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1.
黄河流域河型转化现象初探 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
黄河以其高含沙水流以及下游河道的高沉积速率而著称于世。迄今的研究, 主要针对黄河中下游流域的 侵蚀、水文泥沙和河床演变方面的研究, 而对黄河流域主支流发生河型转化的现象关注不够。在黄河的不同河段, 河型的变化频繁, 类型多样, 现象复杂, 是研究者不可回避的科学问题。本文选取黄河上游第一弯的玛曲河段、黄河 上游末段托克托附近河段及黄河下游高村上下河段来研究河型转化的形式及影响因素。玛曲河段沿流向发生网状 河型→弯曲河型→辫状河型的转化现象, 该系列转化呈现出由极稳定河型向极不稳定河型的转化, 这与世界上通 常可以观察到的沿流向不稳定河型向稳定河型转化的情况完全相反。这主要受到地壳的抬升、上下峡谷卡口、水动 力特征、边界沉积物特征及植被的区域分布等因素的控制。托克托附近沿流向发生了弯曲河型→顺直河型转化的 现象, 这是较稳定河型向极稳定河型的转化, 主要受到边界沉积物、水动力等因素的控制。高村上下河段沿流向发 生的辫状河型→弯曲河型转化的现象, 是由极不稳定河型向较稳定河型转化的现象, 河道边界沉积物及水动力是 其主要控制因素, 人工大堤只是限制了河道摆动的最大幅度, 对河型的性质影响不大, 但其上游河段修筑的水库导 致下泻的水流在辫状河段的侵蚀能力增强而使其边界沉积物粗化, 并将泥质物大量沉积在弯曲河段, 客观上促进 了河型的转化。 相似文献
2.
基于黄河下游1986-2015年的水沙和沿程实测大断面数据等资料,统计分析了小浪底水库运行前后下游主槽断面形态参数（河宽、水深、河相系数）的调整过程。结果表明：1986-1999年小浪底运行前主槽持续淤积萎缩,主槽河宽和水深均减小,河宽与水深调整强度高村以上段河宽大于水深、断面河相系数明显减小,高村以下段河宽小于水深、河相系数小幅增加;2000-2015年小浪底水库运行后主槽持续冲刷,主槽河宽和水深增加,沿程各段水深调整强度均大于河宽,河相系数减小;各段断面形态调整方式淤积期表现为艾山以上游荡段和过渡段既有横向萎缩又有垂向淤高、艾山以下弯曲段以垂向淤高为主,冲刷期游荡段和过渡段为横向展宽和垂向冲深、弯曲段以垂向冲深为主;河宽淤积期减小速率明显大于冲刷期增加速率,水深淤积期减小速率略小于冲刷期增加速率,经过一轮淤积和冲刷后,断面形态向窄深方向发展;主槽断面形态调整规律与水沙条件密切相关,断面河相系数除游荡段淤积期与流量呈正相关、与含沙量呈负相关外,游荡段冲刷期、过渡段和弯曲段淤积与冲刷不同阶段,河相系数与流量呈负相关,与含沙量呈正相关。 相似文献
3.
弯曲河型与稳定江心洲河型的关系 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
结合天然河流及室内实验所反映的河型演变过程,本文讨论了弯曲河型与稳定江心洲河型之间的相似性,认为江心洲河型应属于弯曲型河流的范畴。 相似文献
4.
基于对Leopold-Wolman关系修正的河床河型判别 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在广泛收集中国和世界上冲积河流资料的基础上,以近200条河流的大样本对著名的、国际上沿用40余年的 Leopold-Wolman关系,即用于河型判别的比降-流量关系进行了检验。结果发现,该关系不能用于包括砾石与砂质河床在内的河型判别。这是由于比降-流量关系主要反映砾石河床与砂质河床之间差异,其次才反映分汊与弯曲河型之间的差异。为此,对于Leopold-Wolman关系进行了改进,提出了以比降和河宽来判别河型的新关系。这一关系综合反映了河流在纵向上的能耗、阻力与输沙特性与在横向上的流场与环流分布特性的组合关系,因而具有更好的河型判别效果,可以用于包括砾石与砂质河床在内的河型判别。 相似文献
5.
提高黄河下游游荡段的输沙能力是河道治理的主要任务,而河道输沙效率（排沙比）受到来水来沙条件和河床边界条件的共同影响。本文基于1971—2016年花园口—高村河段（简称花高段）的实测水沙及地形资料,计算了花高段的平均河相系数及水沙条件（来沙系数和水流冲刷强度）,从汛期和场次洪水2个时间尺度,定量分析了排沙比与水沙条件及前一年汛后主槽形态之间的响应关系。分析结果表明：① 汛期和场次洪水排沙比与来沙系数呈负相关,与水流冲刷强度呈正相关,临界的汛期不淤来沙系数为0.012 kg?s/m 6,场次洪水排沙比与来沙系数及水量比的决定系数为0.76;② 游荡段排沙比与河相系数呈负相关,当河相系数大于15 /m 0.5时,河段排沙比基本小于1;③ 以来沙系数与河相系数为自变量的汛期排沙比计算式的决定系数为0.82,计算精度较高,对于场次洪水排沙比而言,断面形态的影响权重大于来沙系数。这些排沙比计算公式能够反映游荡段的输沙特点,有助于定量掌握断面形态及水沙条件对河道输沙能力的影响。 相似文献
6.
河型转化是河流演化由量变到质变的综合反映,具有科学研究和服务生产的双重价值。以嫩江干流上游（以下简称嫩江上游）为研究区,利用遥感影像和地貌、气候等资料描绘了1985—2020年嫩江上游的河流形态特征,分析了河流类型、河型转化控制因素及河型转化模式。研究表明：(1)嫩江上游整体为稳定的河流且稳定性先增后减,顺河流方向发育三种河型——低坡度高弯度稳定的曲流河（河段Ⅰ）、高坡度高弯度稳定的曲流河（河段Ⅱ）、低坡度较稳定的网状河（河段Ⅲ）;(2)构造活动微弱是河流稳定的前提,气温和降水变化量是稳定性变化的控制因素,且气温变化量的贡献率更大;(3)河段Ⅰ转化为河段Ⅱ的控制因素为断层和冻土,土壤起协同作用,河段Ⅱ转化为河段Ⅲ的控制因素为地形和河流边界岩性,土壤、植被起协同作用;(4)嫩江上游的河型转化是一种流域尺度内构造运动限制的中纬度半湿润-湿润区山地曲流河向平原网状河转化的模式,这一模式常见于东北亚。 相似文献
7.
密云水库以上的潮白河分为白河和潮河两支,分别穿行于燕山山区。两河的上段为顺直河型或游荡河型,下段为典型的深切曲流。河势及河型受地质构造的深刻影响。潮白两河的纵比降大,来水、来沙在时间和空间上的分配不均匀,对不同河型的形成有影响,这也表明密云水库以上的潮白河具有山地河流的特点。 相似文献
8.
河湟地区乡村聚落位序累积规模模型的实证研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
科学确定乡村聚落体系是落实乡村振兴战略和促进农业农村现代化的关键之一,研究乡村聚落规模分布规律有助于乡村聚落体系优化。基于理论假设推导出了位序累计规模模型的准确表达及其规律,在此基础上,比较研究了位序累计规模模型和乡村位序—规模法则在河湟地区的适用性和准确性,厘清了河湟地区乡村聚落规模分布的特征和演变规律。研究显示：① 位序累积规模模型是一个单调递增的凹函数（P ≥ 1）,函数表达式随着聚落规模分布的帕累托系数变化而变化。当1 ≤ P<1.20225时,Si=aln(Ni)+b,拟合系数a与首位聚落规模呈正相关;当P ≥ 1.20225时,$S_i=be^{aln(N_i)}$,聚落规模变异系数和首位聚落规模与拟合系数a呈负相关关系,而与拟合系数b则呈正相关关系。② 位序累积规模模型在河湟地区乡村聚落规模分布研究中具有良好的适用性和准确性,而乡村位序—规模法则不适用。③ 河湟地区乡村聚落规模分布为接近于帕累托系数为2的均衡分布且总体趋于集聚。未来河湟地区应有序推进乡村聚落向自然和社会经济条件较为优越区域适度集聚,合理制定区域乡村聚落布点规划和实用性村庄规划,走人与自然和谐共生、城乡融合发展的具有河湟地区特色的乡村振兴道路。 相似文献
9.
沉积物粒度特征对于研究物源、衡量搬运能量具有重要意义。分析了腾格里沙漠45个沙丘顶部样品的粒度特征,并计算了30 a输沙势。结果表明：（1）沙丘沙以细沙（71%）和中沙（20%）为主,平均粒径2.38 Φ,分选系数0.40 Φ;平均粒径与分选系数、偏度呈良好的线性关系。（2）分选为“极好”和“好”的样品整体分布在沙漠中部和西南部,前者概率累计曲线趋于近对称、中等峰态,为二段式,后者趋于正偏、中等或尖窄峰态,为三段式;而沙漠边缘分选较差,概率累计曲线为多段式。（3）盛行起沙风为西北风。西北和东北部属中风能环境,风况属单峰型和复杂型;南部和东南部分别属低、中风能环境,均双峰型风况。研究区沙丘沙源应以下伏河湖相沉积物就地起沙为主。沙漠边缘河湖相沉积物应该为中部区沙丘沙提供了物源,西南部沙丘沙可能源自石羊河下游的冲洪积物,风力分选作用较长,边缘沙丘沙则应来源于该区河湖相沉积物就地起沙,风力分选不充分。粒度参数空间分布特征与沙丘类型和规模之间存在一定的耦合关系。 相似文献
10.
地壳构造运动对河型转化影响的实验研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文通过室内模拟试验,探讨了由于地壳构造运动以及由此而导致输沙特性变化所引起的不同河型转化和发育的规律。利用试验测量资料进行多元逐步回归分析,分别得到了地壳沉降与地壳抬升时计算河型转化判据的判别函数。应用数量化理论对试验资料进行综合分析,建立了因地壳构造运动影响而形成的五种河型的判别空间,并由此分析了地壳构造运动对河型转化影响的一般规律。 相似文献
11.
长江中游城市群铁路客运联系及其空间格局演变 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
基于铁路客运交通流数据,借助社会网络分析方法,从外部连通、内部连通两方面分析长江中游城市群铁路客运联系及其空间格局的演变。结果表明:(1)2009年~2015年间,长江中游城市群内武汉、长沙、南昌3大中心城市在对外联系和对内联系方面均呈现"武汉最强,长沙次之,南昌最弱","马太效应"日益显著;(2)武汉、长沙、南昌三市的对外联系主导方向各异,存在明显的空间错位现象;(3)2009年~2015年间长江中游城市群内31个城市的铁路交通地位发生较大变化,武汉、长沙、南昌三市的铁路枢纽地位得到巩固与提升,与其作为三大战略支点的地位逐渐匹配;(4)长江中游城市群铁路客运网络中心化程度较低,集中趋势不明显,表现为较低水平的多中心格局;(5)2009年~2015年间,长江中游城市群铁路客运联系网络空间格局由五边形转变为"品"形,省际毗邻城市之间的联系有待进一步增强;南昌市和环鄱阳湖城市群的铁路网络建设也有待完善,以增强其在"中三角"中的支撑地位。 相似文献
12.
三江平原沼泽性河流径流演变的驱动力分析 总被引：28，自引：2，他引：28
在分析三江平原典型沼泽性河流挠力河径流演变特征及趋势的基础上，应用灰色关联分析和径向基函数网络等方法，探讨了引起径流量减少和发生突变的原因，分析结果表明：当地河川径流演化与沼泽化流的地理特征以及近50年来沼泽及沼泽化土地的大规模开垦和水资源的开发利用有密切的关系，人类活动是本区河川径流演变的主要驱动力，气候变化在径流演变中所起的作用相应减少，沼泽湿地对区域水系统的水量平衡产生着重要的影响，在流域下垫面已明显变化，水文循环出现变异的情况下，必须加强沼泽湿地保护的水的调控和管理。 相似文献
13.
This study tests the assumption that the characteristics of channels within multiple channel rivers are different from those of single channel rivers. Some river restoration approaches propose radical transformation of river patterns, from multiple to single channels, based on the link between river patterns and their in-channel characteristics. Determining the links between river patterns and their in-channel characteristics is complicated by differences in geology, history, climate and discharge among rivers. Furthermore, multiple channel rivers are composed of a mosaic of channel types with a range of in-channel characteristics. This study minimizes these problems by analysing a single river containing neighbouring single and multiple channel patterns with little change in discharge downstream, and by analysing all channel types. The study addressed two objectives: to determine the hydraulic geometry, energy, and sediment mobility characteristics of neighbouring single and multiple channel river patterns, and to test for statistical differences in these characteristics between patterns. The Renous River shows a wandering pattern for 11.5 km, with multiple channels around semipermanent islands and abandoned channels in the flood plain. The river displays a single channel river pattern where channels are confined by their valley walls, upstream and downstream of wandering. The analysis was conducted at three scales. First, the confined single channel and wandering multiple channel patterns were compared (pattern scale). Second, the confined channel pattern was compared to single and multiple channel sections within the wandering pattern (section scale). Third, all channel types were compared (channel type scale). Multi response permutation procedure (MRPP) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to analyze differences between channels. Difference tests found no simple discrimination between the single and multiple channel river patterns of the Renous River. Tests between the single confined and multiple wandering channel patterns found few differences in the in-channel variables. The tests did find differences between multiple channel sections within the wandering pattern and confined single channels; however, a greater number of differences were found between multiple channel and single channel sections within the wandering pattern, highlighting the variability within the wandering pattern. Two groups emerged when all channel types were tested for differences: perennial main-channels containing the thalweg, and ephemeral side-channels. Therefore, side-channels define the in-channel characteristics of wandering rivers because few differences were found among main-channels in either pattern. This analysis suggests that all channel types, not just main-channels, should be investigated to obtain a complete picture of a river pattern prior to any restoration efforts. Engineers must exercise caution when applying the link between river patterns and in-channel characteristics to river restoration efforts. 相似文献
14.
River channel response to short-term human-induced change in landscape connectivity in Andean ecosystems 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：4
Veerle Vanacker Armando Molina Gerard Govers Jean Poesen Gerd Dercon Seppe Deckers 《Geomorphology》2005,72(1-4):340-353
The drainage basin of the Deleg River (88 km2), located in the southern Ecuadorian Andes, was studied to assess the geomorphic and hydrologic response of a fluvial system to human-induced environmental change in its contributing area. Historical data on land use, channel morphology and sedimentology were collected, based on a spatial analysis of aerial photographs (1963–1995) and a field survey (2002). Analysis of channel cross-sectional profiles and sedimentological data revealed a major change in morphology and sedimentology of the Deleg River during the past four decades: (i) the active river channel narrowed by over 45%, (ii) the riverbed incised on average by over 1.0 m and (iii) the median grain size of the bed surface decreased from 13.2 cm to 4.7 cm. The spatial pattern of land cover within the Deleg catchment also changed considerably: highly degraded agricultural land in the low-lying areas was abandoned and partially afforested for timber and wood production, whereas secondary upland forest was increasingly cleared for expansion of cropland and pastures. Notwithstanding large changes in the spatial organization of land use within the catchment, the overall land use did not change significantly during the past four decades. This suggests that the response of the Deleg River to land-use change not only depends on the overall land-use change, but also on the spatial pattern of land-use/cover change within the catchment. Although forestation and regeneration of bare gully slopes and floors throughout the catchment only represented a minor part of the total land-use change, these land-use/cover changes had a major impact on the hydrological and sediment connectivity in the landscape. 相似文献
15.
黄河北流河道变迁与史前的灾害事件 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
水利史的研究已经证实,历史上黄河北流的河道以禹贡河为北界,以现行河道为南界,在这一区域内摆动迁徙。黄河北流从未进入河北平原的中-西部的白洋淀流域区。造成河道这种演化特点的主要原因是河北平原基底活动构造等因素的影响。除此之外,另一个尚未探索的原因是远古时代河北平原曾发生过一次规模宏大的陨石雨撞击灾害。撞击的结果壅塞了当时黄河下游河道,形成了白洋淀流域区,最终促成了北流河道演化的基本格局。文章最后推测这一史前的天文-地质灾害可能是"女娲补天,大禹治水"等神话的事实基础。 相似文献
16.
Sedimentation in the lower reaches of the Yellow River is a major problem requiring implementation of large-scale control measures in the upper and middle drainage basin. For maximum benefit, major sediment generation areas must be delimited. For this purpose, the upper and middle drainage basin of the Yellow River has been divided into four major sediment and water source areas. A series of databases of runoff and sediment yields from these source areas and for the corresponding quantities of sedimentation in the lower Yellow River channel have been established. On this basis, a set of multiple-regression equations has been established that define the relationships between sedimentation in the lower Yellow River and the yearly or event-based runoff and sediment yields from the four source areas or subsystems. Based on the regression equations obtained, the contribution of the four major source areas to the sedimentation in the lower Yellow River channel can be estimated. The results obtained indicate that, given other factors, for each ton of sediment reduced from the coarse-sediment producing area (CSA), the sediment deposited in the lower Yellow River would be reduced by 0.455 ton; for each ton of sediment reduced from the fine-sediment producing area (FSA), the sediment deposited in the lower Yellow River would be reduced by 0.154 ton only. Therefore, if limited erosion control measures are applied to the coarse-sediment producing area, the benefits for sedimentation reduction in the lower Yellow River will be much larger than if similar resources are applied to the fine-sediment producing area. 相似文献
17.
中国东部夏季降水的年代际变化格局——观测与CESM控制试验模拟结果的对比 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据1961-2005年中国东部389站的夏季降水观测资料,以及通用地球系统模式（the community earth system model,CESM）在固定边界条件驱动下的650年控制试验模拟结果,采用经验正交函数分解和功率谱分析等方法,辨识了中国东部夏季降水年代际变化的主导格局。观测分析与CESM的控制试验模拟结果均表明：中国东部夏季降水年代际变化的主导空间型为“南北反相”（大致以淮河流域为界）和由南到北的多带相间分布（长江流域、东北同相但与华南、华北反相）格局。对比证明：在无任何外强迫变化下,CESM可模拟出观测到的1961-2005年中国东部夏季降水年代际变化的主导空间型和相应的时间位相转折特征。这为深入辨识区域降水年代际异常的主控因子,分析气候系统外强迫变化和内部变率对中国降水年代际变化的影响机制提供了重要依据。 相似文献
18.
The influence of river training on mountain channel changes (Polish Carpathian Mountains) 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The purpose of this paper is to explain the influence of river training on channel changes in mountain rivers. Also considered are the causes of failure of different training schemes. The research was conducted on the regulated Mszanka and Porębianka Rivers, belonging to the Raba River drainage basin in the Polish Flysh Carpathian Mountains. Channel mapping carried out in 2004 drew attention to the contemporary morphology of the channels and the development of their dynamic typology. General changes in channel morphometry and land cover were identified by comparing cartographic sources from various years. Archive material from Cracow's Regional Water Management Authority (RZGW) was used to analyse the detailed channel changes caused by each regulation structure. The material consisted of technical designs of individual training works, as well as plans, longitudinal profiles and cross-sections of trained channel reaches. A series of minimum annual water stages at the Mszana Dolna gauging station was used to determine the tendency of channel bed degradation over 53 years. During the first half of the 20th century, the middle and lower courses of the Mszanka and Porębianka Rivers had braided patterns. The slopes, mostly covered with crops, were an important source of sediment delivery to the river channels. Today, both channels are single-threaded, narrow and sinuous. Downcutting is the leading process transforming the channels. They cut down to bedrock along about 60% of their lengths. The main type of channel is an erosion channel, which occurs also in the middle and lower courses of the rivers. The channel sediment deficit is an important cause for river incision. Sediment supply to the channels was reduced after a replacement of crops on the slopes by meadows or forests. Gravel mining has also caused channel downcutting. The rapid channel changes began after 1959, as systematic training was introduced. Channel regulation seems therefore to be a major factor determining channel adjustment. Debris dams and groynes were built before 1980 and these caused the greatest change of channel pattern, increase of channel gradient and magnitude of river incision. After that date the measures mostly involved drop structures. From then on, the rate of downcutting decreased considerably, but has not ceased. The rivers continued to incise until bedrock was exposed or training structures were destroyed. After that, a tendency to lateral migration and local braiding were observed in the deepened channel. The channels displayed a tendency to return to their morphology and dynamic from before the training. The results demonstrate that river training distorts the equilibrium of channel systems. A channel becomes divided into artificial reaches, which later follow different evolutionary patterns. Most training schemes on mountain channels are ineffective in the long term, as river managers seem to consider a channel at a reach scale only. Individual channel reaches, however, are not independent but rather form a system that must be managed at the entire channel scale. 相似文献
19.
黄河下游河床萎缩典型地表现为平滩水位下河床断面面积的趋势性减小,本文根据黄河下游实测断面和水沙资料采用相关分析方法研究了游荡段河床萎缩的主要影响因素。1960~1997年游荡段河床平滩水位下断面面积经历了1960~1964年和1974~1985年的扩张时期及1965~1973年和1986~1997年的萎缩时期,这种变化是多种因素共同作用的结果。在来水来沙中,年径流量是主要因素,洪峰流量和年平均含沙量是较次要的因素;本文所讨论的其它4个因素中,花园口以上引水量影响最大,降雨量影响次之,兰州以上水库的调节作用对河床断面面积的变化也有较明显的影响;三门峡水库三种不同的使用方式对下游河床有不同的影响,采取"蓄清排浊"方式后对下游河床的影响较小。 相似文献