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1.
页岩储层天然裂缝、水平层理发育,水力压裂过程中可能形成复杂的体积裂缝。针对页岩储层体积裂缝扩展问题,基于流-固耦合基本方程和损伤力学原理,建立了页岩储层水力压裂体积裂缝扩展的三维有限元模型。将数值模型的模拟结果与页岩储层裂缝扩展室内试验结果进行对比,二者吻合较好,从而证明了数值模型的可靠性。通过一系列数值模拟发现：（1）水力压裂过程中水平层理可能张开,形成水平缝,水平与垂直缝相互交错,形成复杂的体积裂缝网络;（2）水平主应力差增大,体积裂缝的分布长度（水平最大主应力方向压裂裂缝的展布距离）增加、分布宽度（水平最小主应力方向压裂裂缝的展布距离）减小,体积裂缝的长宽比增加;（3）压裂施工排量增大,体积裂缝的分布长度减小、宽度增加,压裂裂缝的长宽比降低;（4）天然裂缝的残余抗张强度增大,体积裂缝分布宽度减小、分布长度增加,体积裂缝的长宽比增加。研究成果可以为国内的页岩气的压裂设计和施工提供一定的参考和借鉴。 相似文献
2.
随着扩展有限元理论的深入研究,利用扩展有限元方法模拟水力压裂具有了一定的可操作性。相比于常规有限元方法,XFEM方法具有计算结果精度高和计算量小的优点。但是,如何模拟射孔孔眼、如何模拟流体与岩石相互作用以及分析水力裂缝的扩展规律仍然是难题。以研究水力压裂裂缝扩展规律为目的,建立了岩石多孔介质应力平衡方程、流体渗流连续性方程和边界条件。通过有限元离散化方法对耦合方程矩阵进行处理。通过富集函数定义初始裂缝（射孔孔眼）,选择最大主应力及损伤变量D分别作为裂缝起裂和扩展判定准则,利用水平集方法模拟水力裂缝扩展过程。数值模拟结果显示：增加射孔方位角、压裂液排量和减小水平地应力差,起裂压力上升;黏度对起裂压力无明显影响。增加射孔方位角、压裂液排量、黏度和减小水平地应力差值有助于裂缝宽度的增加。增加水平地应力差值、压裂液排量和减小射孔方位角以及压裂液黏度有助于裂缝长度增加,反之亦然。基于ABAQUS的水力裂缝扩展有限元法可对不同井型和诸多储层物性参数及压裂施工参数进行分析,且裂缝形态逼真,裂缝面凹凸程度清晰,结果准确。此研究可作为一种简便有效研究水力压裂裂缝扩展规律的方法为油田水力压裂设计与施工提供参考与依据。 相似文献
3.
水力压裂作为一种主要的地热能开采手段,其压裂效果除与岩体基本物理力学性质有关外,还与裂隙分布、地应力状态、压裂工程参数等密切相关.为了探究以上因素对水力压裂过程中裂缝扩展行为的影响,以冀中坳陷碳酸盐岩储层岩体为研究对象,基于扩展有限元法,建立裂缝扩展流固耦合模型,分析了水平应力差、射孔方位角、注入液排量和压裂液黏度等参数对裂缝扩展行为的影响.结果表明:单裂缝扩展时,射孔方位角越小、注入量越大、越有利于裂缝扩展;双裂缝扩展时,水平应力差增大,裂缝偏转程度变小;水力裂缝与天然裂缝相交时,较小水平应力差有利于天然裂缝开启. 相似文献
4.
裂缝是页岩气富集高产的关键因素。页岩储层相对于其他类储层,其塑性相对较强,非构造裂缝比较发育。构造裂缝除了高角度的张性裂缝以外,还发育有较多近水平的层理缝和低角度构造滑脱缝等。针对页岩储集层的特点和裂缝发育特征,从地质成因的角度,明确了页岩储层构造应力场模拟数值模拟与裂缝分布预测的方法,其核心在于建立模拟地区目的层的精确地质模型、力学模型和计算模型。利用页岩的单轴和三轴压缩变形试验和声发射古、今地应力测试结果进行应力场数值模拟,获得研究区构造应力场分布,将应力场模拟果与实际地质资料对比分析,进一步检验校正已建立地质模型的合理性;在此基础上,针对富有机质页岩主要发育张裂缝和剪裂缝的特殊性,分别采用格里菲斯、库伦摩尔破裂准则计算页岩储层张破裂率、剪破裂率,依据张裂缝与剪裂缝所占的比例关系,求取页岩储层的综合破裂率,据此分别定量表征页岩储层中张裂缝、剪裂缝和构造裂缝的发育程度及分布特征;并在全面考虑影响页岩储层裂缝发育程度的综合破裂率、脆性矿物含量、有机碳含量多种主控因素的基础上,进一步提出了页岩“裂缝发育系数”作为最终判别指标,综合定量表征页岩储层裂缝的发育程度和预测裂缝的分布,页岩裂缝发育系数越大,裂缝发育程度则越高。该方法在我国渝东南地区下志留统龙马溪组页岩储层裂缝分布预测中得到了有效应用。此不仅为页岩气甜点优选提供了一种新的技术方法,而且模拟成果对页岩气水平井和压裂改造方案的设计具有重要的参考价值。 相似文献
5.
页岩油气作为烃源岩层系内自生自储的油气资源,其可开发性受页岩储层特征的控制明显。由于不同类型富有机质页岩形成环境的差异性,页岩油气储层在纵向上具有多重非均质性,包括岩性的纵向非均质性、储层物性的纵向非均质性、岩石力学参数的纵向非均质性、地应力的纵向非均质性以及含气性特征的纵向非均质性等,这造成了页岩油气储层的纵向非均质性明显强于横向非均质性,有机质丰度、孔隙度、渗透率、储层的可压裂性、地应力、含气性及吸游比等参数在纵向上的变化均较大,且直接影响了后期页岩油气开发方案的设计与实施。优质开发目的层段的选择首先要考虑单段页岩油气储层的连续厚度在30~50 m左右、有机碳含量均值达到2.0%以上、有效孔隙度大于2.0%、岩石泊松比小于0.25、脆性较大、最小主应力相对上下邻层较小、含气性较高的层段。页岩油气开发井型的选择,水平井段的部署,压裂分段的长短、射孔簇的设计等均要充分考虑这种非均质性的影响。 相似文献
6.
利用最大周向应变断裂准则,基于裂纹扩展增量法模拟水力裂缝扩展过程。数值模拟结果表明,上述裂缝扩展方法能有效模拟水力裂缝扩展过程。在此基础上利用该方法分析了定向射孔水力裂缝初始起裂水压、扩展路径和裂缝"偏转角"受射孔长度与倾角、地应力差、泊松比和注水压力的影响。通过预测裂缝初始起裂水压和扩展路径,可以优化选择合适的射孔参数。减小地应力差有助于降低裂缝起裂水压,同时可以使裂缝在扩展过程中沟通更大的有效储层。泊松比在临界荷载条件下对裂缝起裂特性产生显著影响,但是在高水压条件下对裂缝扩展路径无明显影响。敏感性分析表明,射孔倾角是影响压裂效果的关键性因素。对上述多因素的影响分析可以为定向射孔水力压裂设计与施工提供重要的参考依据。 相似文献
7.
页岩储层物性极差,必须通过体积改造形成网状裂缝系统才能实现经济有效开发,掌握页岩地层中诱导裂缝延伸规律是成功实现缝网压裂的基础。借助基于细观损伤力学和弹性力学研发的岩石破裂分析系统RFPA2D,开展了页岩储层在水力压裂过程中的裂缝形成及延伸规律研究。在考虑到地层非均质的前提下,结合页岩本身的力学特性,分析了井周天然裂缝长度及密度对井周诱导缝形成及发展的影响。结果表明,井壁天然裂缝越长、密度越大,其开启可能越大,开启后伴生诱导缝发育程度越高。另外,对不同地应力差下天然裂缝长度影响开展的研究表明,低应力差下,即使天然裂缝较短,也会被打开,伴生诱导缝延伸具有较强的随机性,在天然裂缝长度较长的情况下,伴生诱导缝倾向于沿天然裂缝方向继续发展。 相似文献
8.
从岩石细观非均质性的特点出发,采用RFPA2D-Flow软件对单孔和双孔数值模型进行压裂计算,研究岩石非均质性对水力压裂的响应,重点探讨双孔模型孔间吸引效应对裂纹演化形态的影响。岩石细观单元的力学、水力学特性由统计分布生成以体现岩石的随机不均质性,水力压裂过程中流体压力传递通过单元渗流-损伤耦合迭代来实现。数值计算结果表明:(1)岩石非均质性影响裂缝的扩展形态,导致水力裂纹尖端微裂纹的分支。随着均质度的增加,水力裂纹的扩展形态变得更加平直光滑,单孔模型两侧裂纹更加对称,双孔间裂纹的连通性变差。(2)岩石的非均匀性对于岩石的起裂压力和地层破裂压力影响较大。随着均质度的增大,起裂应力和地层破裂应力增大,并且两者间的差值逐渐变小,在储层为均质的条件下,两者几乎相等。(3)相同的边界条件下,均质模型的应力分布曲线光滑连续,非均质模型的应力分布曲线呈现出明显波动,井眼对称剖面上的应力分布不尽相同,反映了细观单元强度非均匀性及裂缝扩展形态对应力分布的影响。(4)双孔模型孔间存在孔隙水压力增加带,孔间产生吸引效应,双孔方位影响临界压力。研究结果对水压裂试验设计和现场压裂施工具有一定的参考意义。 相似文献
9.
水力压裂技术是油气藏尤其是页岩气开发中的核心技术,利用数值模拟方法进行压裂优化和产能预测又是水力压裂成功的关键。本文首先介绍了水力压裂技术的发展历程。然后从计算模型(二维模型、拟三维模型和全三维模型)和数值模拟方法(基于连续介质和基于非连续介质)两方面对油气藏开发领域的水力压裂计算模拟技术进行较全面的总结。最后,从以下3个方面指出现今研究的不足并提出了进一步的研究建议:(1)全三维模型的完善-全三维模型应当与真实的工程参数和监测数据结合,用于校正模型本身,而校正后的全三维模型又可预测和优化新的现场水力压裂作业; (2)数值模拟方法的选用-已有的水力压裂数值模拟方法种类繁多,需要针对各种方法的适用范围、计算效率和模拟效果等,进行全面的比较和优化; (3)页岩储层中天然裂缝网络的数值模拟-天然裂隙网络加剧了页岩储层力学性质的各向异性,同时水力裂缝沟通天然裂缝活化扩展是有利于储层的增渗增产,对压裂缝网的形态、尺寸和连通率等起着至关重要的作用。因此,数值计算过程中综合考虑页岩储层中天然裂缝与水力裂缝的相互作用,将是未来水力压裂模拟的热点。 相似文献
10.
水力压裂是开采地下页岩气资源的有效技术手段,探究页岩水力压裂裂缝的扩展规律,可为页岩气的高效开采提供科学的指导依据。通过运用大型有限元软件ABAQUS中的扩展有限元模块,针对不同地应力差工况条件下均质页岩中初始裂缝的位置、方位角、数量和含层理页岩中层理的构造方向、内部倾角、岩性对水力裂缝扩展的影响进行探究。结果表明：对于垂向扩展的水力裂缝,水平主应力增大使裂缝更不易扩展,裂缝扩展长度减小、起裂压力增大;在注液体积流量相同时,向初始裂缝两端同时起裂所形成的水力裂缝长度大于仅向一侧起裂;当初始裂缝处于页岩中部且呈45°方向时,裂缝会向最大水平主应力方向偏转,且偏转程度随最大水平主应力的增大而增大;分时多簇压裂时,裂缝间的扩展会相互干扰,且会较大地影响裂缝扩展的形态和起裂压力,但对裂缝注液点裂缝宽度的影响较小;对于含水平和竖直构造层理的页岩,改变层理内部倾角,水力裂缝会出现不同程度偏转,且其偏转程度随着层理内部倾角的增大而减小;对于含45°方向构造层理的页岩,水力裂缝在层理分别为砂岩、煤岩和泥岩中的偏转程度依次增大,且裂缝偏移比随着最大水平主应力的增大而增大。 相似文献
11.
The production efficiency of shale gas is affected by the interaction between hydraulic and natural fractures. This study presents a simulation of natural fractures in shale reservoirs, based on a discrete fracture network (DFN) method for hydraulic fracturing engineering. Fracture properties of the model are calculated from core fracture data, according to statistical mathematical analysis. The calculation results make full use of the quantitative information of core fracture orientation, density, opening and length, which constitute the direct and extensive data of mining engineering. The reliability and applicability of the model are analyzed with regard to model size and density, a calculation method for dominant size and density being proposed. Then, finite element analysis is applied to a hydraulic fracturing numerical simulation of a shale fractured reservoir in southeastern Chongqing. The hydraulic pressure distribution, fracture propagation, acoustic emission information and in situ stress changes during fracturing are analyzed. The results show the application of fracture statistics in fracture modeling and the influence of fracture distribution on hydraulic fracturing engineering. The present analysis may provide a reference for shale gas exploitation. 相似文献
12.
在缝洞型油藏中,水力裂缝的偏转路径对石油的开采量有重要的影响。Hybrid Finite-element and Mesh-free Method-Fracflow（FEMM-Fracflow）数值模拟平台,通过数值实验,文章分析了缝洞型油藏中自然溶洞、水平地应力以及注水流速三种因素对水力裂缝偏转路径的影响。结果表明,在存在溶洞时,裂缝明显向溶洞方向偏转;在改变水平围压时,不施加水平围压条件下,裂缝明显偏向溶洞方向扩展,并且最终与溶洞连通;而在施加50 MPa水平围压时,水力裂缝偏向溶洞的趋势明显减弱;在改变流速时,当流速为0.05 kg/s,裂缝明显向溶洞方向偏转,而当流速为0.2 kg/s,裂缝向溶洞方向偏转的趋势则减弱。 相似文献
13.
页岩储层孔隙度和渗透率极低,天然裂缝和水平层理发育,常规压裂增产措施无法满足页岩气的开发要求,水平井多段分簇压裂是页岩气开发的关键技术之一,该技术能够大幅度提升压裂改造的体积、产气量和最终采收率。为确定页岩储层水平井多段分簇射孔压裂的起裂点和起裂压力,采用有限元方法建立了水平井套管完井（考虑水泥环和套管的存在）多段分簇射孔的全三维起裂模型。数值模型的起裂压力与室内试验结果吻合较好,证明了数值模型的准确性和可靠性。利用数值模型研究了页岩水平井多段分簇射孔压裂的起裂点和起裂压力的影响因素,研究发现：射孔孔眼附近无天然裂缝或水平层理影响,起裂点发生在射孔簇孔眼的根部;射孔簇间距越小,中间射孔簇的干扰越大,可能造成中间的射孔簇无法起裂;射孔密度和孔眼长度增大,起裂压力降低;天然裂缝的存在,在某些情况能够降低起裂压力且改变起裂位置,主要与天然裂缝的分布方位及水平主应力差有关;水平层理可能会降低起裂压力,但与垂向主应力与水平最小主应力的差值有关。获得的起裂压力变化规律,可作为进一步研究水平井多段分簇射孔条件下的裂缝扩展规律的基础,可以为压裂设计和施工的射孔参数确定及优化给出具体建议。 相似文献
14.
Although hydraulic fracturing has been massively studied and applied as a key technique to enhance the gas production from tight formations, some problems and uncertainties exist to accurately predict and analyze the fracture behavior in complex reservoirs, especially in the naturally fractured reservoirs like shale reservoirs. This paper presents a full 3D numerical model (FLAC3D) to study hydraulic fracturing behavior under the impact of preexisting orthogonal natural fractures. In this numerical model, the hydraulic fracture propagation direction is assumed perpendicular to the minimum principal stress and activated only by tensile failure, whereas the preexisting natural fractures can be activated by tensile or shear failure or a combination of them, and only tensile failure can open the natural fracture as well. The newly developed model was used to study the impact of preexisting orthogonal natural fractures on hydraulic fracturing behavior, based on a multistage hydraulic fracturing operation in a naturally fractured reservoir from the Barnett Shale formation, northwest of Texas in USA. In this multistage operation, two more representative stages, i.e., stage 1 with a relatively large horizontal stress anisotropy of 3.3 MPa and stage 4 with a comparatively small one of 1.3 MPa, were selected to conduct the simulation. Based on the numerical results, one can observe that the interaction between hydraulic and natural fracture is driven mainly by induced stress around fracture tip. Besides, the horizontal stress anisotropy plays a key role in opening the natural fracture. Thus, no significant opened fracture is activated on natural fracture in stage 1, while in stage 4 an opened fracture invades to about 90 m into the first natural fracture. Conversely, the hydraulic fracture length in stage 1 is much longer than in stage 4, as some fluid volume is stored in the opened natural fracture in stage 4. In this work, the shear failure on natural fractures is treated as the main factor for inducing the seismic events. And the simulated seismic events, i.e., shear failure on natural fractures, are very comparable with the measured seismic events. 相似文献
15.
Many low-efficiency hydrocarbon reservoirs are productive largely because effective reservoir permeability is controlled by faults and natural fractures. Accurate and low-cost information on basic fault and fracture properties, orientation in particular, is critical in reducing well costs and increasing well recoveries. This paper describes how we used an advanced numerical modelling technique, the finite element method (FEM), to compute site-specific in situ stresses and rock deformation and to predict fracture attributes as a function of material properties, structural position and tectonic stress. Presented are the numerical results of two-dimensional, plane-strain end-member FEM models of a hydrocarbon-bearing fault-propagation-fold structure. Interpretation of the modelling results remains qualitative because of the intrinsic limitations of numerical modelling; however, it still allows comparisons with (the little available) geological and geophysical data. In all models, the weak mechanical strength and flow properties of a thick shale layer (the main seal) leads to a decoupling of the structural deformation of the shallower sediments from the underlying sediments and basement, and results in flexural slip across the shale layer. All models predict rock fracturing to initiate at the surface and to expand with depth under increasing horizontal tectonic compression. The stress regime for the formation of new fractures changes from compressional to shear with depth. If pre-existing fractures exist, only (sub)horizontal fractures are predicted to open, thus defining the principal orientation of effective reservoir permeability. In models that do not include a blind thrust fault in the basement, flexural amplification of the initial fold structure generates additional fracturing in the crest of the anticline controlled by the material properties of the rocks. The folding-induced fracturing expands laterally along the stratigraphic boundaries under enhanced tectonic loading. Models incorporating a blind thrust fault correctly predict the formation of secondary syn- and anti-thetic mesoscale faults in the basement and sediments of the hanging wall. Some of these faults cut reservoir and/or seal layers, and thus may influence effective reservoir permeability and affect seal integrity. The predicted faults divide the sediments across the anticline in several compartments with different stress levels and different rock failure (and proximity to failure). These numerical model outcomes can assist classic interpretation of seismic and well bore data in search of fractured and overpressured hydrocarbon reservoirs. 相似文献
16.
Researchers have recently realized that the non-tectonic natural fractures are developed in shale formations and significant for the exploitation of shale gas. Studies have shown that the tectonic fractures in naturally fractured reservoirs have influences on the maximization of stimulated reservoir volume (SRV) during hydraulic fracturing. However, the effect of the non-tectonic randomly natural fractures on the fracturing network propagation is not well understood. Laboratory experiments are proposed to study the evolution of fracturing network in naturally fractured formations with specimens that contain non-tectonic random fractures. The influences of the dominating factors were studied and analyzed, with an emphasis on natural fracture density, stress ratio, and injection rate. The response surface methodology was employed to perform the multiple-factor analysis and optimization in the maximization of the SRV. A sensitivity study reveals a number of interesting observations resulting from these parameters on the fracturing network evaluation. It is suggested from the geometry morphology of fracturing network that high natural fracture density and injection rate tend to maximize the fracturing network. The influence of stress contrast on fracturing network is nonlinear; an optimal value exists resulting in the best hydraulic fracturing effectiveness. 相似文献
17.
松辽盆地青山口组一段是一套重要的烃源岩层,也是盆地主要的裂缝性油藏和页岩油藏发育层。裂缝不仅是油气运移的主要通道,也是重要的储集空间,裂缝分布规律的评价对盆地今后页岩油和裂缝性油藏的勘探开发具有重要的指导意义。利用ANSYS与Suffer联合建模并采用Petrel软件对研究区岩石力学参数进行三维随机模拟的方法,对松辽盆地古近纪末期的应力场进行了三维数值模拟。结果表明,研究区最大主应力的变化范围为24~147 MPa,最小主应力变化范围为3.8~114.4 MPa;扶余隆起带附近为最大主应力低值区,大庆长垣附近为最大主应力高值区;最小水平主应力的应力低值区和高值区的分布与最大水平主应力大致相同。在此基础上,采用二元法对裂缝密度作了定量的预测,预测值与实测值吻合度较高。预测结果显示,齐家—古龙凹陷、大庆长垣以及梨树—德惠等地裂缝相对较为发育,是下一步勘探的重点。 相似文献
18.
The multi-stage fracturing in horizontal well is a common technique for shale gas reservoir exploitation, in which cluster spacing governs the fracturing performance. Undersized cluster spacing might make the stimulated reservoir volume (SRV), activated by the respective hydraulic fracture, excessively overlap with each other, while oversized cluster spacing might leave a large unstimulated volume between neighboring hydraulic fractures; in either case, fracturing would be inefficient. Previous design of cluster spacing has failed to maximize the SRV due to the absence of a dynamic SRV evaluation model. A numerical model of SRV evaluation in shale reservoir was established by integrating four main modules, including fracture propagation, reservoir pressure distribution, formation stress distribution, and natural fracture failure criterion. Then, a method to optimize cluster spacing was developed with the goal of maximizing SRV. In order to validate this method, it was applied in Fuling shale gas reservoir in Southwest China to determine the optimal cluster spacing. The sensitivity of key parameters on the optimal cluster spacing has been analyzed. This research proposed a compelling cluster spacing optimization method, which could reduce the uncertainty in cluster spacing design, and provides some new insights on the optimal design of multi-stage fracturing in horizontal shale gas well. 相似文献
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