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1.
The crossover adjustment plays a central role in the processing of satellite altimeter measurements. The usual procedure
is to form sea surface height differences at crossover points, solve for the radial orbit error (with due attention to the
singular nature of the estimation problem) and then to construct altimetric sea-level maps using the mean sea surface heights
at the crossover points. Our approach is very different, to make direct use of measurements at crossover points without differencing
and to estimate simultaneously orbit parameters, mean sea surface height and sea surface height variability in a single, unified
adjustment. The technique is suited for repeat data over an area small enough that adjoining passes may be considered to be
parallel and to permit the solution of a set of linear equations of dimension equal to the number of crossover points. The
size of the numerical problem is almost independent of the number of repeat cycles of the altimeter mission. Explicit recognition
is given to the rank defect of the least-squares estimation problem; we show that, for an orbit model with r parameters, the rank defect of the local crossover problem is exactly r
2. The defect may be overcome by choosing an appropriate set of constraints – either giving a best fit of mean sea surface
heights to a reference surface, or minimising orbit parameters, or a minimum norm solution in which both mean sea surface
heights and orbit parameters are minimised. There is no need to choose a reference pass, all passes are treated equally and
data gaps are easily accommodated. Numerical results are presented for the south-western Indian Ocean, based on the first
2 years of altimeter data from the Geosat Exact Repeat Mission.
Received: 31 May 1996 / Accepted: 19 April 1997 相似文献
2.
对月球探测任务、月球遥感制图技术与产品进行综述。从1958年开始,全世界已开展126次(其中70次成功)月球探测工程任务,其中月球遥感制图是其必需的基础性工作。由于月球环境的特殊性,其遥感制图技术与对地观测制图相比具有很大的挑战和更大的难度。目前,中国嫦娥二号轨道器获取的7 m分辨率立体影像是覆盖全月球分辨率最高的立体影像数据,美国月球侦察轨道器LRO任务的激光雷达高度计LOLA数据是精度和密度最高的激光测高数据,LRO NAC影像的分辨率最高(0.5—2 m)但未覆盖全球。在各个探测任务中,基于月球遥感数据和摄影测量技术,已经制作了大量的全球及区域的影像拼图、正射影像图和数字高程模型等制图产品。对月球遥感制图技术发展进行展望,探讨了利用国际多探测任务数据建立新一代控制网和进行精细制图的必要性及技术思路。 相似文献
3.
新一代卫星重力探测任务GRACE大大提高了地球重力场模型中长波分量的精度,使得联合卫星测高平均海面分离更精细稳态海洋动力地形成为可能。本文利用T/P(1994年~2003年)和JASON-1(2003年~2005年)卫星测高数据确定了全球30′×30′平均海面高;基于重力场模型WHU-GM-05,计算得到对应于海面高的GRACE海洋大地水准面格网值;利用“移去-恢复法”和高斯滤波求得全球稳态海面地形。与EGM96、R io05、ECCO和GGM02模型进行比较,检验结果表明GRACE任务有效的改善了海洋大地水准面的精度,使得稳态海洋动力地形能够呈现更多细部。 相似文献
4.
由ERS-2和TOPEX卫星测高数据推算的海面高异常的主成分分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用1995~2003年间的TOPEX/POSEIDON和ERS-2卫星测高数据,尽量采用相同的改正模型对TOPEX和ERS-2卫星测高数据分别进行改正,然后由共线分析法分别推算了全球1°×1°的35 d的海面高异常时间序列,并采用主成分分析法分别对这两个海面高异常时间序列进行了分析。 相似文献
5.
One year (November 1986 to October 1987) of Geosat altimeter data with improved orbits produced at The Ohio State University
has been used to define sea surface heights for 22 ERM and one year averaged Geosat track. All sea surface heights were referenced
to the single reference track through the application of geoid gradient corrections. The root mean square (RMS) gradient correction
was on the order of ±1 cm although it could reach 20 cm with data points in trench areas. 10 values used to form the mean
were considered.
Although this study was initially driven by a need for a good reference sea surface for geodetic applications the formation
of the reference track yields information on the variability of the ocean surface in the first year of the Geosat ERM. The
RMS point variability was ± 12.6 cm with only a very small number of values exceeding 50 cm when a depth editing criteria
was used. Global plots of the sea surface variability clearly reveal the major ocean currents and their variations in position
in the year. Examination of the 1° × 1° averaged sea surface height variations show average and maximum variability values
as follows: Gulf Stream (29 and 50 cm); Kurshio Current (24 and 49 cm); Agulhas Current (24 and 52 cm) and the Gulf of Mexico
(18 and 31 cm). These magnitudes may be dependent on the radial orbit correction procedure. To investigate this effect sea
slope variations were also computed. These results also showed clear current structures but also high frequency gravity field
information despite efforts to average out such information.
The data described in the paper is available from the authors for numerous other studies, some of which are suggested in the
paper. 相似文献
6.
A technique is presented for the development of a high-precision and high-resolution mean sea surface model utilising radar
altimetric sea surface heights extracted from the geodetic phase of the European Space Agency (ESA) ERS-1 mission. The methodology
uses a cubic-spline fit of dual ERS-1 and TOPEX crossovers for the minimisation of radial orbit error. Fourier domain processing
techniques are used for spectral optimal interpolation of the mean sea surface in order to reduce residual errors within the
initial model. The EGM96 gravity field and sea surface topography models are used as reference fields as part of the determination
of spectral components required for the optimal interpolation algorithm. A comparison between the final model and 10 cycles
of TOPEX sea surface heights shows differences of between 12.3 and 13.8 cm root mean square (RMS). An un-optimally interpolated
surface comparison with TOPEX data gave differences of between 15.7 and 16.2 cm RMS. The methodology results in an approximately
10-cm improvement in accuracy. Further improvement will be attained with the inclusion of stacked altimetry from both current
and future missions.
Received: 22 December 1999 / Accepted: 6 November 2000 相似文献
7.
M.C. Naeije K.F. Wakker R. Scharroo B.A.C. Ambrosius 《ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing》1992,47(5-6)
This paper discusses an altimeter data processing technique designed to compute time series of the mesoscale dynamic sea surface and to produce mean sea surfaces and surface variability. The technique has been applied to Geosat data collected over the North and South Atlantic and the South Indian Ocean. The computed mean sea surfaces show a high correlation with ocean bottom topography, whereas the variability is found to be associated with mesoscale ocean currents. High variability levels are spotted near the Gulfstream Extension and the Agulhas Return Current.Detailed examination of the sea surface and related flow field time series made it possible to identify a large number of eddies and to keep track of them in both the nort-west and south-east Atlantic. Additionally, some of the eddy characteristics have been resolved such as translation and swirl velocity. It is found that the eddy motion is affected by ocean bottom slopes. 相似文献
8.
海域海况复杂多变 ,潮汐不但受外海能量输入的控制 ,而且在复杂的海岸线、浅海海底和内陆河流运输的作用下变得异常复杂。卫星测高由于受复杂的海洋动力环境和陆地反射的影响 ,数据质量普遍较深海差。将多种卫星测高数据联合处理 ,可以大大提高近海海域平均海面高的精度与分辨率 ,增强测高卫星监测近海复杂动力现象与反演近海复杂动力机制的能力。本文讨论近海多种卫星联合数据处理的技术与方法 ,分别从提取海平面稳态和时变信息的角度较系统地研究了多种卫星测高联合数据处理方法 ,通过提取不同测高卫星海平面观测数据中与时间无关的系统偏差 ,建立多种卫星测高数据的海平面时变基准 ,从而将多种测高卫星海面监测数据融合到一个动力系统中。大大提高测高卫星海平面监测的时空分辨率 ,为联合多种卫星测高数据在大地测量与近海海洋动力学研究中的应用创造基本条件。 相似文献
9.
10.
11.
A global mean dynamic topography and ocean circulation estimation using a preliminary GOCE gravity model 总被引：8，自引：4，他引：4
The Gravity and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) satellite mission measures Earth’s gravity field with an unprecedented
accuracy at short spatial scales. In doing so, it promises to significantly advance our ability to determine the ocean’s general
circulation. In this study, an initial gravity model from GOCE, based on just 2 months of data, is combined with the recent
DTU10MSS mean sea surface to construct a global mean dynamic topography (MDT) model. The GOCE MDT clearly displays the gross
features of the ocean’s steady-state circulation. More significantly, the improved gravity model provided by the GOCE mission
has enhanced the resolution and sharpened the boundaries of those features compared with earlier satellite only solutions.
Calculation of the geostrophic surface currents from the MDT reveals improvements for all of the ocean’s major current systems.
In the North Atlantic, the Gulf Stream is stronger and more clearly defined, as are the Labrador and the Greenland currents.
Furthermore, the finer scale features, such as eddies, meanders and branches of the Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Current
system are visible. Similar improvements are seen also in the North Pacific Ocean, where the Kuroshio and its extension are
well represented. In the Southern hemisphere, both the Agulhas and the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence current systems are well
defined, and in the Southern ocean the Antarctic Circumpolar Current appears enhanced. The results of this preliminary analysis,
using an initial GOCE gravity model, clearly demonstrate the potential of the GOCE mission. Already, at this early stage of
the mission, the resolution of the MDT has been improved and the estimated surface current speeds have been increased compared
with a GRACE satellite-only MDT. Future GOCE gravity models are expected to build further upon this early success. 相似文献
12.
13.
S. Chander 《国际地球制图》2016,31(2):158-175
Satellite with ARgos and ALtika (SARAL) altimeter includes the ALTIKA payload, a 35.75 GHz Ka band radar altimeter. High pulse repetition frequency of SARAL (4 KHz) satellite provides better along-track information. Jason-1/2 data have been extensively utilized as a follow-up of TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter data for its accurate measurements of the sea surface heights, particularly for geodetic mission of Jason-1. In this study, we have compared SARAL and Jason-1/2 altimetry-derived classical and residual geoids over the Indian offshore using Rapp’s, EGM96 and EGM08 gravity model coefficients, which are of interest for better understanding of geological and structural evolution/interpretation. SARAL and Jason-1/2 data have also been used over the two prominent geological features over the Indian offshore, namely the Bombay High in the western offshore and the 85°E Ridge in the Bay of Bengal. The SARAL altimetry-derived geoids could delineate these major geological/structural features with distinct residual geoidal lows. 相似文献
14.
Eva Boergens Sven Buhl Denise Dettmering Claudia Klüppelberg Florian Seitz 《Journal of Geodesy》2017,91(5):519-534
River water-level time series at fixed geographical locations, so-called virtual stations, have been computed from single altimeter crossings for many years. Their temporal resolution is limited by the repeat cycle of the individual altimetry missions. The combination of all altimetry measurements along a river enables computing a water-level time series with improved temporal and spatial resolutions. This study uses the geostatistical method of spatio-temporal ordinary kriging to link multi-mission altimetry data along the Mekong River. The required covariance models reflecting the water flow are estimated based on empirical covariance values between altimetry observations at various locations. In this study, two covariance models are developed and tested in the case of the Mekong River: a stationary and a non-stationary covariance model. The proposed approach predicts water-level time series at different locations along the Mekong River with a temporal resolution of 5 days. Validation is performed against in situ data from four gauging stations, yielding RMS differences between 0.82 and 1.29 m and squared correlation coefficients between 0.89 and 0.94. Both models produce comparable results when used for combining data from Envisat, Jason-1, and SARAL for the time period between 2002 and 2015. The quality of the predicted time series turns out to be robust against a possibly decreasing availability of altimetry mission data. This demonstrates that our method is able to close the data gap between the end of the Envisat and the launch of the SARAL mission with interpolated time series. 相似文献
15.
以北极为研究区,使用CryoSat-2数据,利用现有海冰厚度卫星测高研究中4种主流算法(Laxon03算法、Kurtz09算法、Yi11算法和Laxon13算法)分别对北冰洋海冰厚度进行估算,并将估算结果与研究区IceBridge机载激光测高冰厚数据进行了比较,探索各算法海冰厚度估算的差异,寻找最优的估算算法,为估算长时序海冰厚度提供基础和参考。结果表明,4种算法估算的海冰厚度空间分布较为一致,但不同算法估算的结果差异较大,可达0.476 m;4种算法估算结果大小依次为Laxon03算法、Yi11算法、Laxon13算法、Kurtz09算法;4种算法估算的平均海冰厚度差异,在北极波弗特海海域最大,其次是北极中心海域、格陵兰和挪威海;Laxon13算法估算结果相对于IceBridge观测结果与其他算法相比,具有最小的平均偏差和均方根误差,是卫星测高估算海冰厚度的最优算法。 相似文献
16.
The determination of local geoid models has traditionally been carried out on land and at sea using gravity anomaly and satellite
altimetry data, while it will be aided by the data expected from satellite missions such as those from the Gravity field and
steady-state ocean circulation explorer (GOCE). To assess the performance of heterogeneous data combination to local geoid
determination, simulated data for the central Mediterranean Sea are analyzed. These data include marine and land gravity anomalies,
altimetric sea surface heights, and GOCE observations processed with the space-wise approach. A spectral analysis of the aforementioned
data shows their complementary character. GOCE data cover long wavelengths and account for the lack of such information from
gravity anomalies. This is exploited for the estimation of local covariance function models, where it is seen that models
computed with GOCE data and gravity anomaly empirical covariance functions perform better than models computed without GOCE
data. The geoid is estimated by different data combinations and the results show that GOCE data improve the solutions for
areas covered poorly with other data types, while also accounting for any long wavelength errors of the adopted reference
model that exist even when the ground gravity data are dense. At sea, the altimetric data provide the dominant geoid information.
However, the geoid accuracy is sensitive to orbit calibration errors and unmodeled sea surface topography (SST) effects. If
such effects are present, the combination of GOCE and gravity anomaly data can improve the geoid accuracy. The present work
also presents results from simulations for the recovery of the stationary SST, which show that the combination of geoid heights
obtained from a spherical harmonic geopotential model derived from GOCE with satellite altimetry data can provide SST models
with some centimeters of error. However, combining data from GOCE with gravity anomalies in a collocation approach can result
in the estimation of a higher resolution geoid, more suitable for high resolution mean dynamic SST modeling. Such simulations
can be performed toward the development and evaluation of SST recovery methods. 相似文献
17.
合成孔径高度计的海面回波仿真 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文首先采用经验海浪谱仿真了三维海面,进而在此基础上根据镜面反射理论计算了海面小面元散射系数。然后根据雷达方程和合成孔径高度计的合成孔径处理计算了海面回波信号的矩阵,以便给出最终的功率回波。在目前国内外缺少相应试验数据的条件下,验证了合成孔径高度计工作方式的有效性,经验证其回波模型基本正确。同时,为了与传统高度计比较,给出了传统高度计在相同参数下的回波仿真结果。文章还通过展示合成孔径高度计在同种波高、不同涌浪和风浪方向情况下的回波,说明波浪方向也会影响合成孔径高度计回波。 相似文献
18.
Precise orbit determination of the Sentinel-3A altimetry satellite using ambiguity-fixed GPS carrier phase observations 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The Sentinel-3 mission takes routine measurements of sea surface heights and depends crucially on accurate and precise knowledge of the spacecraft. Orbit determination with a targeted uncertainty of less than 2 cm in radial direction is supported through an onboard Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver, a Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite instrument, and a complementary laser retroreflector for satellite laser ranging. Within this study, the potential of ambiguity fixing for GPS-only precise orbit determination (POD) of the Sentinel-3 spacecraft is assessed. A refined strategy for carrier phase generation out of low-level measurements is employed to cope with half-cycle ambiguities in the tracking of the Sentinel-3 GPS receiver that have so far inhibited ambiguity-fixed POD solutions. Rather than explicitly fixing double-difference phase ambiguities with respect to a network of terrestrial reference stations, a single-receiver ambiguity resolution concept is employed that builds on dedicated GPS orbit, clock, and wide-lane bias products provided by the CNES/CLS (Centre National d’Études Spatiales/Collecte Localisation Satellites) analysis center of the International GNSS Service. Compared to float ambiguity solutions, a notably improved precision can be inferred from laser ranging residuals. These decrease from roughly 9 mm down to 5 mm standard deviation for high-grade stations on average over low and high elevations. Furthermore, the ambiguity-fixed orbits offer a substantially improved cross-track accuracy and help to identify lateral offsets in the GPS antenna or center-of-mass (CoM) location. With respect to altimetry, the improved orbit precision also benefits the global consistency of sea surface measurements. However, modeling of the absolute height continues to rely on proper dynamical models for the spacecraft motion as well as ground calibrations for the relative position of the altimeter reference point and the CoM. 相似文献
19.
Coastal Gravity Anomalies from Retracked Geosat/GM Altimetry: Improvement, Limitation and the Role of Airborne Gravity Data 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Cheinway Hwang Jinyun Guo Xiaoli Deng Hsin-Ying Hsu Yuting Liu 《Journal of Geodesy》2006,80(4):204-216
We process geophysical and waveform data records of the Geosat/GM (geodetic mission) satellite altimeter mission for waveform retracking and applications. An improved threshold retracker is developed. The performances of the Beta-5, threshold and improved threshold retrackers are assessed over waters around Taiwan. The improved threshold retracker outperforms the other two. The improvement in the accuracy of sea surface height (SSH) is investigated according to marine zone and the distance of waters to the shore. The improvement rate increases closer to the land, with the largest improvement rate of about 20% in waters within 10 km of the shore. Over waters around islands and coasts, there are still retracked SSHs with large errors. Least-squares collocation is used to compute gravity anomalies from the Geosat/GM altimeter data. Use of retracked SSHs improves the accuracy of gravity anomalies by about 11%. Adding airborne gravity data further improves the accuracy, especially in the immediate vicinity of the coasts. Tide model errors over coastal waters remain a problem in altimetry applications, even if the waveforms are properly retracked. 相似文献
20.
Global mean sea surface heights (SSHs) and gravity anomalies on a 2′×2′ grid were determined from Seasat, Geosat (Exact Repeat Mission and Geodetic Mission), ERS-1 (1.5-year mean of 35-day, and
GM), TOPEX/POSEIDON (T/P) (5.6-year mean) and ERS-2 (2-year mean) altimeter data over the region 0∘–360∘ longitude and –80∘–80∘ latitude. To reduce ocean variabilities and data noises, SSHs from non-repeat missions were filtered by Gaussian filters
of various wavelengths. A Levitus oceanic dynamic topography was subtracted from the altimeter-derived SSHs, and the resulting
heights were used to compute along-track deflection of the vertical (DOV). Geoidal heights and gravity anomalies were then
computed from DOV using the deflection-geoid and inverse Vening Meinesz formulae. The Levitus oceanic dynamic topography was
added back to the geoidal heights to obtain a preliminary sea surface grid. The difference between the T/P mean sea surface
and the preliminary sea surface was computed on a grid by a minimum curvature method and then was added to the preliminary
grid. The comparison of the NCTU01 mean sea surface height (MSSH) with the T/P and the ERS-1 MSSH result in overall root-mean-square
(RMS) differences of 5.0 and 3.1 cm in SSH, respectively, and 7.1 and 3.2 μrad in SSH gradient, respectively. The RMS differences
between the predicted and shipborne gravity anomalies range from 3.0 to 13.4 mGal in 12 areas of the world's oceans.
Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 3 April 2002
Correspondence to: C. Hwang
Acknowledgements. This research is partly supported by the National Science Council of ROC, under grants NSC89-2611-M-009-003-OP2 and NSC89-2211-E-009-095.
This is a contribution to the IAG Special Study Group 3.186. The Geosat and ERS1/2 data are from NOAA and CERSAT/France, respectively.
The T/P data were provided by AVISO. The CLS and GSFC00 MSS models were kindly provided by NASA/GSFC and CLS, respectively.
Drs. Levitus, Monterey, and Boyer are thanked for providing the SST model. Dr. T. Gruber and two anonymous reviewers provided
very detailed reviews that improved the quality of this paper. 相似文献