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1.
C. Sudhakar Reddy C. S. Jha V. K. Dadhwal 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2018,92(5):562-567
Earth Observation with large suite of sensors and with capabilities to address natural resources at multiple scales has proven to be a critical resource in setting conservation priorities of a region. The role of earth observation data was recognized towards achieving international biodiversity targets by 2020. Ecosystem irreplaceability and ecosystem vulnerability are two concepts key to understanding and preparing conservation priority maps. This study presents spatial conservation prioritization analysis for forests of ‘Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot’. Earth observation data products have been used for prioritization of areas of irreplaceability and vulnerability that are significant for conservation planning. The spatial surrogates of biodiversity in terms of very dense forest, biological richness, intactness and rarity of habitat are analyzed for evaluation of ecosystem irreplaceability. Fragmentation, forest fires, plant invasion and disturbance index are surrogates included for spatial analysis of ecosystem vulnerability. Vegetation type wise analysis indicates dry deciduous forests are under high vulnerability, followed by moist deciduous forests. The high concentration of irreplaceability is observed in Shola followed by wet evergreen forests and semi-evergreen forests. Spatial prioritization approach has identified about 18% of the forest area as irreplaceable which represents overlapped area of very dense forest, shola, intact forest and high biological richness. We observed that the overlap of forest areas of irreplaceability with vulnerability in southern Western Ghats, which needs high priority of conservation. This study is the first of its kind wherein multi-source earth observation data has been analysed to examine the quantitative criteria at regional level in Western Ghats. 相似文献
2.
A common management technique for preserving and maintaining biodiversity is the establishment of large refuges and preserves.
Although extensive sanctuaries can provide crucial protection for many organisms and ecosystems, they cannot fulfill all the
needs of regional conservation. An alternative to a few large refuges is to create many different habitats across the landscape
that enhance and improve local and regional biodiversity and provide immediate benefits to nearby communities in the form
of ecosystem services. Furthermore, these can all be initiated and achieved by individuals or communities. Some key landscape
enhancements can be undertaken on a local level: the creation or expansion of small wooded areas, windbreaks, or hedgerows;
the construction of small wetlands; and the release of some lands from heavy pressure for the reestablishment of natural ecological
processes, namely, the natural accumulation of woody and other organic materials. Newly created ecosystems can be inoculated
at the outset with soil biota such as seed banks, microbes, fungi, and organic material that can accelerate ecological functioning
and balance. In addition to increasing much local and regional biodiversity, locally enhanced areas can provide fuel, plant
and animal food and medicinal products, and agroforestry products directly to the nearby community. These small ecological
oases can serve as nesting and overwintering sites for numerous pollinators that are hugely beneficial to agricultural production.
Moreover, several ecosystem enhancements may contribute positively to local and regional hydrologic cycles and prevent prolonged
droughts. Enhancements to local landscapes can take on many forms. We believe that any changes that increase structural complexity
in natural systems almost certainly lead to increases in local biological complexity. In addition, wider landscape level considerations,
such as corridors and connectivity of populations, can be integrated on a broader scale to improve regional biodiversity and
ecosystem services. Small landscape enhancements undoubtedly cannot provide for all conservation needs, but they can greatly
increase widespread biodiversity, restore local ecosystem services, and can be used to complement the relatively few larger
parks. 相似文献
3.
山水林田湖草生态保护修复技术框架研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
面对当前严峻的资源环境与生态压力,习近平总书记提出了山水林田湖草生命共同体的理念,截至2019年底全国共开展了25个山水林田湖草生态保护修复工程试点。虽然已有工作取得了一定成效,但也存在保护修复目标不明确、整体性与系统性不足、人工干预的工程措施过度、缺乏动态监测评价、难以实现人与自然和谐共生等诸多问题。鉴此,本研究在梳理景观生态学、恢复生态学相关理论,基于自然的解决方案、适应性管理、社会-经济-自然复合生态系统以及生态系统服务等相关理念的基础上,构建了包含有区域(省)、景观、生态系统以及子项目4个层次的山水林田湖草生态保护修复技术框架,并提出了项目实施全程监测管理的技术要求,以期为推进山水林田湖草生命共同体的整体保护、系统修复、综合治理提供理论与技术支撑。 相似文献
4.
喀斯特生态系统服务研究进展与展望 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
喀斯特生态系统是全球典型的脆弱生态系统之一,它为人类提供了重要的服务功能和价值。回顾国内外喀斯特生态系统服务研究的文献可发现,当前研究多遵循“土地利用变化—生态系统服务价值响应”的研究范式,仅重视中小尺度喀斯特生态系统服务价值的空间异质性,强调土地利用变化和生态工程对生态系统服务价值的影响。而今后应加强基于“生态系统结构、过程—功能—服务”级联框架的喀斯特生态系统服务研究,构建喀斯特生态系统服务分类体系,突出大尺度喀斯特生态系统服务评估,拓展喀斯特生态系统服务之间权衡与协同及喀斯特生态系统服务对人类福祉的影响,定量分析自然和人为因素对喀斯特生态系统服务的影响。 相似文献
5.
Participation in payments for ecosystem services: Case studies from the Lacandon rainforest, Mexico 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Understanding people’s willingness to participate in projects and programmes of payments for ecosystem services (PES) has not been a key analytical concern of the scholarly literature around this new field of environmental policy and practice. This paper analyses participation in four communities benefiting from payments for biodiversity and carbon fixation in Mexico, and contrasts the results for each case with neighbouring communities that do not receive payments. We take a holistic approach that accounts for procedural rules, actors’ interactions, institutions and values, and individuals’ characteristics. We show that the nature of PES rules and the effectiveness of communication with government officers and NGOs influence resource managers’ ability and willingness to participate. We highlight community size, resource managers’ ability to diversify livelihood activities and local perspectives on the conservation of common forests, particularly sacred values and intergenerational concerns on forest conservation, as critical participation drivers. This analysis provides insights on why and how these new institutions may be attractive for some resource managers and permits to draw some recommendations for the future design of PES projects and programmes. 相似文献
6.
Anning Suo Dongzhi Zhao Fengshou Zhang Huaru Wang Fengqiao Liu 《Frontiers of Earth Science》2010,4(1):51-58
Estuaries, which lie at the end of rivers, belong to the interlocking area between marine ecosystems and terrestrial ecosystems.
In the estuary region, there are plenty of biological resources that carry many important ecosystem services. However, severe
degradation of the estuary ecosystem in northern China has been caused by anthropogenic disturbances, including water pollution
from upstream area, change of marine environmental dynamics, animal habitat loss, and unreasonable exploitation in the estuary
region. In order to provide scientific evidence for restoration and conservation of the estuary ecosystem, we collected data
from published literature to analyze the ecological problems in several main estuary regions in northern China, such as the
Yellow River estuary, Liaohe River estuary, Haihe River estuary, Yalu River estuary, and some others. The main ecological
problems in the estuary region of northern China include the input decrease of fresh water from rivers, the change of the
sediment input from rivers, the destruction of the estuary wetland ecosystem, the environmental pollution in the estuary region,
the erosion in the estuary region, seawater encroachment, the biodiversity decline of the estuary region, and the depletion
of the fish resources in the estuary region. Meanwhile, the driving forces for these ecological problems in the estuary region
were also assessed. Based on the analysis of these driving forces, we propose several pieces of advice for integrated estuary
management in northern China, including the creation of a management system for estuary conservation, improvement of the means
and strength of the environmental law execution, increased investment on scientific research in the estuary ecosystem, improvement
of public participation on the conservation for the estuary environment and biodiversity, and construction of a monitoring
system for the estuary environment. 相似文献
7.
Protected areas will more efficiently protect biodiversity if threats to the persistence of populations are addressed. Seagrass meadows are globally regarded as critical habitats because of their ecosystem services, human use values, and their diminishing extent. While selecting priority areas for conservation of seagrass meadows is largely aimed at maximizing the protection of their biodiversity, little attention is paid to consider simultaneously the representation of biodiversity and the minimization of threats. This study developed and tested an approach for integrating vulnerability of seagrass meadows to anthropogenic disturbance with the selection of estuarine-protected areas. Vulnerability was measured by data on different land use types in subcatchments. Conservation value was measured by irreplaceability, diversity indices, and rarity of macroinvertebrate species in seagrass meadows. Vulnerability was incorporated into conservation planning by plotting grid cell scores for conservation value versus their scores for vulnerability. The results showed that the performance of the model for the integration of vulnerability into estuarine conservation planning was sensitive to the data treatment. The vulnerability of seagrass meadows and accordingly the arrangement of priority areas for conservation and management attention may change if more information is incorporated into the measurement of vulnerability. 相似文献
8.
全球生态系统服务的状况与趋势 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
简要介绍了千年生态系统评估（MA）状况与趋势工作组的报告《生态系统与人类福祉：现状与趋势》中的第2部分，即“对生态系统服务的评估”。该部分主要对全球生态系统服务在20世纪末的总体状况，以及它们在20世纪后半叶的主要变化趋势进行了评估。评估结果表明，在MA明确评估的24项服务中，15项处于下降趋势，约占60%；4项处于上升趋势，约占18%；其余5项（约占22%）存在显著的空间或时间差异，即在有些地区（时段）处于上升趋势，而在另外一些地区（时段）处于下降趋势。这些变化主要表现在：①全球谷类作物和牲畜等方面的生态系统服务已经取得了显著的提高，但同时却对淡水资源和调控害虫等方面的服务造成了巨大的损害；② 按照当前的捕捞速度，野生鱼类资源已经无法承受人类的持续捕捞；③ 许多地区的淡水资源已经不能满足人类和生态系统的需求，如果延续当前的水资源利用模式，供需之间的差距将会继续扩大；④ 在对污染物质进行无害化处理、保持养分平衡、调控自然灾害，以及控制害虫、疾病与入侵生物的爆发等方面，许多生态系统的调节服务已经呈现出明显的下降趋势；⑤作为生态系统提供供给服务、调节服务和文化服务的基础条件，全球生态系统的支持服务出现了复杂的变化趋势。 相似文献
9.
国土整治生态修复中的农业景观生物多样性保护策略 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
随着生态文明建设成为国家发展战略,国土整治修复需要更多生态科学和技术的支撑。农业景观生物多样性是重要的自然资源,为人类可持续发展提供了重要的生态系统服务,并提供了应对气候变化等风险的途径。本文分析了我国农业景观生物多样性保护及其对国土整治生态修复的重要性,国土整治生态修复中农业景观生物多样性保护面临的挑战,并总结了欧盟在农业景观生物多样性保护方面的经验和方法。最后,文章提出了将农业景观生物多样性保护整合到国土整治生态修复的四项策略,包括生态空间的“生态修复和管护-生态补偿-民生改善”策略、农业空间的“生态基础设施-生态系统服务提升-绿色发展”策略、城乡生活空间的“多功能景观-绿色宜居空间营造”策略、国土全域“生物多样性保护网络”策略,为生态文明背景下的国土整治生态修复提供参考。 相似文献
10.
Biodiversity provides many ecosystem functions and services in the coal mine areas and plays an important role in improving the environment and sustainable development of mining area. From the view of coal mining-damage-the whole process of reclamation, the biodiversity conservation planning and biodiversity survey, monitoring and evaluation technology were briefly introduced before coal exploiting. The main contents for biodiversity conservation and technology including the protection of topsoil seed bank, soil fauna, biological soil crusts and optimization techniques of concurrent mining and reclamation during coal mining and the operational phase were elaborated. The key factors affecting biodiversity restoration in land reclamation stage were analyzed. The research on soil improvement and revegetation was discussed. Finally, the development direction of research about conservation and restoration of biodiversity in land reclamation of coal mine were proposed. It may provide some ideas for further promoting the research in this area. 相似文献
11.
Lauren Hutchison Paul Montagna Dave Yoskowitz Damion Scholz Jace Tunnell 《Estuaries and Coasts》2015,38(1):67-80
The goal of the current study was to document local stakeholder perceptions of ecosystem services provided by coastal habitats and to incorporate values of ecosystem services into an ecosystem-based management plan. A second goal was to identify and quantify ecosystem service supply at the local level, which is a knowledge gap identified by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Ecosystem services were quantified as stakeholder perceptions of values. To identify local stakeholder perceptions of coastal habitat ecosystem services, a workshop was conducted at which stakeholders were asked to complete surveys. Data from the surveys were used to create a spatial representation of the number of ecosystem services provided by habitats in the form of a heat map. Results of the study were incorporated into an ecosystem-based management plan to enable stakeholders and managers to make better-informed decisions regarding priority areas for conservation, preservation, and restoration. The methods used in this study can be expanded to develop future ecosystem-based management plans. 相似文献
12.
《Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. Geologists' Association》2023,134(4):375-387
This paper introduces the Special Issue of the Proceedings of the Geologists' Association on ‘Valuing the Quaternary – Nature Conservation and Geoheritage’, arising from the International Union for Quaternary Research (INQUA) Congress in Dublin, in July 2019. It presents an overview of the values of Quaternary geoheritage, which merit recognition as an integral part of nature conservation, to protect priority sites and features for scientific research and education, and to deliver wider ecological, cultural and aesthetic benefits. The paper highlights the benefits of incorporating knowledge and understanding of Quaternary geoheritage for nature conservation and society. Palaeoenvironmental, palaeoecological and palaeobiological archives are a key source of ecological and environmental data that allow learning from the past to help address contemporary conservation challenges such as biodiversity loss, anthropogenic pressures and climate change. Quaternary science plays a vital part in supporting the wider nature conservation agenda, including strengthening the role of protected and conserved areas in the sustainable management of natural capital and ecosystem services, climate change adaptation, marine conservation, nature restoration and recovery, connecting people and nature and informing nature-based solutions to threats faced by society. However, challenges remain to achieve protection of key geoheritage sites and landscapes globally, and to integrate better understanding of geodiversity in nature conservation research, policy development and practice to help address the twin crises facing nature conservation – biodiversity loss and climate change. Quaternary studies provide temporal and spatial perspectives to inform forward-looking nature conservation that is dynamic rather than static in outlook. 相似文献
13.
Eelgrass (Zostera marina) forms extensive beds in temperate coastal and estuarine environments worldwide and provides important ecosystem services, including habitat for a wide range of species as well as nutrient cycling and carbon storage. However, little is known about how eelgrass ecosystem structure and services differ naturally among regions. Using large-scale field surveys, we examined differences in eelgrass bed structure, carbon and nitrogen storage, community composition, and habitat services across three distinct regions in Eastern Canada. We focused on eelgrass beds with low anthropogenic impacts to compare natural differences. In addition, we analyzed the relationships of eelgrass bed structure with environmental conditions, and species composition with bed structure and environmental conditions, to elucidate potential drivers of observed differences. Our results indicate that regional differences in eelgrass bed structure were weakly correlated with water column properties, whereas differences in carbon and nitrogen storage were mainly driven by differences in eelgrass biomass. There were distinct regional differences in species composition and diversity, which were particularly linked to temperature, as well as eelgrass bed structure indicating differences in habitat provision. Our results highlight natural regional differences in ecosystem structure and services which could inform spatial management and conservation strategies for eelgrass beds. 相似文献
14.
Adam Pártl David Vačkář Blanka Loučková Eliška Krkoška Lorencová 《Natural Hazards》2017,89(3):1185-1204
Ecosystem services are important to maintain the human well-being. However, their provisioning has been under the increasing pressure from both natural and socio-economic changes. This paper aims to assess the most significant hazards, such as water quality, nitrogen deposition, erosion, floods, invasive species, urbanisation and contaminated sites affecting delivery of ecosystem services in the Czech Republic. Using the multi-hazard assessment, the integrated risk index for ecosystem service provisioning was proposed. The spatial analysis based on this approach was then applied to the Czech Republic as a case study. The results showed that about 48% of the area falls into the very low risk category followed by 30%, 21%, and 1% for low, medium and high categories, respectively. Forest and wetland ecosystems were estimated to have the highest proportion of their total area among the highest risk values. Moreover, we found that the national parks appeared to have the highest proportion of medium- and high-risk classes among the natural areas. The approach presented in this study should aggregate the existing knowledge on ecosystem services and hazards and thus monitor the integrated risk. The results are intended to help with various planning and management decisions at both the national and regional levels and to bring more attention on the most problematic hot-spots. 相似文献
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16.
农业生态系统是一种人工-自然复合生态系统,人类行为和管理决策干扰生态系统服务的供给和需求,生态系统服务之间的关系也随之发生变化.以西安市农业生态系统为研究对象,测算了农产品供给、固碳、水源涵养、净化环境及文化娱乐5项生态系统服务价值,分析农业生态系统服务总价值的空间差异,并根据景观特点和农业生态系统服务价值将研究区划分为3个区,探索不同分区生态系统服务功能之间的相互关系,并提出了西安市的生态系统管理对策.结果表明：研究区提供的农业生态系统服务总价值为590×108元.从生态系统服务大分类来看,调节服务 > 供给服务 > 文化服务.各区县农业生态系统服务功能价值差别较大.1999-2013年,西安市供给服务上升,调节服务和支持服务下降.西安市农业生态系统服务功能价值大致呈现由市中心向边缘区逐渐加强的趋势.在不同的农业区域生态系统中,生态系统服务内部各功能之间的相关性差异较大.在耕区、园区、林区生态系统中,农产品提供与固碳、水源涵养、净化环境、文化休闲服务之间的相关性差异大,而调节服务与文化服务以及调节服务各功能之间的相关关系均呈现显著正相关.为了维护城市生态系统的稳定,应该调整城市绿地景观格局,构建“绿色斑块、绿色廊道、湿地、农田”镶嵌共存的绿地生态系统;在发展农区、园区生态产业过程中,应当调整农业产业结构,选择经济效益与生态效益兼顾的作物品种和植被类型. 相似文献
17.
图们江流域土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
应用遥感和GIS技术,以1992年和2006年两期Landsat TM影像解译数据为基础,分析图们江流域14 a土地利用变化情况,并计算由此导致的生态系统服务价值变化。结果表明：14 a间,图们江流域土地利用发生显著的变化;旱田、水田和建筑用地增加;林地、草地、水域、湿地和未利用土地在减少;ESV由1992年的472.43×108元减少到2006年的446.39×108元,年均递减率达0.39%; 生态系统单项服务功能价值中,食物生产呈增加趋势,增加0.24×108元,主要由耕地面积增加,以及气候调节、水源涵养、生物多样性保护等其余功能均呈减少趋势所致。因此,应须采取有效措施,维护该区生态环境健康发展。 相似文献
18.
19.
Modeling hydrological ecosystem services and tradeoffs: a case study in Baiyangdian watershed, China 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Yang Bai Hua Zheng Zhiyun Ouyang Changwei Zhuang Bo Jiang 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,70(2):709-718
Policy makers and scientists consider that land use strategies are designed to provide direct benefits to people by protecting vital ecosystem services. However, due to lack of information and evaluation methods, there is no effective and systematic tool for assessing tradeoffs between direct human benefits and ecosystem services. Land use changes influence ecosystem properties, processes and components, which are the basis for providing services. Five alternative land use scenarios (no conversion of agricultural lands, no urban expansion, agricultural expansion, forestry expansion, and riparian reforestation) were modeled for the Baiyangdian watershed, China, a densely populated, highly modified watershed with serious water shortage and pollution problems. The model InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs) is designed to inform decisions about natural resource management, with an aim to align economic forces with conservation. Three ecosystem services (agricultural production, hydropower production, and water quality) were modeled to balance direct benefits and hydrological ecosystem services using InVEST. The results showed that: hydropower production was the greatest in the forestry expansion, but the lowest in agricultural expansion; agricultural production was reduced the most in forestry expansion, while retained the most in riparian reforestation. Riparian reforestation also provided the highest N and P retention and lowest N and P exportation. Riparian reforestation was the optimal land use strategy, since it protected and enhanced the vital ecosystem services without undermining direct human benefits. This research presents an initial analytical framework for integrating direct human benefits and ecosystem services in policy planning and illustrates its application. Although there are important potential tradeoffs between ecosystem services, this systematic planning framework offers a means for identifying valuable synergies between conservation and development. 相似文献
20.
Assessing modern arboreal phytolith sensitivity to vegetation variations in temperate forest regions
Gui‐Zai Gao Dong‐Mei Jie De‐Hui Li Nan‐Nan Li Li‐Dan Liu Hong‐Yan Liu Cheng‐Cheng Leng Jiang‐Yong Wang Bao‐Jian Liu Ping Li 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2019,48(3):731-745
To assess the reliability of arboreal phytoliths for differentiating vegetation types in temperate forest regions, we systematically analysed arboreal leaf phytoliths from 72 arboreal plants and 49 modern soils from three forest types in northeast China. The arboreal leaf phytolith production and morphotypes were highly variable between species. The arboreal leaf phytolith assemblages could clearly distinguish between broadleaf and coniferous species, but they were much less successful in differentiating broadleaved trees into subtaxa. Coniferous leaf morphotypes were successfully used to differentiate coniferous trees into families and subtaxa, especially in the Pinaceae. Two diagnostic broadleaved and six coniferous phytolith morphotypes were recognized within the modern soil beneath forest ecosystems. These arboreal phytoliths comprised up to 10–15% of the total soil phytoliths, and were dominated by coniferous types. Arboreal phytolith concentrations and phytolith assemblages in the soils fluctuated substantially amongst the three forest types. Soil arboreal phytolith assemblages were successfully used to differentiate samples from Larix mixed forest, broadleaf forest and Pinus koraiensis mixed forest. In addition, the arboreal index quantitatively distinguished the three forest types, with B/BE values <0.4 for Larix mixed forest samples, values from 0.4 to 0.6 for broadleaf forest samples, and values from 0.6 to 0.9 for P. koraiensis mixed forest. Thus, our surface soil arboreal phytolith assemblages and arboreal index are a useful reference for differentiating forest ecotypes, and they also provide reliable analogues for arboreal phytoliths from palaeoecological contexts in temperate forest regions. 相似文献