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1.
Bulgaria's indigenous water resources derive largely from mountain watersheds where orographic effects enhance precipitation. These watersheds provide resources upon which lowland communities, industry, and irrigation depend. On the basis of a comprehensive network of water management structures, Bulgaria has been able to harness a considerable proportion of internal water resources for human use, although the nation is, by European standards, dry. This paper explores the physical and human geography of Bulgarian water resources as a perspective from which the multiple dimensions of current Bulgarian water research and water issues can be seen. 相似文献
2.
世界范围内的水资源和水环境问题越来越突出。首先系统介绍了美国弗罗里达州坦帕湾地区的水资源利用现状和供水管理策略,对该地区的地表水、地下水、海水淡化和废水利用的情况作了详细分析。该地区从以地下水为主的供水方式,改变为地表水、地下水、海水淡化各占1/3的供水方式的规划思想、经济分析以及管理措施具有积极的参考意义。针对我国的客观背景,进一步探讨了城市供水的挖潜途径,雨水直接回收和中水利用是城市节水的两个有效方式,沿海地区则应对海水淡化予以重视;对于广大的农村乡镇,雨水集水塘和小型平原水库则是提高农村供水条件和改善水环境的一种有效措施。 相似文献
3.
China's water resources and its utilization 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Zhikai Chen 《GeoJournal》1985,10(2):167-171
By recent estimation, the total annual runoff in China is about 2,638 km3, corresponding to 2,670 m3 per capita. The water problems of China are due to the uneven distribution of water resources and rapid increase of water demand, which have brought many difficulties in flood control and water supply. In this paper, characteristics of water resources and present situation of water resources development, conservation and utilization are discussed. 相似文献
4.
《水科学进展》编辑部 《水科学进展》2009,20(5):747-754
水资源是基础性的自然资源和战略性的经济资源,是生态与环境的控制性要素.中国人均占有水资源量少,不足2200m3,不足世界人均占有量的1/3.水资源时空分布极为不均,特别是在全球气候变化和大规模经济开发双重因素的交织作用下,中国水资源情势正在发生新的变化.在水资源管理理念上,要加快从供水管理向需水管理转变.为使人们对需水管理有比较全面和深刻的认识,部分专家和学者从各种角度论述了"需水管理"的定义和内涵,认为,需水管理是面向包括人类与自然在内所有用水户的水资源供需平衡的全方位而有序的管理系统工程,对各方面的需水,采取行政、经济、法律和技术等手段和措施,对水资源供需进行平衡与协调,遏制不合理用水需求,提高用水效率和效益,减少水资源短缺对人类社会的威胁,确保水资源可持续利用.简言之,需水管理意为以供定需,供需协调,人水和谐,持续利用. 相似文献
5.
B. B. Cruz L. A. Manfré D.S. Ricci D. Brunoro L. Appolinario Jr. J. A. Quintanilha 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2017,76(12):441
Water resources availability is increasingly constrained, considering the quality and quantity available for use. There is an urgent need of recovering this availability, focusing on the planning and management process of water supply systems. One of the main threats to water resources is related to erosion effects, namely widespread pollution load and the silting of watercourses and reservoirs useful life reduction. The objective of this study was to evaluate water supply systems environmental fragility within the Paulista Macro Metropolis area and to use the results to develop environmental zone classes to orient territorial planning. The study was conducted in seven superficial water supply systems of the aforementioned region. Environmental fragility evaluation was focused on four environmental variables that represent natural vulnerability to erosion, and 2015 land cover map to delineate human influence on erosive processes. Results indicate that Tietê River water supply systems, namely Piracicaba, Capivari and Jundiaí (PCJ) and Itupararanga systems, can be considered the most fragile water supply systems in the study area. The environmental fragility map was used to derive the environmental zoning map, including conservation and priority areas, suitable regions for agriculture expansion, and areas with high needs for restoration efforts. In addition, environmental fragility framework herein can be viewed as a model with high replication potential for regional planning and management in that land cover can be manipulated to minimize environment natural vulnerability, guiding territorial occupation toward a more sustainable landscape design, which subsidizes water resources multiple uses. 相似文献
6.
WANG Kui-feng 《地下水科学与工程》2016,4(2):120-130
Research on the carrying capacity and security of water resources is vital for its contribution to implementing sustainable development goals. The limitation of water resources is one of the most important factors that influence the sustainable utilization of resources. Studying the carrying capacity of water resources will not only facilitate monitoring and forecast of national resources and environmental carrying capacity, but also be valuable for building ecological civilization. According to the principles of evaluation system, the carrying capacity of water resources on Shandong peninsula is explored. A comprehensive evaluation model of the carrying capacity of water resources is constructed based on the carrying capacity of water resources index and the composite of water resources index. The results show that the capacity of water resources on Shandong peninsula is generally consistent with overexploitation, and that the development and utilization of water resources has reached a considerable scale under existing economic and technological conditions. The carrying capacity of water resources in this region is relatively small, and the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources is alarming. Relative countermeasures are put forward, to improve the water resources carrying capacity and to provide a basis for future sustainable development and utilization of water resources in this region. 相似文献
7.
邯邢地区西部武安-涉县古生代凹陷中,沉积了一套厚大的寒武-奥陶系的碳酸盐岩.是本区岩溶水的主要赋存层位.邯邢地区的工、农业及生活用水主要是依靠岩溶水资源.但该区埋藏着丰富的铁、煤等矿产,由于地下岩溶水丰富又给矿山的开采造成很大的困难,为了解决这一予盾.处理好供排关系,充分开发利用铁煤矿产和地下水资源,本文提出一些探索性看法. 相似文献
8.
Semi-arid environments are generally more sensitive to urbanization than humid regions in terms of both hydrologic modifications
and water resources sustainability. The current study integrates hydrologic modeling and land use projections to predict long-term
impacts of urbanization on hydrologic behavior and water supply in semi-arid regions. The study focuses on the Upper Santa
Clara River basin in northern Los Angeles County, CA, USA, which is undergoing rapid and extensive development. The semi-distributed
Hydrologic Simulation Program Fortran (HSPF) model is parameterized with land use, soil, and channel characteristics of the
study watershed. Model parameters related to hydrologic processes are calibrated at the daily time step using various spatial
configurations of precipitation and parameters. Potential urbanization scenarios are generated on the basis of a regional
development plan. The calibrated (and validated) model is run under the proposed development scenarios for a 10 year period.
Results reveal that increasing development increases total annual runoff and wet season flows, while decreases are observed
in existing baseflow and groundwater recharge during both dry and wet seasons. As development increases, medium-sized storms
increase in both peak flow and overall volume, while low and high flow events (extremes) appear less affected. Urbanization
is also shown to decrease natural recharge and, when considered at the regional scale, may result in a loss of critical water
supply to Southern California. The current study provides a coupled framework for a decision support tool that can guide efforts
involved in regional urban development planning and water supply management. 相似文献
9.
在农业与生态系统用水相矛盾的干旱内陆区,地下水过度开采导致生态环境急剧恶化。以往对地下水的管理,以政府直接控制地下水使用为主,但效果并不十分理想,或管理成本较大。因此,寻求间接调控地下水使用的措施成为更好的选择。以河西走廊的石羊河、黑河和疏勒河流域为例,以农户问卷调查数据为依据,探究影响农户使用地下水的关键因素,以寻求通过制定更有针对性的政策来影响农户节约并高效利用地下水,最终达到农户自下而上自发节水的效果。分析结果发现：农户对地下水的使用在不同阶段有不同的特征,但均强烈地依赖于地表水供给,地表水供给每增加1个轮次,单位公顷耕地地表水用量会增加237.3 m3,相应会减少795.2 m3的地下水,整体上平均减少504.1 m3的总用水量,地下水占灌溉总用水的比例也会下降3.7%。此外,地下水的使用还与家庭经营规模、经营模式、地下水供给条件及经营者偏好等因素密切相关。因此,政府应根据流域内地表水与地下水的综合条件和特点,结合农业生产特征和农户偏好,因地制宜制定政府主导的管理政策与农户自我调节能力有效结合的开发治理制度和方案,切实实现区域水资源节约与高效利用双重目标。 相似文献
10.
Mineral supply is controlled by a feedback mechanism. When there is a shortage of a commodity in a market economy, prices will rise, triggering this mechanism. The expectation of high financial returns will encourage inventiveness and creativity in the quest for new solutions. On the supply side, for primary resources, the appropriate response is to cut losses in the mining process, to lower the cut-off grade, to improve recoveries in the beneficiation and smelting processes, to expand existing production facilities, and to discover and bring into production new deposits. For secondary resources, the key to increasing the supply lies in improving recycling rates by better technology, reprocessing lower-grade scrap which becomes economic because of increased prices, and reducing downgrading to optimize the usefulness of secondary materials. On the demand side, implementation of new and more efficient processes, development of substitution technologies, material savings, and the invention of entirely new technologies that fulfill the same function without the need of using the scarce and suddenly more expensive material are effective reactions to a price rise. The effectiveness of this self-regulating mechanism can be shown by examples of historical price peaks of metals, such as Mo, Co, and Ta, and the current rare earth elements peak. Concerning supply from secondary resources, a model is developed in order to determine how far the supply from this resource domain can be achieved and how the recycling rate is influenced by growth rate and lifetime. The feedback control cycle of mineral supply is influenced on the demand side by ever shorter life cycles, by products getting more complex with ever more elements involved in their production, and by an increase in element dispersion. All these factors have an immediate effect on the feasibility of sourcing raw materials from the technosphere. The supply side of primary materials is influenced by increasing lead times for new production and by relatively low flexibility in responding to changing demand. 相似文献
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Water conservation may be defined as a demonstrably beneficial reduction inthe amount of water of a certain quality for a specific use. Increasing costs as well as the risk of water shortages are likely to spur more efficient use of existing facilities. In many instances, conservation may be the most cost-effective way of increasing the supply of municipal water. Policymakers need to be familiar with the policy instruments, such as peak responsibility pricing, that could reduce the peak and average demands for municipal water and cost-effective technological options available to customers who wish to reduce water use. This paper is organized around these two themes and reviews the salient empirical findings in this field. Several municipalities have reduced peak demands, and the number of studies in demand management has increased substantially since the early 1960s. However, the interest in applying empirical findings has lagged behind research. Increasing costs are likely to stimulate innovative management and it is critical to explicate the problem and solutions so that policymakers would have the necessary understanding to make rational, cost-effective decisions. Time-and-location specific investigation is essential for enhancing such understanding. 相似文献
13.
江苏苏锡常地区地下水开采出现的问题及对策研究 总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3
近年来,江苏苏锡常地区地表水由于遭受严重污染,致使地下水开采量逐年增加;又由于缺乏正确认识和科学管理,造成该地区地下水资源长期超采,从而引发了地面沉降、地裂缝等环境地质问题和地质灾害。本文从可持续发展观点出发,为使地下水资源合理开采和保护同步发展,有针对性地探讨了该地区地下水资源合理开发和保护对策。 相似文献
14.
中国大陆面向生态的水资源管理与调控战略 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
通过对1999年度中国大陆降水量、水资源量和供需水量的分析，理论上提出了潜在的水资源和现实的水资源两个概念，潜在的水资源是所有形式产水量的总和，现实的水资源是指具有利用价值的水资源，认为中国的水资源战略应着力于将潜在的水资源最大限度地转化为现实的水资源，但在西北干旱地区，如何使降水量最大限度地转化为潜在水资源也是一个重要的命题。在大陆范围内，潜在的水资源是丰富的，但现实的水资源不足，中国未来需水总量并不会有大的增加，但对水质的要求会有较大的提高。从面向生态的水资源管理观点出发，分析了从降水量到供需水量过程中一系列环节的调控途径和原理，指出了水资源宏观调控的技术和方法——植被调节、地表水水库调节、地下水水库调节和水体污染控制。针对我国各区域的具体特点，阐明了在不同区域水资源调控的主要目的和手段。 相似文献
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Kathleen M. Bower 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2010,61(3):549-563
If sustainable development planning for Coles County, IL, USA, had been done in 1830, planners would not have been able to
predict changing technology allowing more efficient use of existing natural capital. Planning for sustainability should include
the geology, current and historic uses of natural capital, and consideration of changing population and technology. Coles
County has glacial and alluvial deposits underlain by bedrock of the Illinois Basin. Discussion with local experts and inspection
of current and historic records determined the current and historic use of natural capital of Coles County. Land initially
attracted humans to water and fertile soil supporting plants and animals. Fertile soil and water continue to support agricultural
activity today. The two largest communities rely on surface water for water supply. Sand, gravel, and limestone are quarried.
Coal has been mined in the past. Petroleum drilling is on the third pass as technology and demand have changed. Technologic
changes have allowed the county to develop new and more efficient ways of using natural capital leading to continued use of
resources in the county. 相似文献
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应用系统动力学方法,建立了县域水资源利用SD模型,并对焉耆县主要的水资源利用系统中的农业需水量、工业需水量、生活需水量、牲畜需水量和生态需水量进行了仿真模拟,分析了焉耆县未来20年中各用水系统的动态趋势。通过仿真模拟可以看出,农业用水是该县的主要用水,用水量高达90％以上。农业用水量决定着总需水量的变化趋势,并极大地影响着水资源的供需关系; 其他方面需水量在未来20年中虽有大幅度增长的趋势,但所占比例很小,不能对总供需水关系产生明显的影响。从供水角度讲,提高地表水和地下水联合开发比例,可以较大缓解供水压力。文章旨在运用系统动力学方法,通过建立SD模型,为认识焉耆县水资源供需现状及发展趋势提供一种途径。 相似文献
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榆林风沙滩区水资源可持续利用对策与建议 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文在对榆林风沙滩区内水资源条件、开发利用现状及存在问题等调查研究资料进行深入分析的基础上,结合国民经济各业未来发展对水资源的需求情况,确定了未来不同水平年的需水量和供水量,并通过供需平衡分析,提出了解决水资源短缺的途径和实现水资源合理开发利用的建议. 相似文献