or freshwater. Trends and relationships in brine composition indicate that (1) increased salt concentration in flowback is not mainly caused by dissolution of salt or other minerals in rock units, (2) the flowback waters represent a mixture of injection waters with highly concentrated in situ brines similar to those in the other formations, and (3) these waters contain concentrations of Ra and Ba that are commonly hundreds of times the US drinking water standards.  相似文献   

18.
Fluoride analyses display downward decreasing pore water gradients in Peru shelf phosphatic muds that require diffusion from the overlying seawater into the sediment column and removal by reaction within the upper few tens of centimeters, presumably by incorporation into carbonate fluorapatite. The profiles can be modeled as first-order F-removal with rate constants of ~3 yr?1 and asymptotic F-concentrations deep in the cores of 35–45 μM, almost one-half the seawater value. The integrated flux of fluoride from seawater into organic-rich shelf sediments in coastal-upwelling zones (phosphatic muds) yields a contemporaneous global F-burial of 0.54 × 1010 mol-F yr?1, about one-fifth the burial in other sinks (mostly carbonates and opal). The associated burial flux of phosphorus in shelf phosphorites is about 1.6 × 1010 mol-P yr?1, comparable to P-burial in the deep sea with organic matter (~1.4 × 1010 mol yr?1) and biogenic carbonates (~1.4 × 1010 mol yr?1). Thus phosphorite formation on the Peru shelf is a significant contemporaneous process.  相似文献   

19.
Mine water inrush is one of the main hazards in coal mining industry. The mechanism and the processes are complex. Investigation of the spatiotemporal development of the hydrological process could lead to a better understanding of mine water inrush and effective countermeasures. For this reason, we investigated spatial and temporal characteristics (i.e., the changes of flow rate, groundwater level, and water quality) during a water inrush event in China, which had a flow rate of 730 m3/h at maximum and 300m3/h under a steady condition. The result shows that the water inrush developed in several stages. A mathematical model of the dynamic change between the water table and the inrush flow rate was constructed. Based on this model, we found the relationship of highly conductive flow channels between some observation boreholes and the water inrush point. In addition, the recharge velocity of the highly conductive flow channels and the equivalent mean flow velocity of the whole mine were determined. A comprehensive analysis of geological, hydrodynamic, and crustal stress conditions was conducted to study the development of the water channel near the F13 fault and the nonlinear process from seepage stage to inrush stage. The result reveals the water inrush is likely caused by activation of faults under combined influences of high crustal stress and high hydraulic pressure.  相似文献   

20.
海底赋存大量未开采的矿产资源,利用前景广阔。与陆地采矿相比,海底采矿受上覆水体威胁巨大。因此,准确掌握采空区上覆围岩变形破坏规律,设置合理的顶部预留隔水矿柱,对海下采矿工程安全、高效生产具有重要意义。本文以山东三山岛金矿新立矿区这一典型的海底矿床为研究对象,基于滨海矿山复杂的工程地质特征,采用室内地质力学模型试验的方法,重现了海下充填开采过程,阐明了动态开采条件下海底矿山采空区围岩变形破坏规律和特征。试验结果表明,三山岛新立矿区的临界开采高度为- 85 m,顶部预留隔水矿柱的最小厚度为50 m。若开采超过该临界值,采空区和顶部含水层将发生贯通性破坏,其失稳模式为断层活化。研究成果可为新立矿区预留矿柱高度的选取提供理论基础,也可为相似地质条件下矿山安全开采提供参考。  相似文献   

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