共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 234 毫秒
1.
2.
在利用Gis进行立体农业气候区划时,常用气候要素与地理参数的多元回归方程推估地表栅格尺度气候要素的空间分布.在多元回归方程中,气候要素随地理参数经度、纬度和高度变化的系数,即要素在三维地球表面不同方向上的变化梯度,对气候要素的空间分布起着决定性作用.本文利用四川省157个气象站的各月累年平均气温,建立了它们与地理参数的多元回归模型,分析了月平均气温空间变化梯度随季节变化的特点,这对利用Gis建立气温空间分布的栅格图层,有着十分重要的作用. 相似文献
3.
盆地环流型及冷湖的形成和消散的数值研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文建立了一个三维原始方程数值模式，模拟三维盆地中的环流，重点讨论在热力强迫环流型的转变过程中能量场的动量场的配置情况及环流演变过程。模拟结果表明，夜间地面强烈的辐射冷却过程引起盆地各坡面冷迳流的发展，盆地中成为冷空气湖，逆温层结建立。日出后对流边界层从大气低层向上发展，逆温从底部随之消蚀，仅在上层存在了夜间逆温残余，即所谓稳定核，上坡风在对流边界层发展，而稳定核内仍维持夜间下坡风环流。 相似文献
4.
四川省气温空间分布回归模型及月变化特征分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在利用G is进行立体农业气候区划时,常用气候要素与地理参数的多元回归方程推估地表栅格尺度气候要素的空间分布。在多元回归方程中,气候要素随地理参数经度、纬度和高度变化的系数,即要素在三维地球表面不同方向上的变化梯度,对气候要素的空间分布起着决定性作用。本文利用四川省157个气象站的各月累年平均气温,建立了它们与地理参数的多元回归模型,分析了月平均气温空间变化梯度随季节变化的特点,这对利用G is建立气温空间分布的栅格图层,有着十分重要的作用。 相似文献
5.
根据大气运动和结构的多尺度特征,提出了大气微团的多重结构模型,认为大气由不同尺度的微团以多重结构的形式组成,即大尺度微团由若干较小尺度的亚微团构成,而亚微团又由更小的微团组成.利用Navier-Stokes方程推导出亚微团的相对运动方程,在背景场处于平衡状态下推导出亚微团运动方程的平衡形式,发现该方程与电磁学的基本方程具有相同形式,并将大气轻、重两种微团与正、负离子进行了类比.根据推导出的方程对天气系统的发生、发展进行了研究,认为天气系统是由于亚微团在环境场作用下发生分离并在环境场的作用下重新组合而形成的,这一过程在初始扰动的作用下开始,在正反馈过程中不断加强并最终达到一种平衡状态;而轻、重两种亚微团之间的引力是天气系统减弱和消亡的重要原因.利用亚微团运动方程和对微团扰动速度的自转分析,推导出天气系统的诊断方程,并利用该方程对大气环境场的分布与天气系统发生的相互关系进行了诊断分析,结果表明,环境场风速的快速变化、高低空急流附近的动能梯度、环境涡度的正值区以及强风速垂直变化等因素对天气系统的形成十分有利. 相似文献
6.
用三维大气-土壤耦合模式进行山地小气候模拟 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
本文在地形坐标系中建立了一个准静力平衡的三维大气-土壤耦合模式,模式中大气、土壤的耦合通过山地的能量平衡方程来实现,其中考虑了坡地对日照以及日出日没时角的影响。为了增加模式的稳定性,上边界采用了海绵边界条件,侧边界输入端采用了海绵辐射边界条件,输出端采用辐射边界条件。为了提高模拟精度,模式中还采用了静力扣除法。 用本模式对南京方山小气候进行模拟,各坡向的地表温度、1.5m高空气温度模拟结果与观测值吻合良好。此外,还对方山进行了阻塞、冷迳流、山谷环流现象的一系列数值试验,得出了一些有意义的结论。 相似文献
7.
地形对重力惯性波发展的影响 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
本文研究了具有南北坡的地形对重力惯性波发展的影响。利用WKB方法，建立了含地形作用的重力惯性波能量方程。研究结果表明:在层结稳定的情况下，当扰动“上坡”（沿地形高度的升度方向传播）时，其能量将减少，即扰动将减弱；当扰动“下坡”（沿地形高度的负升度方向传播）时，其能量将增加，即扰动将发展。如层结为不稳定，情形则相反，即扰动“上坡”时将发展，“下坡”时将减弱。此外，文中对波动的稳定性问题也作了一些讨论。 相似文献
8.
9.
Energy-Casimir方法在中尺度扰动稳定性研究中的应用 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
考虑湿空气中的水汽效应,引进Casimir函数(它是虚位温的单值函数),在x方向动量方程和总能量方程的基础上,采用Energy-Casimir方法建立了三维非地转平衡和非静力平衡的拟能量波作用方程,由于该方程建立在非地转平衡和非静力平衡的动力框架下,因此可用于讨论层结稳定大气内中尺度扰动系统的发展演变.理论分析表明,拟能量波作用方程具有非守恒形式,其中的拟能量波作用密度主要由扰动动能、有效化能和浮力能三部分组成;拟能量波作用密度局地变化除了受拟能量波作用通量散度影响之外,纬向基本气流切变、科氏力作功以及山非绝热加热和水汽相变所构成的波作用源汇项对其也都有贡献.诊断分析结果表明,对流层中低层的拟能量波作用密度与观测的6 h累积地面降水在水平空间分布和时间演变趋势上比较接近,说明拟能量波作用密度能够较好地抓住强降水区上空对流层中低层动力场和热力场的扰动特征,并在一定程度上可以有效地表征降水系统的发展演变,因而与地面降水量存在紧密联系.波作用方程各项的计算分析表明,波作用通量散度与拟能量波作用密度局地变化的倾向以及强降水区的变化比较一致,并且在强度上强于纬向基本气流切变项和科氏力作功项,因此波作用通量散度对拟能量波作用密度的局地变化具有重要贡献. 相似文献
10.
邓兵奎 《高原山地气象研究》2007,27(2)
本文利用2002～2006年6～8月的地面观测资料和常规天气图,采用多因子综合相关法进行回归统计,并采用极值剔除法对样本资料进行消空处理,建立雷暴的预报方程,统计结果及试报效果表明,该预报方程在遂宁机场雷暴的预报中有一定的作用. 相似文献
11.
The formation and characteristics of cold-air drainage are studied in this paper.The terrain is considered as an ideal two-dimensional slope which is infinitely extended in y-direction.In general situations,the regularity of cold-air drainage in temporal and spatial variations is obtained by solving numerically the atmospheric equations of motion,the continuity equation,the thermodynamic equation,the surface thermal balance equation and the soil heat conduction equation.We also test the changes of cold-air drainage with cloudiness,the coefficient of turbulent exchange,slope and its length,and the heat flux and thermal characteristics of soil.The calculated results are in agreement with observations. 相似文献
12.
High-Resolution Fibre-Optic Temperature Sensing: A New Tool to Study the Two-Dimensional Structure of Atmospheric Surface-Layer Flow 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Christoph K. Thomas Adam M. Kennedy John S. Selker Ayla Moretti Martin H. Schroth Alexander R. Smoot Nicholas B. Tufillaro Matthias J. Zeeman 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2012,142(2):177-192
We present a novel approach based on fibre-optic distributed temperature sensing (DTS) to measure the two-dimensional thermal
structure of the surface layer at high resolution (0.25 m, ≈0.5 Hz). Air temperature observations obtained from a vertically-oriented
fibre-optics array of approximate dimensions 8 m × 8 m and sonic anemometer data from two levels were collected over a short
grass field located in the flat bottom of a wide valley with moderate surface heterogeneity. The objectives of the study were
to evaluate the potential of the DTS technique to study small-scale processes in the surface layer over a wide range of atmospheric
stability, and to analyze the space–time dynamics of transient cold-air pools in the calm boundary layer. The time response
and precision of the fibre-based temperatures were adequate to resolve individual sub-metre sized turbulent and non-turbulent
structures, of time scales of seconds, in the convective, neutral, and stable surface layer. Meaningful sensible heat fluxes
were computed using the eddy-covariance technique when combined with vertical wind observations. We present a framework that
determines the optimal environmental conditions for applying the fibre-optics technique in the surface layer and identifies
areas for potentially significant improvements of the DTS performance. The top of the transient cold-air pool was highly non-stationary
indicating a superposition of perturbations of different time and length scales. Vertical eddy scales in the strongly stratified
transient cold-air pool derived from the DTS data agreed well with the buoyancy length scale computed using the vertical velocity
variance and the Brunt–Vaisala frequency, while scales for weak stratification disagreed. The high-resolution DTS technique
opens a new window into spatially sampling geophysical fluid flows including turbulent energy exchange. 相似文献
13.
Acoustic sounders have now been used extensively in a series of noctural drainage flow experiments carried out by the U.S. Department of Energy's Atmospheric Studies in Complex Terrain (ASCOT) program. Doppler acoustic sounders, located in three different valleys during the sequence of experiments, reveal drainage-wind profiles that depend strongly on the ambient meteorological conditions and the elevation of each observing site relative to surrounding terrain. In elevated sites that drain easily, Doppler-sounder derived wind profiles show a simply-structured flow; in lower lying areas, subject to topographic constriction and cold-air pooling, and where Archimedean forces are comparable to those due to synoptic and mesoscale pressure gradients, the wind profiles show considerable vertical and temporal variation. In particular, in the Geysers area of northern California, the seabreeze and the depth of the Pacific Coast marine inversion affect not only the initiation of drainage winds but also their subsequent evolution. 相似文献
14.
Lena Pfister Armin Sigmund Johannes Olesch Christoph K. Thomas 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2017,165(2):333-348
We investigate nocturnal flow dynamics and temperature behaviour near the surface of a 170-m long gentle slope in a mid-range mountain valley. In contrast to many existing studies focusing on locations with significant topographic variations, gentle slopes cover a greater spatial extent of the Earth’s surface. Air temperatures were measured using the high-resolution distributed-temperature-sensing method within a two-dimensional fibre-optic array in the lowest metre above the surface. The main objectives are to characterize the spatio-temporal patterns in the near-surface temperature and flow dynamics, and quantify their responses to the microtopography and land cover. For the duration of the experiment, including even clear-sky nights with weak winds and strong radiative forcing, the classical cold-air drainage predicted by theory could not be detected. In contrast, we show that the airflow for the two dominant flow modes originates non-locally. The most abundant flow mode is characterized by vertically-decoupled layers featuring a near-surface flow perpendicular to the slope and strong stable stratification, which contradicts the expectation of a gravity-driven downslope flow of locally produced cold air. Differences in microtopography and land cover clearly affect spatio-temporal temperature perturbations. The second most abundant flow mode is characterized by strong mixing, leading to vertical coupling with airflow directed down the local slope. Here variations of microtopography and land cover lead to negligible near-surface temperature perturbations. We conclude that spatio-temporal temperature perturbations, but not flow dynamics, can be predicted by microtopography, which complicates the prediction of advective-heat components and the existence and dynamics of cold-air pools in gently sloped terrain in the absence of observations. 相似文献
15.
16.
一次山东半岛强冷流暴雪过程的数值模拟和诊断分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,应用WRF中尺度数值模式对山东半岛2008年12月4—6日的冷流暴雪天气过程进行了数值模拟,利用模式输出的时空分辨率较高的资料,对此次冷流暴雪的特征及其产生的物理机制进行了分析。结果表明,这次暴雪产生在西北气流、较大海气温差的背景条件下,一定的海气温差是冷流暴雪的重要指标;冷流暴雪产生在较强垂直上升运动区的相当位温高值区附近;水汽输送方向为西北—东南向,水汽辐合层比较浅薄且范围狭窄;降雪分布具有明显的南少北多的特征;850 hPa湿Q矢量散度场辐合区的存在、位置及强度与暴雪的产生、落区及强度具有较好的对应关系;湿Q矢量分量的垂直分布揭示了次级环流的方向和强弱,暴雪位于次级环流的上升支附近。 相似文献
17.
For the 1988?C2006 cold seasons, we investigated the characteristic structures of two types of cold-air outbreaks over the East China Sea: Type N, for which a thick layer of northerly meridional wind was formed during the cold-air outbreak; and Type S, for which an initially thin layer of northerly meridional wind was gradually thickened as the cold-air outbreak developed. The emergence frequencies of Type N and Type S outbreaks are sensitive to winter monsoon intensity at the 500-hectopascal (hPa) level. Type S outbreaks are dominant during strong El Ni?o events, leading to enhanced southerly meridional flow at 500?hPa over the East China Sea. The development of the 500-hPa Pacific High strongly influences the synoptic-scale structures of the two different types of outbreaks over the East China Sea. 相似文献
18.
云南德宏“7.5”特大洪涝与滇缅高压 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
利用MICAPS系统资料对2004年7月5日云南省德宏州西部出现的突发性大暴雨、局部特大暴雨天气进行诊断分析，结果表明此次强降水与滇缅高压的建立有关，滇缅高压西侧强西南气流的存在和滇缅间低空急流的建立，为此次强降水提供了丰富的水汽和位势不稳定能量；而高原高压的南压和西藏东部至川西T形切变槽的加深东南移，有利于引导北方冷空气南下渗入。过程期间，物理量场表现出强水汽输送辐合及上升运动；冷空气与暖湿气流及特殊地形的综合作用激发出中a尺度降水云团，造成此次强降水。 相似文献
19.
考虑地形及加热作用,建立了一个大气环流数值试验准地转二层模式。在辐射加热中考虑了云对长短波辐射的影响,而假定云的出现与否仅依赖于垂直速度。在模式中放置了北半球实际的地形及海陆分布,而下垫面的温度由求解下垫面热传导方程得出。把方程组化成非线性常微分方程组,用Runge-Kutta方法在电子计算机上求解。 在不计扰动的情况下,在具有年周期的太阳短波辐射的作用下,逐渐建立起下垫面纬圈平均温度梯度及基本气流。下垫面温度具有很清楚的季节变化,位相落后于太阳短波辐射一个月,求得的冬夏季的下垫面温度值与实际的气候值相当。基本气流也有明显的季节变化,夏季风速减弱,急流向北移,冬季风速增强,急流向南移,位相落后于太阳短波辐射一个多月。 北半球实际的海陆分市的热力特性,在冬季能使亚洲及太平洋上空变冷,并能使大西洋及欧洲上空变暖。在非绝热加热和地形的共同作用下,在冬季出现了随时间变化着的东亚大槽和北美大槽,以及冷空气活动过程。这种冷空气活动有其偏爱地区:起源于苏联新地岛上空,并向东南方向移动。 相似文献