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1.
显生宙非骨屑碳酸盐矿物经历了文石海和方解石海的交替,主要造礁生物和沉积物生产者的骨骼矿物与非骨屑碳酸盐矿物具有同步变化的趋势。这种长期的变化趋势可以用海水化学Mg/Ca摩尔比的变化来解释。流体包裹体、同位素和微量元素等证据也证实了海水化学在地质历史中经历过剧烈的变化。虽然生物诱导矿化和生物控制矿化的相对重要性一直存在争议,但古生物地层记录和人工海水养殖实验结果都表明,海水化学演化对生物矿化有重要的影响,体现在造礁生物群落的兴衰、生物起源时对骨骼矿物类型的选择以及微生物碳酸盐岩在地质历史中的分布等。这些为研究前寒武纪海水化学演化、古气候和古环境的重建、同位素地层对比以及碳酸盐的沉积和成岩等问题提供了新的思路。 相似文献
2.
为分析陆相页岩中方解石的成因及其对储层的影响,以四川盆地下侏罗统大安寨段的介壳泥岩与灰岩夹层为主要研究对象,利用X-射线衍射、普通薄片、岩芯观察、阴极发光及电子探针测试手段,识别出文石转化方解石、胶结物方解石和重结晶作用形成的方解石。在同生期和成岩早期,生物介壳中的文石转化为泥晶无铁方解石,阴极发光为橙黄色。成岩早期,生物介壳边缘可形成纤维状第一世代无铁方解石胶结物。在成岩晚期,岩石孔隙中形成颗粒状铁方解石胶结物,阴极发光为暗色。同时,部分介壳中的泥晶方解石新生变形为斑块状细晶方解石或柱状方解石。根据方解石的存在形式可知,方解石在成岩演化过程中,经历了转化、压实、溶解、胶结和重结晶作用。其中,溶解作用改善储层的物性。压实、胶结和重结晶作用破坏储集空间。统计裂缝密度发现,元坝地区大安寨段层理缝最为发育,涪陵地区大安寨段以层理缝和溶蚀缝为主。结果表明,方解石介壳有利于大安寨段内岩石层理缝和溶蚀缝的产生。 相似文献
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4.
瓮安地区埃迪卡拉系灯影组叠层石磷块岩是瓮安-福泉磷矿区新发现的含磷层位。磷块岩以典型的叠层石构造为主 要特征,呈透镜状生物礁（藻礁）形式产于灯影组顶部。叠层石磷块岩的矿物组成主要为磷酸盐矿物及碳酸盐矿物;白色 纹层富含磷酸盐矿物,而暗色纹层磷酸盐矿物含量较低,主要为碳酸盐矿物。通过对叠层石磷块岩矿物学及地球化学特征 进行研究,提出灯影组叠层石磷块岩属于潮下带半局限环境叠层石礁,是大量藻类通过生物或生物化学作用,将海水中磷 质富集-沉淀而形成磷质柱状叠层石礁;磷酸盐的矿化主要发生在沉积物-海水界面弱碱性次氧化环境,藻类在磷块岩形成 过程中起重要作用。 相似文献
5.
北美典型页岩气藏岩石学特征、沉积环境和沉积模式及启示 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
北美典型页岩气藏赋存的泥页岩主要为细颗粒沉积,呈暗色或黑色薄层状或块状产出。页岩气储层无机矿物成分中硅质含量较高,含有黄铁矿、磷酸盐矿物(磷灰石)、钙质和黏土矿物。具有相对高有机质质量分数,代表了富有机质的缺氧的沉积环境。不含或者含较少的陆源碎屑输入。有机质类型以Ⅰ和Ⅱ型干酪根较为常见。生物化石碎片在页岩层中比较常见,化石碎屑的类型多样化。重点剖析了福特沃斯盆地Barnett页岩的沉积发育模式,福特沃斯盆地是一狭长的前陆盆地,主要沉积区离物源区较远,Barnett页岩沉积于较深的静水缺氧环境,沉积速度缓慢(饥饿性沉积),最终形成富含有机质的Barnett页岩。常见生物化石碎片,但缺少生物扰动遗迹,推测盆地中大部分的生物化石为外部输入的结果。上升流作用致使磷酸盐矿物(磷灰石)发育。北美典型页岩气藏的岩石学特征、沉积环境和福特沃斯盆地Barnett页岩沉积发育模式可以用来指导我国页岩气勘探,黔南坳陷下寒武统黑色高碳质页岩系、二叠系吴家坪组和四川广元—绵竹地区下寒武统泥页岩具有和北美典型页岩气藏可类比的岩石学特征、沉积环境和沉积模式,可作为页岩气勘探的优选区域。 相似文献
6.
西南印度洋中脊钙质沉积物地球化学及矿物学特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
深海沉积物研究能够为海底资源开发利用提供丰富的信息,对推动沉积学发展具有重要的理论意义。以中国大洋科考20航次西南印度洋中脊附近的钙质沉积物为研究对象,选取了10个沉积物样品进行了X射线衍射物相分析、扫描电镜分析、碳氧同位素及微量元素测试。结果表明,研究区钙质沉积物矿物组成主要为方解石,黏土矿物含量较低。方解石以钙质超微化石颗石藻及有孔虫的形态存在,碳氧同位素特征显示超微化石生活在正常的近表层海水环境中,死亡后埋藏环境稳定。稀土元素具有总量低、轻重稀土元素分异明显、Eu中等负异常、Ce中等负异常的特征。微量元素中富亲石元素、贫亲铁元素,亲生物元素Sr、Ba含量远高于其他元素。微量元素特征及Ceanom值说明沉积环境偏氧化。沉积物中大量的生物成因方解石及地球化学特征反映了研究区物源以生物源为主、含有少量陆源及幔源物质的特点。 相似文献
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8.
本文研究了整个地质年代海水中确定 Nd 同位素变化的可能性,调查了方解石、霞石、磷灰石可以作为记录海水εNd 值的可能矿物相。海相环境下近代生物成因和无机沉淀的方解石和霞石,其含 Nd 量为0.2ppb 至70ppb,表明原生海相 CaCO_3含有很少的稀土元素,而且 Nd/Ca 比值相对于碳酸盐沉淀期间的海水来说也没有增加很多。非常年轻的不含大陆岩屑的海成石灰岩、白云岩、含 Nd 量约为200ppb。 相似文献
9.
清江高坝洲地区古岩溶角砾岩特征及形成条件 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
古岩溶角砾岩是在特定的地质和水文地质条件下形成的沉积岩,是记录岩溶发育环境和形成时代的“化石”通过对高坝洲地区古岩溶角砾岩发育特征及取样分析测试研究,查明该类岩角砾岩属于岩溶崩塌角砾岩,胶结物方解石晶体是中低温热水溶液中ＣａＣＯ３沉淀形成的,形成时间是上新世。 相似文献
10.
勐兴铅锌矿床是滇西保山地块内系列低温热液矿床中的典型代表,但地质科研工作相对薄弱。由于方解石是该矿床中分布广泛且与热液活动息息相关的重要脉石矿物,其形成贯穿整个成矿过程,故对其C-O同位素及稀土元素组成特征进行系统研究,以便探讨矿床成矿流体来源及演化。结果显示,该矿床两阶段方解石的δ~(13)C_(PDB)和δ~(18)O_(SMOW)值与海相碳酸盐岩较为接近,且从阶段Ⅰ→阶段Ⅱ呈微弱下降趋势,表明成矿流体中的C主要来源于围岩碳酸盐岩的溶解,阶段Ⅱ成矿流体在与围岩反应之前可能已经发生CO2热液去气作用;阶段Ⅰ方解石的稀土总量、特征参数及配分模式与结晶灰岩较为一致,而阶段Ⅱ方解石与生物碎屑灰岩较为相似,表明阶段Ⅰ方解石中的REE主要来源于结晶灰岩,而后生物碎屑灰岩对阶段Ⅱ方解石中的稀土贡献较大。以上数据及其矿床地质特征均显示该矿床为MVT型铅锌矿床,结合区域构造演化,认为勐兴矿床的形成与中特提斯洋闭合后腾冲地块与保山地块陆陆碰撞挤压密切相关。 相似文献
11.
Comparative study of the kinetics and mechanisms of dissolution of carbonate minerals 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
The influence of pH on the rate of dissolution of various carbonates (calcite, aragonite, witherite, magnesite and dolomite) has been investigated at 25°C using a continuous fluidized bed reactor. The general rate dependence on pH observed for the simple carbonates is very similar and is in agreement with the results observed for calcite and aragonite by L.N. Plummer and coworkers. However, the rate of dissolution of magnesite is approximately four orders of magnitude lower than calcite.
For simple carbonates, the elementary steps involved in the dissolution reaction are:
where M represents the metal ion which can be Ca, Mg and Ba. According to the stoichiometry of the three reaction steps and the thermodynamic constraints, the total forward and backward rates can be expressed as:
Rf=k1aH+k2aH2CO3*+K3
rb=k-1aM2+aHCO3-+k-2aHCO3-+k-3aM2+aCO32-
The rate constants (k1, k2, k3 and k−3) determined with our experimental results for calcite, aragonite and witherite show that the dissolution rates are similar for these three minerals and that the nature of the cations does not play a significant role. The good agreement between the Ksp calculated from the measured k3/k−3 ratio and the theromodynamic value suggests that our dissolution mechanism is coherent.
The rate dependence on pH of the dissolution of dolomite obeys a fractional order at low pH's and confirms previously published observations therein. However, the two-step reaction mechanism proposed does not explain the fractional reaction order observed, which is likely due to a more complex surface reaction. 相似文献
12.
Justin Baker Ries 《地学学报》2009,21(5):323-339
Independent lines of geological evidence suggest that fluctuations in the Mg/Ca ratio of seawater between 1.0 and 5.2 have caused the oceans to alternate between favouring the precipitation of the aragonite and high-Mg calcite polymorphs of calcium carbonate ( m Mg/Ca > 2; aragonite seas) and the low-Mg calcite polymorph ( m Mg/Ca < 2; calcite seas) throughout Phanerozoic time. The rise of aragonite-secreting bryopsidalean algae as major producers of carbonate sediments in middle Palaeogene time, a role that they maintained through to the present, has been attributed to a transition from calcite-to-aragonite seas in early Cenozoic time. Recent experiments on the modern, carbonate-sediment-producing bryopsidales Halimeda , Penicillus and Udotea reveal that their rates of calcification, linear extension and primary production decline when reared in experimental calcite seawaters ( m Mg/Ca < 2). These normally aragonite-secreting algae also began producing at least one-quarter of their CaCO3 as calcite under calcite sea conditions, indicating that their biomineralogical control can be partially overridden by ambient seawater chemistry. The observation that primary production and linear extension declined along with calcification in the mineralogically unfavourable seawater suggests that photosynthesis within these algae is enhanced by calcification via liberation of CO2 and/or H+ . Thus, the reduced fitness of these algae associated with their low rates of calcification in calcite seas may have been exacerbated by concomitant reductions in tissue mass and algal height. 相似文献
13.
Marwan Alkattan Eric H. Oelkers Jean-Louis Dandurand Jacques Schott 《Chemical Geology》2002,190(1-4):291-302
Dissolution rates of single calcite crystals were determined from sample weight loss using free-drift rotating disk techniques. Experiments were performed at 25 °C in aqueous HCl solutions over the bulk solution pH range −1 to 3 and in the presence of trace concentrations of aqueous NaPO3 and MgCl2. These salts were chosen for this study because aqueous magnesium and phosphate are known to strongly inhibit calcite dissolution at neutral to basic pH. Reactive solutions were undersaturated with respect to possible secondary phases. Neither an inhibition or enhancement of calcite dissolution rates was observed in the presence of aqueous MgCl2 at pH 1 and 3. The presence of trace quantities of NaPO3, which dissociates in solution to Na+ and H2PO4−, decreased the overall calcite dissolution rate at pH≤2. This contrasting behavior could be attributed to the different adsorption behavior of these dissolved species. As calcite surfaces are positively charged in acidic solutions, aqueous Mg2+ may not adsorb, whereas aqueous phosphate, present as either the anion H2PO4− or the neutral species H3PO40, readily adsorbs on calcite surfaces leading to significant dissolution inhibition. 相似文献
14.
The reaction rate and composition of calcite and aragonite overgrowths precipitated from seawater solutions of various salinities (i.e. S=5, 15, 25, 35, 44) were determined at 25°C and 10−2.5-atm. CO2 partial pressure using a constant disequilibrium seeded technique. The rate data were fitted to an empirical rate law of the form:
logR=n(ωc(or a)-1)+logk
where n is the empirical reaction order; and k is the rate constant. Calcite precipitation rates in seawater solutions do not vary appreciably as a result of salinity variations over the range investigated, while those for aragonite show an increase in going from the higher (i.e. S=35, 44) to the lower (i.e. S=5, 15, 25) salinity range. This study also confirms previously published findings that above a given saturation state (i.e. Ωc>/2.6) aragonite precipitates more rapidly than calcite at 25°C.
The incorporation of Sr2+ in aragonite and Mg2+ in calcite overgrowths are independent of the precipitation rate. The partition coefficient of Sr2+ in aragonite is approximately equal to unity and is unaffected by salinity variations between 5 and 44. However, the Mg2+ partition coefficient in calcite, increases with decreasing salinity of the parent seawater solutions, possibly as a result of variations in the sulfate content of the solutions and solids.
The experimental results were discussed in the context of a number of geological environments. 相似文献
15.
ABSTRACT
The mineralogy and isotope geochemistry of carbonate minerals in the Coorong area are determined by the water chemistry of different depositional environments ranging from seawater to evaporitically modified continental water. The different isotopic compositions of coexisting calcite and dolomite suggest that each of the above two minerals was formed from water of composition and origin unique to that specific mineral. In addition, the dolomite was not formed by simple solid state cation exchange.
The occurrence of two types of dolomite was shown by isotope analysis and SEM observations. The dolomite, which is isotopically light (δ13 C = -1 to -2% 0 ; δ18 O=+3 to +5%0 ) and of fine grain size (˜ 0·5 μm) probably precipitated under the influence of evaporitically modified continental water. Coarser grained dolomite (up to 4 μm) is isotopically heavier (δ13 C=+3 to +4%0 ; δ18 O=+5 to + 6%0 ) contains Mg in excess of Ca and was formed in or close to equilibrium with atmospheric CO2 probably by the dolomitization of aragonite. 相似文献
The mineralogy and isotope geochemistry of carbonate minerals in the Coorong area are determined by the water chemistry of different depositional environments ranging from seawater to evaporitically modified continental water. The different isotopic compositions of coexisting calcite and dolomite suggest that each of the above two minerals was formed from water of composition and origin unique to that specific mineral. In addition, the dolomite was not formed by simple solid state cation exchange.
The occurrence of two types of dolomite was shown by isotope analysis and SEM observations. The dolomite, which is isotopically light (δ
16.
我国南方某些铅锌硫化物矿床与岩浆活动无直接联系,明显受“层、相、位”的控制。据矿体形态、产状、矿物共生组合和围岩蚀变等特征,以及包体测温和包体成分资料可以认为:该类矿床系经历了沉积-成岩作用初步富集成矿源层和部分矿体,以及后期地下热卤水型成矿热液强烈改造,叠加富集成矿所形成的典型层控矿床。欲研究这类矿床的成矿机制,首先要了解地下热卤水如何萃取成矿物质并演化为成矿热液,以及成矿物质以何种形式搬运迁移,何种因素促使其再次富集成矿等重要问题。围绕上述问题有的学者进行了一些实验和论述,但尚不能阐明铅锌活化迁移的条件、形式与定位机制。针对上述问题笔者进行了有关实验研究,并根据溶液中各组分同时平衡的热力学原理,引进函数(?)和(?),对实验数据进行处理,得出几点认识供研讨。 相似文献
17.
Quantitative aspects of Mn-activated cathodoluminescence of natural and synthetic aragonite 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The cathodoluminescence analyses of the trigonal carbonates calcite and dolomite have been applied intensively in sedimentary petrology for a long time and the properties of these minerals are well-known, but much less attention has been paid to aragonite. In this study, the cathodoluminescence behaviour and the trace element composition of natural and synthetic aragonite have been studied employing trace element analyses (proton induced X-ray emission) and luminescence spectroscopy. Aragonite doped with Mn2+ has been synthesized in a NH4 + –Mg2+ –Ca2+ –Cl− solution in contact with a CO2 –H2 O–NH3 atmosphere. The low effective distribution coefficients indicate a rapid growth of the crystals of millimetre size which occurred within hours or days. The natural aragonite samples contain Mn, Fe and Sr in different concentrations. The Mn-bearing aragonites exhibit a bright green luminescence which is caused by a strong emission band at 575 nm with a half-width of about 84 nm. The luminescence intensity shows a strong positive correlation with Mn in aragonite when Fe and Mn do not exceed 2000 p.p.m. The intensity is depressed if the concentration of these elements exceeds the critical values. In the shell of a recent Unio sp., the luminescence intensity deviates from the linear correlation, although the trace element contents are not too high; this is probably an effect of quenching by organic material between the crystallites of the biogenic aragonite. 相似文献
18.
Magnesium/calcium, Sr/Ca, and Na/Ca atom ratios were determined in the calcite and aragonite regions of Mytilus edulis shells which were grown in semi-artificial ‘seawater’ solutions having varying Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, and Na/Ca ratios. These ratios were measured by instrumental neutron activation, atomic absorption, and electron microprobe analytical techniques. Strontium/calcium ratios in both calcite and aragonite were linearly proportional to solution Sr/Ca ratios. Magnesium/calcium ratios in calcite increased exponentially when solution Mg/Ca ratios were raised above the normal seawater ratio; whereas in aragonite, Mg/Ca ratios increased linearly with increases in solution Mg/Ca ratios. Sodium/calcium and sulfur/calcium ratios in calcite covaried with Mg/Ga solution ratios. Conversely, in aragonite, Na/Ca ratios varied linearly with solution Na/Ca ratios.Magnesium is known to inhibit calcite precipitation at its normal seawater concentration. We infer from the results of the work reported here that Mytilus edulis controls the Mg activity of the outer extrapallial fluid, thus facilitating the precipitation of calcitic shell. Increases in sulfur content suggest that changes in shell organic matrix content occur as a result of environmental stress. Certain increases in Mg content may also be correlated to stress. Sodium/calcium variations, and their absolute amounts in calcite and aragonite, are best explained by assuming that a substantial amount of Na is adsorbed on the calcium carbonate crystal surface. Strontium/calcium ratios show more promise than either Mg/Ca or Na/Ca ratios as seawater paleochemistry indicators, because the Sr/Ca distribution coefficients for both aragonite and calcite are independent of seawater Ca and Sr concentrations. 相似文献
19.
The Asama igneous complex, central Japan: An ultramafic-mafic layered intrusion in the Mikabu greenstone belt, Sambagawa metamorphic terrain 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The Asama igneous complex comprises layered mafic and ultramafic plutonic rocks exposed over about 500×6000 m in the Mikabu greenstone belt, Sambagawa metamorphic terrain of Mie Prefecture; its margins terminate by faults, and there is no trace of chilled rocks. The exposed layered sequence is about 460 m thick, and includes dunite, plagioclase wehrlite, olivine gabbro and two-pyroxene gabbro. The crystallization sequence of essential cumulus minerals is olivine, followed by plagioclase and clinopyroxene together, and finally the appearance of orthopyroxene. Olivine systematically varies in composition from Fo89 to Fo78 with stratigraphic height in the lower to middle portion of the layered sequence. The composition of clinopyroxene changes from Ca49Mg46Fe5 to Ca40Mg47Fe13 upward in the layered sequence; cumulus orthopyroxene, which occurs at the top of the exposed layered sequence, has a composition of Ca2Mg74Fe24. Cumulus chromite occurs as disseminated grains in peridotitic rocks, and tends to increase its Fe3+/(Cr+Al+Fe3+) ratio with stratigraphic height. The most aluminous chromite [Cr/(Cr+Al) = 0.48] occurs in dunite that crystallized shortly before plagioclase began to separate as an essential phase. The Cr/(Cr+Al) ratio of the most aluminous chromite, coupled with the crystallization order of essential minerals, suggests that the Asama parental magma was moderately enriched in plagioclase and clinopyroxene components in the normative mineral diagram plagioclase-clinopyroxene-orthopyroxene. It was similar to a Hawaiian tholeiite and different from the Bushveld and Great “Dyke” parental magmas that were more enriched in orthopyroxene component; it also differed from mid-oceanic ridge basalts that are more depleted in the orthopyroxene component. The Asama clinopyroxene and chromite show characteristically high TiO2 contents and are also similar to those in Hawaiian tholeiites. The Asama igneous complex probably resulted from the crystallization of a magma of a Hawaiian (oceanic-island) tholeiite composition and formed in an oceanic island regime. 相似文献
20.
九种现代双壳类壳体物相组成的对比研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用X射线衍射分析技术,对黄东海常见的9种现代双壳类壳体进行了物相分析,结果表明这些双壳类壳体分别属于三种类型,即文石质壳、方解石质壳、文石+方解石混合质壳。其中,菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapesphilippinarum)、中国蛤蜊(Mactrachinensis)、四角蛤蜊(Mactraveneriformis)、薄片镜蛤(Dosinialaminata)、毛蚶(Scapharcasubcrenata)属于文石质壳,长牡蛎(Crassostreagigas)、中国不等蛤(Anomiachinensis)、海湾扇贝(Argopectenirradieus)属于方解石质壳,紫贻贝(Mytilusedulis)属于文石+方解石质的混合质壳;双壳类壳体物相组成与其生活方式有着一定的联系,营底栖埋入式生活者趋于形成文石质壳,底栖固着生活方式者趋于形成方解石质壳或混合质壳;不同大小的菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapesphilippinarum)的物相组成上几乎没有差别,表明其壳体物相组成不受生命效应的影响。 相似文献