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1.
Sara Abedi Mirna Slim Ronny Hofmann Taras Bryndzia Franz-Josef Ulm 《Acta Geotechnica》2016,11(3):559-572
The organic–inorganic nature of organic-rich source rocks poses several challenges for the development of functional relations that link mechanical properties with geochemical composition. With this focus in mind, we herein propose a method that enables chemo-mechanical characterization of this highly heterogeneous source rock at the micron and submicron length scale through a statistical analysis of a large array of energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) data coupled with nanoindentation data. The ability to include elemental composition to the indentation probe via EDX is shown to provide a means to identify pure material phases, mixture phases, and interfaces between different phases. Employed over a large array, the statistical clustering of this set of chemo-mechanical data provides access to the properties of the fundamental building blocks of clay-dominated organic-rich source rocks. The versatility of the approach is illustrated through the application to a large number of source rocks of different origin, chemical composition, and organic content. We find that the identified properties exhibit a unique scaling relation between stiffness and hardness. This suggests that organic-rich shale properties can be reduced to their elementary constituents, with several implications for the development of predictive functional relations between chemical composition and mechanical properties of organic-rich source rocks such as the intimate interplay between clay-packing, organic maturity, and mechanical properties of porous clay/organic phase. 相似文献
2.
富有机质泥页岩纳米级孔隙结构特征研究进展 总被引：6，自引：5，他引：1
阐明富有机质泥页岩孔隙结构特征对阐明页岩油气的赋存机理和勘探开发具有重要的意义。研究泥页岩孔隙结构特征的方法主要包括定量和定性两类,实际研究中常将二者结合使用。有机质含量（TOC）、热演化程度、有机质母质来源、矿物组成及构造变形作用等因素对富有机质泥页岩孔隙结构特征有重要影响。有机质母质来源决定了纳米有机质孔的发育潜能,TOC和矿物组成控制了孔隙的发育类型,而热演化程度决定了孔隙的演化行为,构造变形作用对于纳米孔有后期改造作用。生排烃热模拟实验由于可以人为地控制实验条件,在泥页岩孔隙结构演化研究中扮演了重要的角色,但要注意与实际地质条件相匹配。目前,富有机质泥页岩孔隙结构的演化模式还存在较大的争议。受控于有机质母质来源,不同沉积环境下发育的富有机质泥页岩孔隙结构演化模式存在差异,因此需要分别研究。在未来工作中,TOC对泥页岩孔隙结构特征的影响、有机质孔开始形成的成熟度以及高演化阶段（镜质体反射率Ro>3%）孔隙的演化行为及机理等问题都需要进一步探究。另外,扫描电镜下识别有机质显微组成的方法亟需建立,同时还要规范行业术语的应用,以减少学科研究的混乱现象。 相似文献
3.
Y. C. Liu D. X. Chen Y. Wang J. Fu Y. Huyan 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2017,64(6):807-823
The well-developed continental shale sequences in the Western Sichuan Depression are characterised by extremely low porosity and permeability, complex lithologies and strong lateral facies changes. The overall lack of proper characterisation of the shale properties has restricted gas exploration and development in the region. In this study, shales from the fifth member of the Xujiahe Formation of the Upper Triassic (T3x5) are comprehensively characterised in terms of their organic geochemistry, mineral composition, microscopic pore structure and gas content. In addition, the influence of various geological factors on the adsorbed gas content is investigated. We proposed a new model for predicting the adsorption gas content of continental shale. The T3x5 shale sequence is found to be rich in organic matter but with variable mineral compositions, pore types and reservoir physical properties. The porosity and permeability of shales are better than those of siltstones and fine sandstones interbedded with the shale under an overall densification background. Mesopores (2–50 nm) are common in the shale sequence, followed by micropores and then macropores. The gas-adsorption capacity of organic-rich shales increases with increasing TOC and clay-mineral contents, maturity and pressure, but decreases with increasing quartz content, carbonate minerals and temperature. The gas-adsorption capacity can thus be expressed as a function of organic matter, clay-mineral content, temperature and pressure. The calculated results are in good agreement with the experiment results and indicate that adsorption gas in the studied shales accounts for 78.9% of the total gas content. 相似文献
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海相页岩气储层特征研究进展与发展动态 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
富有机质泥页岩复杂的沉积成岩过程、细粒特征,以及远小于常规储层的以微米—纳米级为主的孔隙空间,给海相页岩气储层特征研究带来了极大的挑战。近年来借助多项先进技术方法的推广运用,在海相页岩气储层的多个方面形成了重要认识,页岩有机质与其成熟度关系密切,岩石矿物组分判定方法向定量化发展,岩相预测与建模技术得以应用,但成岩作用对储层的影响尚有待进一步探知,物性变化趋势的认识尚存在不同见解,孔隙结构实现了从定性到定量表征的跨越,页岩力学性质的解析能够有效指导压裂改造。通过进一步分析海相页岩气储层研究的发展动态,就页岩气储层孔隙结构系统表征、区域尺度上成岩与岩相变化的时空配置关系、成岩演化—岩相—孔隙系统—有机质丰度潜在的多元关系等研究方向作出了展望,以期推进储层特征研究在深度和广度上向前发展。 相似文献
7.
以岩石地层分区多、名称复杂多变的上扬子下寒武统为例,并以高分辨率层序地层学理论为指导,通过露头、岩心、钻（测）井及岩矿测试等资料综合研究,识别出6个层序划分依据、5种沉积旋回叠加组合样式,认为页岩层系中层序界面厘定困难,不同级次沉积旋回的识别是层序划分的关键。以此为依据,结合研究区构造、岩相、有机碳含量等研究,建立了等时层序地层格架及其富有机质页岩的沉积发育模式,并以层序为单元,开展了富有机质页岩分布的精细编图。富有机质页岩主要发育于不同级次的海侵-海退作用早期,不同地区时空分布特征差异明显：四川盆地内部富有机质页岩主要分布在资阳长宁一线近南北向带状展布的区域,其受基底断裂早寒武世多幕堑垒式活动控制,纵向上发育4套富有机质页岩段;四川盆地之外鄂西—渝东、黔北、黔东南及宜昌等地区主要受早寒武世早期上升洋流作用控制,以下部层序发育大套富有机质页岩段为特征。今后应考虑不同地区富有机质页岩的时空分布特点,进行页岩气勘探与开发部署。 相似文献
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Despite their ubiquitous presence as sealing formations in hydrocarbon bearing reservoirs affecting many fields of exploitation, the source of anisotropy of this earth material is still an enigma that has deceived many decoding attempts from experimental and theoretical sides. Sedimentary rocks, such as shales, are made of highly compacted clay particles of sub-micrometer size, nanometric porosity and different mineralogy. In this paper, we present, for the first time, results from a new experimental technique that allows one to rationally assess the elasticity content of the highly heterogeneous clay fabric of shales from nano- and microindentation. Based on the statistical analysis of massive nanoindentation tests, we find (1) that the in-situ elasticity content of the clayfabric at a scale of a few hundred to thousands nanometers is almost an order of magnitude smaller than reported clay stiffness values of clay minerals, and (2) that the elasticity and the anisotropy scale linearly with the clay packing density beyond a percolation threshold of roughly 50%. Furthermore, we show that the elasticity content sensed by nano- and microindentation tests is equal to the one that is sensed by (small strain) velocity measurements. From those observations, we conclude that shales are nanogranular composite materials, whose mechanical properties are governed by particle-to-particle contact and by characteristic packing densities, and that the much stiffer mineral properties play a secondary role. 相似文献
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北美Williston 盆地Bakken组属典型的混合页岩油系统.笔者系统剖析了Bakken组混合页岩油系统富有机质层段和贫有机质层段的地质与地球化学、物性与裂缝发育以及页岩油特征,揭示了页岩油"甜点"主要受高含轻质油的富有机质成熟页岩、异常压力、微裂缝以及贫有机质层的白云石化作用共同控制,同时由于贫有机质层具有相对高的孔隙度、渗透率以及低的吸附量,因此可认为其是混合型页岩油系统中的主要产层.这对目前我国东部陆相页岩油勘探效果不佳的因素分析具有重要启示.把页岩油勘探目标层仅仅聚焦于富有机质泥页岩层段是勘探效果欠佳的主观因素;而富有机质泥页岩层段天然微裂缝发育局限、滞留油主要赋存在有机质中、热演化程度偏低使滞留油较重以及湖相Ⅰ型烃源岩生成的油含蜡量高等因素,是导致可采的页岩油量十分有限的客观因素.为此,针对我国东部湖盆页岩油的勘探,建议:加强成熟富有机质层系中贫有机质碳酸盐岩或粉砂、细砂岩薄夹层的精细评价与勘探;加强成熟富有机质泥页岩层段裂缝型页岩油的评价与勘探. 相似文献
10.
Stratigraphy, sedimentology and bulk organic geochemistry of black shales from the Proterozoic Vindhyan Supergroup (central India) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Four organic-rich shale units of the Proterozoic Vindhyan sedimentary succession have been scanned to reveal their origin
and hydrocarbon potential. The wavy-crinkly nature of the carbonaceous laminae is suggestive of a microbial mat origin of
the shales. These shales are thus different from Phanerozoic black shales which typically exhibit planar laminae. The hydrocarbon
potential of the black shale units has been evaluated by Rock-Eval pyrolysis. Total organic carbon content of many of the
shales exceeds 1%. The meanT
max for the black shales translate to a vitrinite reflectance range of 2.05-2.40% Rm based on standard conversion techniques.
These shales have reached the catagenetic stage near the beginning of anthracite formation. 相似文献
11.
Our research objective is to understand the influence of geochemistry on the fracture behavior of organic-rich shale at multiple length-scales. Despite an increasing focus on the fracture behavior of organic-rich shale, the relationships between geochemistry and fracture behavior remain unclear and there is a scarcity of experimental data available. To this end, we carry out 59 mesoscale scratch-based fracture tests on 14 specimens extracted from 7 major gas shale plays both in the USA and in France. Post-scratch testing imaging reveals fractures with a small crack width of about 411–660 nm. The fracture toughness is evaluated using the energetic size effect law, which is extended to generic axisymmetric probes. A nonlinear anisotropic and multiscale fracture behavior is observed. In addition, a positive correlation is found between the fracture toughness and the presence of kerogen, clay and calcite. Moreover, the geochemistry is found to influence the timescale and the regime of propagation of the hydraulic fracture at the macroscopic length-scale. In particular, shale systems rich in total organic content, clay and calcite are more likely to exhibit high values of the fluid lag and a low hydraulic crack width. Our findings highlight the need for advanced constitutive models for organic-rich shale systems and advanced hydraulic fracturing solutions that can fully integrate the complex fracture response of organic-rich shale materials.
相似文献12.
以"沉积控相,相控储层"为研究思路,基于野外露头剖面实测与室内实验测试,以及前人的研究成果,探讨渝东北地区上奥陶统五峰组-下志留统龙马溪组沉积环境对页岩气储层的控制作用。研究表明,渝东北地区五峰组-龙马溪组富有机质泥页岩主要发育于滞留浅海陆棚相中,沉积中心页岩厚度可达70~80m,有机碳含量(TOC)最高可达7.56%,平均3.09%。静水缺氧还原沉积环境岩石类型主要以富含有机质的含碳质含粉砂泥(页)岩、含碳质含硅质泥(页)岩、含硅质泥(页)岩、含碳质泥(页)岩、含粉砂泥(页)岩及硅质泥(页)岩为主。页岩矿物成分以石英(平均达62.76%)和黏土矿物(平均达22.61%)为主。缺氧还原环境下沉积的大量黄铁矿形成的黄铁矿晶间孔、黏土矿物层间微孔隙、有机质生烃形成的微孔隙以及脆性矿物控制形成的微裂缝为页岩气提供了良好的储集空间。沉积环境控制的储层发育特征的研究可为页岩展布、有机质丰度、储集空间及其之后有利区评价等研究提供基础。 相似文献
13.
Organic matter (OM) and minerals are major particle components of lacustrine shales. The influence of OM and minerals on pore space and structure in organic-rich oil-prone shales containing a large range of total organic carbon (TOC) contents is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the variation in pore space and structure of low mature lacustrine shales in the Songliao Basin (NE China), based on a study of the mineralogy, petrography, geochemistry, and geophysical properties of shales. Different pore types make markedly different contributions to the mineral surface area (MSA) and pore volume (PV) of the shales. There exists a negative correlation between MSA/PV and TOC in mesopores (r2 = 0.75/0.65) and macropores (r2 = 0.74/0.68), and a positive correlation in micropores (r2 = 0.59/0.64), which are associated with the variation of mineral and TOC contents. A positive relationship between the throat/pore ratio and TOC (r2 = 0.82) shows an increase in throat radius and decrease in pore radius with increasing TOC content. This relationship is supported by the reduction in mean pore diameter (MPD) for large pores and increase in MPD for small pores. These variations are related to the decreased pores by quartz plus feldspar (Q + F) content, increased throats by clay minerals, and enhanced pore-fill by OM. We propose that the variation of OM and minerals is a key control on the pore space and structure of low mature organic-rich oil-prone shales. 相似文献
14.
渝东南渝页1井下志留统龙马溪组页岩孔隙特征及其主控因素 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
富有机质黑色页岩的孔隙结构控制了页岩气的赋存状态和储气量。中国南方地区下志留统是页岩气发育的最重要层位之一。为研究页岩的孔隙特征及其主控因素,对以下志留统龙马溪组页岩气为勘探目标的渝页1井的岩心进行系统的采样,并进行了比表面和孔径、有机质成熟度(Ro)、显微组分、总有机碳(TOC)含量、全岩X射线衍射和粘土矿物含量等一系列分析测试。结果显示,黑色页岩的孔径主要分布于2~5 nm,即以中孔隙为主;中孔体积占总体积的70%左右,微孔体积和宏孔体积分别占10%和20%左右。页岩孔隙结构(微孔体积、中孔体积和宏孔体积)和组成(碎屑矿物成分、粘土矿物成分、TOC和Ro)的相关关系分析表明：粘土矿物对微孔体积和中孔体积都具有控制作用,并且对中孔体积的控制作用更加显著;陆源碎屑含量的增加有利于宏孔体积的增加;有机质成熟度较高时和高成熟度有机碳含量都与宏孔隙体积呈正相关,这可能与高成熟有机质中nm级显微裂缝的发育导致宏孔体积增加有关。 相似文献
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分析泥页岩形成的沉积环境对页岩气储层评价和甜点区优选具有重要意义。为深入探讨敦煌盆地五墩凹陷中间沟组下段富有机质泥页岩的形成环境和有机质聚集机制,以DY1井为研究对象,开展了总有机碳(TOC)含量、显微组成、碳同位素、主量元素、微量元素和稀土元素等测试。结果表明,五墩凹陷中间沟组下段岩性为灰黑色炭质泥页岩、粉砂质泥页岩夹薄煤层等,泥页岩具有较高的TOC含量,质量分数介于0.53%~25.25%,均值为8.18%,成熟度Rran介于0.74%~1.21%。Mo含量、P/Ti值和有机质显微组成表明,中间沟组下段沉积水体具有较低的初级生产力,高丰度有机质主要来自于陆源高等植物,反映了研究区浅水三角洲–半深湖环境下泥页岩的古生产力不是有机质聚集的关键控制因素;V/(V+Ni)、Ceanom、Th/U和UEF-MoEF协变模式等揭示中间沟组下段泥页岩形成于缺氧环境;Sr/Cu、Rb/Sr和气候指数C等指标反映了温暖–半干旱的古气候条件;Sr/Ba、Ba/Ga、Ca/(Fe+Ca)和Al2O3/MgO等特征指示古水体为淡水–微咸水;Zr/Al、Rb/K和MnO 含量等指标反映了沉积水体为浅水–半深水。依据DY1井沉积环境参数与有机质聚集的关系,建立了中间沟组下段富有机质泥页岩的沉积模式,自下至上经历2个旋回4种沉积模式,沉积水体由浅水三角洲–半深湖沉积–浅水三角洲–半深湖沉积演变,富有机质泥页岩形成于低初级生产力、高等植物陆源输入为主以及缺氧的半深湖环境,缺氧条件是中间沟组下段泥页岩有机质聚集保存的关键控制因素。该研究为敦煌盆地侏罗系页岩气成藏机理、资源潜力评价和有利区优选提供了理论支持。 相似文献
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松科1井是中国大陆第一口以白垩系陆相地层为主的全取心科学探井。通过取心样品的系统地球化学分析,研究了泥岩有机质丰度、类型、成熟演化及有机质沉积环境在纵向上的变化特征。结果表明:青一段泥岩有机质丰度最高,有机碳一般大于2%,平均为3.21%,发育优质烃源岩,其次在青二、三段、姚家组和嫩江组一、二段中也均发育有机质丰度相对较高的源岩层。纵向上泥岩有机质丰度显示出从高向低的9个韵律性变化,反映了湖相沉积过程中气候与水体环境、生物发育及有机质保存条件的周期性变化。青一段泥岩有机质类型主要为Ⅰ型,较高的甾烷含量反映以藻类输入为主,较高的伽马蜡烷和低的Pr/Ph及甲藻甾烷的存在反映该时期水体具有盐度分层和强还原的沉积环境,可能与海侵有关。青二、三段泥岩有机质类型主要为Ⅰ—Ⅱ型,伽马蜡烷和Pr/Ph等多项指标反映出该时期水体呈现振荡变化,有机质受陆源影响加大。姚家组有机质类型变化大,一部分为Ⅰ—Ⅱ1型,另一部分则Ⅱ2—Ⅲ型,较高丰度的泥岩通常具有较好的有机质类型,多项指标反映出该时期沉积环境波动较大。嫩江组一、二段泥岩主要以Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型为主,4-甲基甾烷的存在反映具有沟鞭藻的贡献,较高的伽马蜡烷和低的Pr/Ph反映水体有盐度分层。有机质成熟度指标反映青二、三段中部泥岩开始进入成熟,源岩开始大量生油的深度在1500m。 相似文献
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Du Jianting Luo Shengmin Hu Liming Guo Brandon Guo Dongdong Zhang Guoping 《Acta Geotechnica》2022,17(2):339-354
Acta Geotechnica - The mechanical properties of shales, a type of heterogeneous and multiphase composite, are of multiscale characteristics in nature. A large number of indentation measurements... 相似文献
18.
扬子地台寒武系泥页岩甲烷吸附特征 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
对采自扬子地区寒武系黄柏岭组、幕府山组和牛蹄塘组的泥页岩进行了甲烷吸附性能及影响因素研究。所分析页岩的TOC含量在1.08%～4.16%之间;粘土矿物含量在36.7%～62.3%之间。页岩样品甲烷吸附量测定结果显示,寒武系页岩甲烷最大理论吸附量与页岩TOC含量之间总体上呈正相关性,表明有机质丰度是控制页岩甲烷吸附能力的重要因素。而粘土矿物总含量与页岩甲烷最大理论吸附量之间缺乏相关性,仅蒙脱石含量与页岩甲烷最大理论吸附量呈正相关性,显示个别粘土矿物具有较强的甲烷吸附及影响页岩吸附性能的作用。寒武系不同地区页岩吸附性能存在显著差异,遵义牛蹄塘组页岩甲烷最大理论吸附量在2.76～5.30mL/g之间;南京幕府山组页岩甲烷最大理论吸附量在1.36～4.35mL/g之间;池州黄柏岭组泥页岩甲烷最大理论吸附量在1.63～2.72mL/g之间。此外,寒武系不同地区页岩有机碳含量与甲烷吸附量之间关系变化很大,显示页岩吸附量不仅受有机质丰度类型的影响,而且受有机质成熟度、区域地质演化以及粘土矿物吸附等多种因素制约。 相似文献
19.
Siavash Monfared Hadrien Laubie Farhang Radjai Mija Hubler Roland Pellenq Franz-Josef Ulm 《Acta Geotechnica》2018,13(6):1369-1394
Built on the framework of effective interaction potentials using lattice element method, a methodology to calibrate and to validate the elasticity of solid constituents in heterogeneous porous media from experimentally measured nanoindentation moduli and imported scans from advanced imaging techniques is presented. Applied to computed tomography (CT) scans of two organic-rich shales, spatial variations of effective interaction potentials prove instrumental in capturing the effective elastic behavior of highly heterogeneous materials via the first two cumulants of experimentally measured distributions of nanoindentation moduli. After calibration and validation steps while implicitly accounting for mesoscale texture effects via CT scans, Biot poroelastic coefficients are simulated. Analysis of stress percolation suggests contrasting pathways for load transmission, a reflection of microtextural differences in the studied cases. This methodology to calibrate elastic energy content of real materials from advanced imaging techniques and experimental measurements paves the way to study other phenomena such as wave propagation and fracture while providing a platform to fine-tune effective behavior of materials given advancements in additive manufacturing and machine learning algorithms. 相似文献
20.
《Cretaceous Research》2012,33(6):685-699
Albian pelagic successions of the Nebeur area in northwestern Tunisia consist of radiolarian-bearing and organic-rich black shale beds, which represent the lower part of the Fahdene Formation. The carbonate content of the organic-rich beds ranges between 40 and 48%. Total organic carbon (TOC) analyses via Rock Eval pyrolysis yielded values ranging between 0.7 and 2.8% and a mixed marine/terrestrial origin. Tmax values vary between 424 and 450 °C, indicative of submature to mature organic matter. High resolution planktic foraminiferal and radiolarian biostratigraphy suggest that the black shales beds span the mid- to late Albian, confined to the middle part of the Ticinella primula zone, upper Biticinella breggiensis zone and lower appeninica + buxtorfi zone. Episodes of organic-rich deposition in the “Tunisian Trough” are interpreted as being the sedimentary record of the global oceanic anoxic events OAE1b, c, and d respectively. Age-diagnostic radiolarian assemblages recovered from late Albian organic-rich black shales lie within the UA13–UA14 boundary biochronozones. The abundance of radiolarian and calcispheres (i.e. pithonella) within the black shales suggests high productivity periods and eutrophic conditions probably triggered by upwelling currents. 相似文献