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1.
Discrete fracture model for simulating waterflooding processes under fracturing conditions 
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下载免费PDF全文 In our study, we develop a model for simulating fracturing processes in a poroelastic medium. The proposed approach combines the discrete fracture model enriched with contact plane mechanics. The model captures mechanical interactions of fractures and a deformable medium, fluid, and heat transfer in fractures and in a porous medium. Both effects of poroelasticity and thermoelasticity are accounted in our model. Mass and heat conservation equations are approximated by the finite volume method, and mechanical equilibrium equations are discretized by means of the Galerkin finite element approach. Two‐dimensional grid facets between 3‐dimensional finite elements are considered as possible fracture surfaces. Most of these facets are inactive from the beginning and are activated throughout the simulation. A fracture propagation criterion, based on Irwin's approach, is verified on each nonlinear iteration. When the criterion is satisfied, additional contact elements are added into finite element and discrete fracture model formulations respectively. The proposed approach allows modeling of existing natural and artificially created fractures within one framework. The model is tested on single‐ and multiple‐phase fluid flow examples for both isothermal and thermal conditions and verified against existing semianalytical solutions. The applicability of the approach is demonstrated on an example of practical interests where a sector model of an oil reservoir is simulated with different injection and production regimes. 相似文献
2.
复杂条件下3D电磁场有限元计算方法 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
从电磁场的Maxwell方程出发, 根据电磁场的边值问题及变分公式建立了有限元方程组.采用可以模拟较为复杂的空间地质构造和地形起伏的四面体单元离散计算区域; 单元中的插值函数选择了精度较高的十点双二次多项式; 并采用连续的双二次多项式插值函数来模拟计算区域内单元中电导率σ的空间变化.推导出了地下变电导率σ条件下计算三维电磁场的有限元单元方程的解析表达式; 采用伽辽金方法推导出了散度效正有限元方程组.根据所推导的公式, 编制了三维有限元的计算程序.数值计算结果表明, 上述公式推导正确, 为三维电磁场的数值计算提供了一条有效的新途径. 相似文献
3.
On 28 February 1969, the coasts of Portugal, Spain and Morocco were affected by sea waves generated by a submarine earthquake (Ms = 7.3) with its epicenter located off Portugal. The propagation of this tsunami has been simulated by a finite element numerical model solving the Boussinesq equations. These equations have been discretized using the finite element Galerkin method and a Crank–Nicholson scheme in time. The model is validated by investigating the propagation of a solitary wave over a flat bottom. The grid sizes for the 1969 event have been determined by one-dimensional tests offshore and in shallow water regions. The two-dimensional simulation of the 1969 tsunami is carried out using the hydraulic source calculated from the geophysical model of Okada and seismic parameters of Fukao. The modeled waves are compared with the recorded ones with respect to travel times, maximum amplitudes and periods of the signal. The comparison between Boussinesq and shallow-water models shows that the effects of frequency dispersion are minor. Good agreement is found for most of the studied gauges. 相似文献
4.
In engineering practices, different numerical methods for fluid flow simulation and solid deformation/stress simulation are adopted to model fluid–structure interaction problems in porous media. Cell‐centered finite volume method is widely used in fluid flow simulation, while the solid deformation/stress simulation is usually accomplished by using the Galerkin vertex‐centered finite element method, which leads to the incompatibility between cell variables with nodal variables. Therefore, the data transfer between cell variables and nodal variables is inevitable. Consequently, this kind of transfer will lead to extra artificial error. Hence, the major concern is how to minimize the error due to cell to node projections. In this paper, a problem of pore pressure diffusion within a one‐dimensional heterogeneous porous medium is investigated. We present a new projection scheme and corresponding error formula, where the error control factor is introduced. The new projection scheme is based on piecewise linear interpolations. Results demonstrate that if the error control factor is chosen properly, the error due to the projection from cell to node can be controlled effectively, and the most desired zero error can be achieved. Finally, we analyze some practical cases in consideration of permeability contrast and mesh uniformity. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
5.
大地电磁(MT)数值模拟中通常使用有限单元法,通过伽辽金(Galerkin)法将微分方程转化为与其等价的泛函形式,对泛函求取极值并在单元上定义插值基函数,得到节点上电磁场值的线性方程组,最终形成大型复对称稀疏矩阵。要达到较高的有限元计算精度,一般采用密集的网格或高次插值的方法,这样做大大的减慢了正演的速度。结合两者的优点利用三次插值和h-型自适应相结合的有限元法来实现MT的正演算法。首先从一个粗网格出发并利用三次插值,通过后验误差估计方法局部加密网格,在计算量较小的情况获得较高的计算精度。这种方法可以针对目标区域和介质分界面发生突变处进行网格加密,不需要全局加密网格。最后通过对国际标准模型COMMEMI-2D1的模拟,分别比较二次插值与三次插值的自适应网格数量和数值模拟结果,证明了三次插值自适应有限元算法的可行性。 相似文献
6.
Savithru Jayasinghe David L. Darmofal Marshall C. Galbraith Nicholas K. Burgess Steven R. Allmaras 《Computational Geosciences》2018,22(2):527-542
This paper analyzes the adjoint equations and boundary conditions for porous media flow models, specifically the Buckley-Leverett equation, and the compressible two-phase flow equations in mass conservation form. An adjoint analysis of a general scalar hyperbolic conservation law whose primal solutions include a shock jump is initially presented, and the results are later specialized to the Buckley-Leverett equation. The non-convexity of the Buckley-Leverett flux function results in adjoint characteristics that are parallel to the shock front upstream of the shock and emerge from the shock front downstream of the shock. Thus, in contrast to the behavior of Burgers’ equation where the adjoint is continuous at a shock, the Buckley-Leverett adjoint, in general, contains a discontinuous jump across the shock. Discrete adjoint solutions from space-time discontinuous Galerkin finite element approximations of the Buckley-Leverett equation are shown to be consistent with the derived closed-form analytical solutions. Furthermore, a general result relating the adjoint equations for different (though equivalent) primal equations is used to relate the two-phase flow adjoints to the Buckley-Leverett adjoint. Adjoint solutions from space-time discontinuous Galerkin finite element approximations of the two-phase flow equations are observed to obey this relationship. 相似文献
7.
In this work, we measure the performance of the fixed stress split algorithm for the immiscible water-oil flow coupled with linear poromechanics. The two-phase flow equations are solved on general hexahedral elements using the multipoint flux mixed finite element method whereas the poromechanics equations are discretized using the conforming Galerkin method. We introduce a rigorous calculation of the update in poroelastic properties during the iterative solution of the coupled system equations. The effects of the coupling parameter on the performance of the fixed stress algorithm is demonstrated in two field studies: the Frio oil reservoir and the Cranfield injection site.
相似文献8.
We study and compare five different combinations of finite element spaces for approximating the coupled flow and solid deformation system, so-called Biot’s equations. The permeability and porosity fields are heterogeneous and depend on solid displacement and fluid pressure. We provide detailed comparisons among the continuous Galerkin, discontinuous Galerkin, enriched Galerkin, and two types of mixed finite element methods. Several advantages and disadvantages for each of the above techniques are investigated by comparing local mass conservation properties, the accuracy of the flux approximation, number of degrees of freedom (DOF), and wall and CPU times. Three-field formulation methods with fluid velocity as an additional primary variable generally require a larger number of DOF, longer wall and CPU times, and a greater number of iterations in the linear solver in order to converge. The two-field formulation, a combination of continuous and enriched Galerkin function space, requires the fewest DOF among the methods that conserve local mass. Moreover, our results illustrate that three out of the five methods conserve local mass and produce similar flux approximations when conductivity alteration is included. These comparisons of the key performance indicators of different combinations of finite element methods can be utilized to choose the preferred method based on the required accuracy and the available computational resources.
相似文献9.
Magnus Wangen 《Computational Geosciences》2013,17(4):647-659
A procedure based on the finite element method is suggested for modeling of 3D hydraulic fracturing in the subsurface. The proposed formulation partitions the stress field into the initial stress state and an additional stress state caused by pressure buildup. The additional stress is obtained as a solution of the Biot equations for coupled fluid flow and deformations in the rock. The fluid flow in the fracture is represented on a regular finite element grid by means of “fracture” porosity, which is the volume fraction of the fracture. The use of the fracture porosity allows for a uniform finite element formulation for the fracture and the rock, both with respect to fluid pressure and displacement. It is demonstrated how the fracture aperture is obtained from the displacement field. The model has a fracture criterion by means of a strain limit in each element. It is shown how this criterion scales with the element size. Fracturing becomes an intermittent process, and each event is followed by a pressure drop. A procedure is suggested for the computation of the pressure drop. Two examples of hydraulic fracturing are given, when the pressure buildup is from fluid injection by a well. One case is of a homogeneous rock, and the other case is an inhomogeneous rock. The fracture geometry, well pressure, new fracture area, and elastic energy released in each event are computed. The fracture geometry is three orthogonal fracture planes in the homogeneous case, and it is a branched fracture in the inhomogeneous case. 相似文献
10.
Multiscale mixed/mimetic methods on corner-point grids 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Multiscale simulation is a promising approach to facilitate direct simulation of large and complex grid models for highly
heterogeneous petroleum reservoirs. Unlike traditional simulation, approaches based on upscaling/downscaling, multiscale methods
seek to solve the full flow problem by incorporating subscale heterogeneities into local discrete approximation spaces. We
consider a multiscale formulation based on a hierarchical grid approach, where basis functions with subgrid resolution are
computed numerically to correctly and accurately account for subscale variations from an underlying (fine-scale) geomodel
when solving the global flow equations on a coarse grid. By using multiscale basis functions to discretise the global flow
equations on a (moderately sized) coarse grid, one can retain the efficiency of an upscaling method and, at the same time,
produce detailed and conservative velocity fields on the underlying fine grid. For pressure equations, the multiscale mixed
finite-element method (MsMFEM) has been shown to be a particularly versatile approach. In this paper, we extend the method
to corner-point grids, which is the industry standard for modelling complex reservoir geology. To implement MsMFEM, one needs
a discretisation method for solving local flow problems on the underlying fine grids. In principle, any stable and conservative
method can be used. Here, we use a mimetic discretisation, which is a generalisation of mixed finite elements that gives a
discrete inner product, allows for polyhedral elements, and can (easily) be extended to curved grid faces. The coarse grid
can, in principle, be any partition of the subgrid, where each coarse block is a connected collection of subgrid cells. However,
we argue that, when generating coarse grids, one should follow certain simple guidelines to achieve improved accuracy. We
discuss partitioning in both index space and physical space and suggest simple processing techniques. The versatility and
accuracy of the new multiscale mixed methodology is demonstrated on two corner-point models: a small Y-shaped sector model
and a complex model of a layered sedimentary bed. A variety of coarse grids, both violating and obeying the above mentioned
guidelines, are employed. The MsMFEM solutions are compared with a reference solution obtained by direct simulation on the
subgrid. 相似文献
11.
12.
Based on the theory of double-porosity, a novel mathematical model for multiphase fluid flow in a deforming fractured reservoir is developed. The present formulation, consisting of both the equilibrium and continuity equations, accounts for the significant influence of coupling between fluid flow and solid deformation, usually ignored in the reservoir simulation literature. A Galerkin-based finite element method is applied to discretize the governing equations both in the space and time domain. Throughout the derived set of equations the solid displacements as well as the fluid pressure values are considered as the primary unknowns and may be used to determine other reservoir parameters such as stresses, saturations, etc. The final set of equations represents a highly non-linear system as the elements of the coefficient matrices are updated during each iteration in terms of the independent variables. The model is employed to solve a field scale example where the results are compared to those of ten other uncoupled models. The results illustrate a significantly different behaviour for the case of a reservoir where the impact of coupling is also considered. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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15.
In this paper, we present a numerical model for simulating two-phase (oil–water and air–water) incompressible and immiscible flow in porous media. The mathematical model which is based on a fractional flow formulation is formed of two nonlinear partial differential equations: a mean pressure equation and a water saturation equation. These two equations can be solved in a sequential manner. Two numerical methods are used to discretize the equations of the two-phase flow model: mixed hybrid finite elements are used to treat the pressure equation, h-based Richards' equation and the diffusion term in the saturation equation, the advection term in the saturation equation is treated with the discontinuous finite elements. We propose a better way to calculate the nonlinear coefficients contained in our equations on each element of the discretized domain. In heterogeneous porous media, the saturation becomes discontinuous at the interface between two porous media. We show in this paper how to use the capillary pressure–saturation relationship in order to handle the saturation jump in the mixed hybrid finite element method. The two-phase flow simulator is verified against analytical solutions for some flow problems treated by other authors. 相似文献
16.
We develop a finite element discretization and multigrid solver for a Darcy–Stokes system of three-dimensional vuggy porous media, i.e., porous media with cavities. The finite element method uses low-order mixed finite elements in the Darcy
and Stokes domains and special transition elements near the Darcy–Stokes interface to allow for tangential discontinuities
implied by the Beavers–Joseph boundary condition. We design a multigrid method to solve the resulting saddle point linear
system. The intertwining of the Darcy and Stokes subdomains makes the resulting matrix highly ill-conditioned. The velocity
field is very irregular, and its discontinuous tangential component at the Darcy–Stokes interface makes it difficult to define
intergrid transfer operators. Our definition is based on mass conservation and the analysis of the orders of magnitude of
the solution. The coarser grid equations are defined using the Galerkin method. A new smoother of Uzawa type is developed
based on taking an optimal step in a good search direction. Our algorithm has a measured convergence factor independent of
the size of the system, at least when there are no disconnected vugs. We study the macroscopic effective permeability of a
vuggy medium, showing that the influence of vug orientation; shape; and, most importantly, interconnectivity determine the
macroscopic flow properties of the medium.
This work was supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation under grants DMS-0074310 and DMS-0417431. 相似文献
17.
采用复合单元法建立了模拟裂隙多孔介质变饱和流动的数值模型。该模型具有以下特点：裂隙不需要离散成特定单元，而是根据几何位置插入到孔隙基质单元中形成复合单元；在复合单元中，分别建立裂隙流和孔隙基质流的计算方程，二者通过裂隙?基质界面产生联系并整合成复合单元方程；复合单元方程具有和常规有限单元方程相同的格式，因此，可以使用常规有限单元方程的求解技术。采用欠松弛迭代、集中质量矩阵以及自适应时步调节等技术，开发了裂隙多孔介质变饱和流动计算程序。通过模拟一维干土入渗和复杂裂隙含水层内的流动问题，验证了该模型的合理性和适用性。模拟结果为进一步认识非饱和裂隙含水层地下水流动特性提供了理论依据。 相似文献
18.
In this paper, we show how to couple the local discontinuous Galerkin method and the Raviart–Thomas mixed finite element method for elliptic equations modeling flow problems. We then show that the approximation of the velocity converges with the optimal order of k when we take the local discontinuous Galerkin that uses polynomials of degree k and the Raviart–Thomas space of polynomials of degree k?1. 相似文献
19.
A poroelastic numerical model is presented to evaluate three-dimensional consolidation due to groundwater withdrawal from desaturating anisotropic porous media. This numerical model is developed based on the fully coupled governing equations for groundwater flow in deforming variably saturated porous media and the Galerkin finite element method. Two different cases of unsaturated aquifers are simulated for the purpose of comparison: a cross-anisotropic soil aquifer, and a corresponding isotropic soil aquifer composed of a geometrically averaged equivalent material. The numerical simulation results show that the anisotropy has a significant effect on the shapes of three-dimensional hydraulic head distribution and displacement vector fields. Such an effect of anisotropy is caused by the uneven partitioning of the hydraulic pumping stress between the vertical and horizontal directions in both groundwater flow field and solid skeleton deformation field. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
20.
E. Bruce Pitman 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》1993,17(6):385-400
The equations governing the elastic-plastic deformation of granular materials are typically hyperbolic, or contain small-magnitude damping or rate effects. A finite element algorithm is the standard method for the numerical integration of these systems. In particular, finite elements allow great flexibility in the design of grid geometry. However, modern finite difference methods for hyperbolic systems have been successful in aerodynamics computations, resolving wave structures more sharply than finite element schemes. In this paper we develop a finite difference scheme for granular flow problems. We report on a second-order Godunov-type scheme for the integration of hyperbolic equations for the elastoplastic deformation of a simple model of granular flow. The Godunov method includes a characteristic tracing step in the integration, providing minimal wave dispersion, and a slope limiting step, preventing unphysical oscillations. The granular flow model we consider is hyperbolic, but hyperbolicity is lost at a large value of accumulated plastic strain. This loss of hyperbolicity is a tell-tale signal for the formation of a shear band within the sample. Typically, when systems lose hyperbolicity a regularization mechanism is added to the model equations in order to maintain the well posedness of the system. These regularizations include viscosity, viscoplasticity, higher-order gradient effects or stress coupling. Here we appeal to a very different kind of regularization. When the system loses hyperbolicity and a shear band forms, we treat the band as an internal boundary, and impose jump conditions at this boundary. Away from the band, the system remains hyperbolic and the integration step proceeds as usual. 相似文献