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1.
Magnetic domain patterns have been observed on particles of natural pyrrhotite and titanomagnetite undergoing hysteresis. These observations indicate that hysteresis properties are governed by two distinct mechanisms: (1) wall-pinning and (2) nucleation of reverse domains. Particles which are dominated by wall-pinning spontaneously nucleate reverse domains in saturation remanence (Jrs). The coercivity of such grains is determined by the presence of potential wells encountered by the wall in its traverse across the grain. However, many pseudosingle-domain particles (PSD) between 5 and 30 μm in diameter do not nucleate reverse domains in Jrs, but remain as saturated single-domains. These particles require a reverse field Hn to nucleate domain walls. When Hn is sufficiently large, the nucleating field controls magnetization reversal by driving the wall across the particle in a single Barkhausen jump, and the muscopic coercivity is nucleation-dominated.
The proportion P (w=0) of particles of a given size d which fail to nucleate walls in Jrs is found to be given by A exp(−Bd1/2), where A and B are experimentally determined constants. The nucleation field Hn in pyrrhotite is observed to increase with decreasing grain size, exceeding 500 Oe in 5 μm particles.
The difficulty with which reverse domains are nucleated subsequent to saturation may thus provide a mechanism for achieving the high values of Jrs/Js and coercive force observed in fine, pseudosingle-domain particles. 相似文献
2.
Jennifer Kung Sally M. Rigden Ian Jackson 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》2000,120(4):195-314
The elastic moduli of ScAlO3 perovskite, a very close structural analogue for MgSiO3 perovskite, have been measured between 300 and 600 K using high precision ultrasonic interferometry in an internally heated gas-charged pressure vessel. This new capability for high temperature measurement of elastic wave speeds has been demonstrated on polycrystalline alumina. The temperature derivatives of elastic moduli of Al2O3 measured in this study agree within 15% with expectations based on published single-crystal data. For ScAlO3 perovskite, the value of (∂KS/∂T)P is −0.033 GPa K−1 and (∂G/∂T)P is −0.015 GPa K−1. The relative magnitudes of these derivatives agree with the observation in Duffy and Anderson [Duffy, T.S., Anderson, D.L., 1989. Seismic velocities in mantle minerals and the mineralogy of the upper mantle. J. Geophys. Res. 94, 1895–1912.] that |(∂KS/∂T)P| is typically about twice |(∂G/∂T)P|. The value of (∂KS/∂T)P for ScAlO3 is intermediate between those inferred less directly from V(P,T) studies of Fe-free and Fe- and Al-bearing MgSiO3 perovskites [Wang, Y., Weidner, D.J., Liebermann, R.C., Zhao, Y., 1994. P–V–T equation of state of (Mg,Fe)SiO3 perovskite: constraints on composition of the lower mantle. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 83, 13–40; Mao, H.K., Hemley, R.J., Shu, J., Chen, L., Jephcoat, A.P., Wu, Y., Bassett, W.A., 1991. Effect of pressure, temperature and composition on the lattice parameters and density of (Mg,Fe) SiO3 perovskite to 30 GPa. J. Geophys. Res. 91, 8069–8079; Zhang, Weidner, D., 1999. Thermal equation of state of aluminum-enriched silicate perovskite. Science 284, 782–784]. The value of |(∂G/∂T)|P for ScAlO3 is similar to those of most other mantle silicate phases but lower than the recent determination for MgSiO3 perovskite [Sinelnikov, Y., Chen, G., Neuville, D.R., Vaughan, M.T., Liebermann, R.C., 1998. Ultrasonic shear wave velocities of MgSiO3 perovskite at 8 GPa and 800K and lower mantle composition. Science 281, 677–679].
Combining the results from the previous studies and current measurements on ScAlO3 perovskite, we extracted the parameters (q and γ0) needed to fully specify its Mie–Grüneisen–Debye equation-of-state. In this study, we have demonstrated that acoustic measurements of KS(T), unlike V(P,T) data, tightly constrain the value of q. It is concluded that ScAlO3 has ‘normal’ γ0 (1.3) and high q (3.6). The high value of q indicates that ScAlO3 has very strong intrinsic temperature dependence of the bulk modulus; similar behaviour has been observed in measurements on Fe- and Al-bearing silicate perovskites (Mao et al., 1991; Zhang and Weidner, 1999). 相似文献
3.
震级变异系数与地震序列类型、 性质的统计物理特征和早期判定方法的研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
根据G-R公式和非线性动力学观点, 在分析不同类型地震序列震级分布细结构基础上, 提出用震级变异系数δm、 b值和震级熵H(m)、 马尔柯夫链理论值h和信息量维数D1等统计量, 来综合描述和界定不同类型、 性质的地震序列; 同时对截止震级问题、 b值、 平均震级m、 h和D1等统计物理含义进行了探讨。 认为δm、 b值和H(m)及其与理论指数分布的震级熵H(∞)的差值ΔH(m)相结合将有助于区分前震序列、 前兆性震群和各种不同类型(主-余震型、 震群型、 孤立型)地震序列, 并且可以对这些类型进行早期判断。 相似文献
4.
低渗透砂岩储层孔隙结构复杂,储层有效性识别及饱和度准确计算难度较大.笔者以东营凹陷南坡沙四段（Es4）低渗透砂岩为研究对象,根据压汞、物性、薄片及核磁等资料,将研究区孔隙结构分为三大类、五小类.在岩样孔隙结构分类基础上,明确了孔隙结构类型与岩电参数之间存在确定的关系,而核磁共振T2谱定量特征参数在一定程度上能够表征孔隙结构类型及其细节信息,通过提取T2谱中T2几何平均值（T2g）、T2均值（T2）、峰度（KG）、可动流体分量（Smf）及区间孔隙分量等孔隙结构参数,建立了基于核磁T2谱特征参数的孔隙结构识别图版,显示核磁T2谱孔隙结构参数对不同类型的储层有较好的识别效果,进而探讨核磁孔隙结构参数和岩电参数之间的关系,结果表明,T2谱峰度值与孔隙胶结指数（m）值相关性较高,进一步确定了岩电参数m的核磁计算公式.最终,将该套方法应用于研究区井筒剖面中,有效地提高了饱和度计算精度,也为东营凹陷南坡低渗透砂岩油藏储量估算与高效开发提供了依据. 相似文献
5.
采用内蒙古测震台网2009—2016年记录的内蒙古东部地区131个地震资料,使用速度拟合、分区扫面、折合走时方法,反演得到该区域速度模型：v1=6.10 km/s、vPb=6.72 km/s、vn=8.05 km/s、H1=23 km和H2=16 km。东部模型检验结果显示,定位残差均值较华南模型和2015内蒙最优模型有明显的降低,且更加均匀稳定;东部模型与编目定位震中差较华南与编目、2015内蒙最优模型与编目和华南与编目震中差均值降低1 km左右。可见,东部模型更适合内蒙古东部地区。 相似文献
6.
对四川盆地东北部巴中地区和西部雅安地区早白垩世红层分别采集9块手标本,进行了详细的古地磁学研究.系统退磁获得两地的特征剩磁,其中巴中地区平均方向为,倾斜校正之前:D_g/I_g=25.3°/19.0°,k=18.6,α_(95)=8.8°;倾斜校正之后:D_s/I_s=25.8°/18.9°,k=24.3,α_(95)=7.6°.雅安地区平均方向为,倾斜校正之前:D_g/I_g=24.5°/45.0°,k=15.7,α_(95)=9.0°;倾斜校正之后:D_s/I_s=356.7°/35.6°,k=28.5,α_(95)=6.6°.磁化率各向异性实验结果显示两地均未受到显著的构造应力影响.等温剩磁各向异性(AIR)实验结果,巴中地区IRMz/IRMLx平均值为0.8194,表明18%的压实率;雅安地区IRMz/IRMx平均值为0.8909,表明11%的压实率,计算得到巴中和雅安地区校正后的磁倾角分别为22.7°和38.8°.根据等温剩磁各向异性(AIR)实验和Tauxe and Kent(2004)提出的EI校正法得到的结果表明,四川盆地早白垩世陆相碎屑岩层中存在沉积压实作用造成的磁倾角偏低现象,而且川东北巴中地区的偏低程度强于川西雅安地区. 相似文献
7.
D. Jongmans D. Demanet C. Horrent M. Campillo F.J. Sanchez-Sesma 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》1996,15(8):549-559
Seismic experiments were conducted in Mexico City in order to determine the dynamic characteristics of the soft clay layer present at the surface in the lake bed zone. In-situ measurements of Vp, Vs, Qp and Qs were performed in the Texcoco lake area. Qs values ranging from 8 to 60 have been found from the surface down to 30 m depth, while Vs values are between 30 and 115 m/s for the same depths. These relatively low Q values support the idea that surface waves generated at the edges of the Mexico basin cannot propagate very far in the structure. During this study, the elastic characteristics of the surficial basalt layers outcropping in the hill zone have also been investigated. Very low P-wave velocity values (500–800 m/s) have been found in the basalt. In the hill zone where basalts are interbedded with soil, numerical modeling has shown that such low values can only be partially explained by the relation between wavelength and basalt thickness and that other mechanisms, like fracturation, must be involved. 相似文献
8.
苏里格地区致密砂岩储层勘探开发难度很大,测井解释遇到了储层参数计算和产能预测不准确的问题.本文针对这些难点,基于已有的转换模型,推导并验证了T2-I和T2-Kr转换模型,提出了采用转换模型应用于测井综合解释和产能预测的方法.基于实验数据设定孔径大于1 μm的孔隙为大孔,中孔孔径在1 μm和0.03 μm之间,小孔孔径为0.03 μm以下.并建立了不同孔径范围模型中关键参数α与核磁参数T2lm的关系,这为转换模型在测井解释中的应用提供了必要条件.本文在苏里格西区分别应用T2-I和T2-Kr转换模型求取含水饱和度和相对渗透率曲线,并进行产能预测,处理结果显示该方法具有很好的应用效果. 相似文献
9.
二维核磁共振能从"弛豫-扩散"两个维度上展现流体性质,在识别稠油储层方面具有理论优势,是当前核磁共振测井技术的研究热点.本文深入研究二维核磁共振测井原理,系统分析CPMG-DE脉冲序列测量扩散系数与弛豫时间的方法,结合核磁共振二维谱数理模型,提出一种基于SVD和BRD的正则化反演算法.该算法通过SVD压缩数据,采用带非负约束的Tikhonov正则化方法求解流体"弛豫-扩散"分布,并基于BRD算法迭代确定最佳正则化因子.模拟实验与数值分析表明,该算法无需先验信息、运算效率高、相对误差小,在原始数据信噪比低至50时,仍可有效获取流体(T2,D)二维分布.在二维核磁共振测井数据实时解释应用中,该方法较传统反演算法(如TSVD)具有较大优势.同时,在自主研发的核磁共振测井仪测量CuSO4溶液(T2,D)分布的实验显示,本文设计算法对弛豫时间和扩散系数的反演误差分别仅为2%和4%,较TSVD算法有较大改善. 相似文献
10.
印度—欧亚板块碰撞以来青藏高原内部及其周缘地区经历了复杂的构造演化,复杂构造变形区的复合构造使得古地磁的数据解释究竟代表区域的构造旋转还是只能反映局部的构造变形一直是备受关注的问题.本文通过采集川滇地块西缘渔泡江断裂东侧三岔河地区白垩纪红层古地磁样品,揭示采样区差异性旋转并探讨川滇地块西部自中新世以来的构造演化规律.前人的地质调查表明川滇地块渔泡江断裂东侧上白垩统赵家店组地层发育倾伏褶皱.三岔河剖面以三岔河镇为界分为南北两段,三岔河南段剖面高温剩磁分量平均方向在倾斜校正后Ds=29.3°,Is=45.7°,ks=54.3,α95=6.6°,倾伏地层产状校正后Ds=30.6°,Is=46.6°,ks=69.3,α95=5.8°;而三岔河北侧剖面高温剩磁分量平均方向在倾斜校正后Ds=350.4°,Is=42.1°,ks=69.4,α95=9.2°,倾伏地层产状校正后Ds=347.4°,Is=41.9°,ks=96.6,α95=7.8°;两组高温剩磁分量均通过了褶皱检验,表明其获得于褶皱形成之前.相对于东亚稳定区80Ma古地磁极,三岔河南侧剖面发生了20.5°±4.8°的顺时针构造旋转量,与楚雄盆地核部之间不存在差异性旋转;但三岔河镇以北剖面却发生了22.7°±6.6°的逆时针旋转.综合分析川滇地块内部的古地磁数据表明自中新世以来川滇地块南部楚雄盆地经历了约20°的顺时针构造旋转,而三岔河镇北侧经历了约20°逆时针旋转.进一步分析表明三岔河北侧剖面相对于南侧剖面经历了约40°的逆时针旋转,可能由于研究区的滑脱构造导致岩石薄弱层拆离滑脱所引起. 相似文献
11.
With increasing interest in airborne and satellite-based sensors for mapping regional and global energy balance, there is a need to determine the uncertainty involved in aggregating remotely-sensed variables [surface temperature (Tk) and reflectance (π)] and surface energy fluxes [sensible (H) and latent (λE) heat flux] over large areas. This uncertainty is directly related to two factors: (1) the nonlinearity of the relation between the sensor signal and Tk, π, H orλE; and (2) the heterogeneity of the site. In this study, we compiled several remotely-sensed data sets acquired at different locations within a semi-arid rangeland in Arizona, at a variety of spatial and temporal resolutions. These data sets provided the range of data heterogeneities necessary for an extensive analysis of data aggregation. The general technique to evaluate uncertainty was to compare remotely-sensed variables and energy balance components calculated in two ways: first, calculated at the pixel resolution and averaged to the coarser resolution; and second, calculated directly at the coarse resolution by aggregating the fine-resolution data to the coarse scale. Results showed that the error in the aggregation of Tk and π was negligible for a wide range of conditions. However, the error in aggregation of H and λE was highly influenced by the heterogeneity of the site. Errors in H larger than 50% were possible under certain conditions. The conditions associated with the largest aggregation errors in H were:
- • sites which are composed of a mix of stable and unstable conditions;
- • sites which have considerable variations in aerodynamic roughness, especially for highly unstable conditions where the difference between surface and air temperature is large; and
- • sites which are characterized by patch vegetation, where the pixel resolution is less than or nearly-equal to the diameter of the vegetation ‘element’ (in most cases, the diameter of the dominant vegetation type or vegetation patch).
Thus, knowledge of the surface heterogeneity is essential for minimizing error in aggregation of H and λE. Two schemes are presented for quantifying surface heterogeneity as a first step in data aggregation. These results emphasized the need for caution in aggregation of energy balance components over heterogeneous landscapes with sparse or mixed vegetation types. 相似文献
12.
随着石油勘探开发领域的不断扩大,某些复杂油气藏尤其是致密油气的岩石物理响应,受岩石润湿性变化的影响越来越明显,影响油气藏的评价以及后续勘探开发,识别和评价岩石润湿性成为重要的研究课题.核磁共振弛豫可以有效表征多孔介质孔隙及其流体分布,特别是通过T1-T2弛豫图谱能够获得流体分子与孔隙表面相互作用的信息,进而为孔隙表面润湿性质的判断提供了可能性.本文首先讨论了T1-T2弛豫谱表征孔隙介质润湿强度的理论基础,然后,采用一阶近似方法对孔隙表面流体分子的核磁共振弛豫分布进行正演模拟,建立T1/T2比值法判别孔隙介质润湿性的基本方法.最后,选取玻璃珠和天然砂岩样品进行初步实验,验证方法的合理性.结果表明,当岩石饱和双相流体时,润湿相流体T1/T2值高于非润湿相流体,通过观察不同饱和度状态T1-T2二维图谱的变化,能够判断岩石的润湿性.本文的理论分析与初步实验结果为岩石润湿性研究提供了新的手段,对核磁共振测井探测储层润湿性也具有一定的应用价值. 相似文献
13.
Takehiko Yagi Yoshiaki Ida Yosiko Sato Syun-Iti Akimoto 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》1975,10(4):348-354
The pressure dependence of the three lattice parameters and unit cell volume of fayalite (Fe2SiO4 olivine) was determined by X-ray diffraction under hydrostatic pressures up to 70 kbar. In order to eliminate stress inhomogeneity within a composite material consisting of a specimen mixed with an internal-pressure standard, a liquid (1 : 1 mixture of ethanol and methanol) was used as a pressure-transmitting medium. The isothermal bulk modulus calculated on the basis of the second-order Birch-Murnaghan equation of state gives the values K0 = 1.19 ± 0.10 Mbar and K0′ = 7 ± 4, and if we assume K0′ = 5: K0 = 1.24 ± 0.02 Mbar. Three axes of fayalite were found to be compressible in the following order, b >c >a. Comparisons with the results obtained under non-hydrostatic compression are made. 相似文献
14.
总强度磁异常(ΔT1)常规处理方法通常将其近似当作磁异常矢量在地磁正常场方向上的投影(ΔT2).然而对于高磁环境如磁铁矿处的磁异常场幅值可达104 nT甚至更大的情况,上述近似假设则不再成立,如采用常规处理方法可能会带来明显的误差.本文针对该问题,提出一种基于等效源的总强度磁异常非线性处理方法;该方法根据总强度磁异常获取流程,直接反演实测地磁场总强度幅值与正常场强度幅值之差来求取等效场源.本文首先通过模型试验,分析ΔT1与ΔT2的差异;然后将ΔT1当作ΔT2采用常规处理方法以及ΔT1采用新方法得到的结果作对比分析,结果表明新方法处理结果与理论值的差异为常规方法处理结果的1/5甚至更小,充分说明了新方法的有效性;最后将该方法应用于铁矿实测总强度磁异常处理实例中来转换计算磁异常总模量,其实际应用效果进一步体现了高幅值总强度磁异常数据处理过程中采用新方法的必要性. 相似文献
15.
拉萨地块林周盆地白垩系红层的古地磁数据一直都有较大争议.过去认为磁倾角变浅可能是造成这些分歧的主要原因.我们在林周盆地设兴组背斜两翼进行了系统的古地磁采样,15个采样点的特征剩磁分量在倾斜校正和倾伏褶皱校正后平均方向为D=339.3°,I=22.9°(α_(95)=5.1°).特征剩磁分量在大约69%展开时获得最大集中,表明其为同褶皱重磁化;此时平均方向为D=339.1°,I=27.3°(α_(95)=4.1°),对应的古地磁极为65.4°N,327.5°E(A_(95)=3.5°),参考点29.3°N/88.5°E的古纬度为15.0°N±3.5°.薄片镜下分析显示赤铁矿为次生矿物,岩石磁组构(AMS)也表现为过渡型构造变形组构.样品的特征剩磁方向应为重磁化的结果,E/I(elongation vs inclination)校正法显示特征剩磁方向并没有发生倾角变浅.根据区域构造,重磁化时代约为72.4±1.8 Ma到64.4±0.6 Ma.综合考虑拉萨地块东西部的古地磁数据以及地震层析成像资料后我们认为,碰撞前拉萨地块大约呈NW-SE向准线性分布,并处于~10°N-15.0°N;自~70 Ma以来,拉萨地块与稳定欧亚大陆之间至少存在1200±400 km(11.1°±3.5°)的南北向构造缩短量;印度大陆与欧亚大陆的碰撞不应晚于55 Ma. 相似文献
16.
17.
N. Sugiura 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》1982,30(4):356
Isothermal remanence (IRM) induced in multidomain grains at high temperature (Ti) decreases on cooling in zero field. The intensity and stability (against temperature change) of the IRM depend on whether the temperature (Ti) was reached from higher temperature or from lower temperature. These results cannot be explained by the existing multidomain theories. A new model of a thermoremanence (TRM) acquisition mechanism, in which domain wall interactions play the major role, is proposed. This model explains the main features of the experimental results very well, predicting an almost linear relationship between TRM and the inducing field, up to relatively high fields. 相似文献
18.
井中磁测在铁矿等磁性金属矿床勘查中具有举足轻重的作用.针对磁性金属矿床深部资源勘查中存在的有效信号弱、矿体形态复杂等技术难题,本文利用井中三分量磁测资料和地面磁测资料直接反演地下空间磁化率的分布情况,充分发挥纵、横向分辨率高的优势,通过磁化率的变化来确定矿（化）体的范围.分析了磁化率和磁场Hax、Hay、Za、ΔT各参量之间的关系,导出了磁化率反演方程;将钻孔编录、磁化率测井等结果作为约束条件构建了目标函数.以组合倾斜板状体模型为例,验证了方法的有效性,并在青海野马泉铁多金属矿区开展应用试验,试验结果与已有地质资料基本一致.该方法有效抑制了因反演数据源单一、缺乏约束条件而造成反演结果的多解性,实现了磁测资料的精细反演解释,为查明地下矿体空间位置、形态及规模,提高找矿效果,提供了一种新的解决方案. 相似文献
19.
对比分析致密砂岩岩心在完全含水状态和束缚水状态下的核磁共振T2谱,明确了致密砂岩孔隙中流体的赋存状态和渗流规律,指出常规核磁共振方法预测渗透率的局限性并提出核磁共振双截止值的概念.基于核磁共振双截止值,将储集空间细分为完全可动、完全束缚、部分可动等三部分,分析不同孔隙组分对渗透率的影响,并应用三组分法建立了核磁共振渗透率表征新模型.研究表明：致密砂岩渗透率与完全可动流体饱和度、部分可动流体T2几何平均值、核磁孔隙度成正比,与完全束缚流体饱和度成反比.在此基础上,结合完全含水核磁共振T2谱的二阶差分得到了双截止值的自适应确定方法,可以连续地计算储层双截止值.将该研究成果应用于生产实践,渗透率计算精度有较大的提高. 相似文献
20.
全张量测量技术是在空中或海上用加载了多个加速度计的移动平台技术测量位场的五个独立分量.各张量分量包含不同方向的地下地质体信息,水平张量分量T_(xx)、T_(yy)、T_(xy)、T_(xz)、T_(yz)通常用于识别和映射与地质构造或地层变化有关的测量区域中的目标,垂直张量分量Tzz用于估计深度.然而,这些分量传统上是彼此分开解释,经常遇到错失关键信息的风险.本文所用全张量欧拉反褶积是在单独z方向的欧拉反演基础上发展而来的,它融合了重力异常垂直分量以及其三个方向导数、水平分量以及其三个方向导数.全张量数据信息得以有效应用的同时,欧拉反褶积结果也比常规欧拉反褶积结果更加收敛.最后,结合美国墨西哥湾地区实测航空FTG数据,用重力梯度张量数据进行联合欧拉三维反演研究,有效的识别岩盖的边界信息,划分岩盖范围,为进一步研究盖层底下深部复杂地质情况提供可靠的解释结果. 相似文献