共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 187 毫秒
1.
《地下水》2017,(6)
水资源是人们生活与生产实践中最重要的资源之一,其涉及社会、经济、政治、文化和生态等方面。对区域水资源与经济社会发展间的关联性进行分析,能够帮助相关部门作出正确、合理的决策。本文主要对CGE模型在朝阳市水资源研究中的应用进行论述,同时针对CGE模型尚存的不足进行分析,对CGE模型中的处理方法进行总结,同时针对朝阳市基于CGE模型研究水资源过程中尚存的问题进行概括,以此对朝阳市未来水资源研究的趋势进行展望。从朝阳市水资源研究中CGE模型的实际应用情况来看,研究视角更加切合现实,问题处理过程更加精细化。尽管在朝阳市水资源研究中,CGE模型受人们对水资源的认识和模型本身缺陷等因素影响,但相信随着CGE模型的不断广泛应用与发展,其在区域水资源研究中将会更加深化,不断向标准化、系统化与完善化方向发展。 相似文献
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基于文献计量的社会水文学发展态势分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《地球科学进展》2016,(11)
社会水文学是一门研究人水耦合系统动态变化规律、服务水资源管理的交叉学科,通过对Web of Science数据库检索到的论文进行文献计量分析,系统综述社会水文学的国际研究发展态势和趋势。分析结果显示,广义的社会水文学研究涉及水资源、环境科学、土木工程、地球科学、环境工程、农学、环境研究、生态学、气象与大气科学、地理学等。国际上长期关注水资源管理、水质、农业灌溉和水政策等问题,不同时期研究的问题热点根据时代发展的水资源管理需求有所变化,不同国家根据国内水资源情势,其关注点也有所不同。狭义的社会水文学研究主要涉及城市化和农村发展的水需求和水安全等问题,强调通过有效的水文模型预测来支持科学管理决策。该学科的发展将会促进人类对水资源的可持续管理和利用,更好地解决人类社会面临的水问题。 相似文献
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水资源承载力的研究进展与趋势展望 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：9
水资源承载力是水资源安全战略研究中的一个基础课题,是水资源安全的基本度量。它是涉及社会、资源和环境系统的一个指标,用来反映水资源系统对社会经济持续发展的支撑能力,是水资源研究领域和可持续发展研究领域中的一个重要课题。在实践领域中则是区域水资源开发利用对策研究的基本依据。因此,通过时区域水资源承载力的研究,可以更好地理解水资源系统对社会发展的支撑作用,认识人口、资源与环境协调发展的关系,更好地实现社会可持续发展。在分析和总结现有资料的基础上,对水资源承载力的概念内涵作了进一步的探讨,并对其量化方法和存在问题进行了论述,最后展望了水资源承载力研究趋势。 相似文献
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黑河流域可持续发展的生态经济学研究 总被引：34，自引：16，他引：34
黑河流域生态环境脆弱,经济发展相对落后,水资源短缺已成为制约流域可持续发展的主要限制因素,从生态经济系统的角度研究黑河流域的诸多生态经济问题具有很强的现实和理论意义. 黑河流域的水资源不仅是流域社会经济环境可持续发展最主要的限制因子,而且是联系流域生态系统和经济系统的纽带. 在系统总结国际上关于流域尺度生态经济研究状况、进展和黑河流域相关研究的基础上,提出了以水资源可持续利用研究为纽带的黑河流域生态经济综合研究框架,具体研究内容主要包括: 1)生态过程模拟模型的研究; 2)宏观经济水资源模拟模型的研究; 3)环境变化条件下流域水资源可持续利用研究; 4)水资源可持续利用管理研究; 5)决策支持系统的研制. 最后, 根据现有的基础和条件,指出了在黑河流域生态经济综合研究中需要解决的关键问题. 相似文献
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水资源可持续利用的生态经济评价 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
本文从一个独特的角度，将水资源生态系统和社会经济系统耦合成水资源生态经济系统，把水资源的开发利用纳入生态经济系统的运行体系之中，利用生态经济学中的生态经济协调发展理论和可持续发展的思想，建立水资源可持续利用的生态经济评价体系。在此基础上，对辽河三角洲地区水资源的可持续进行了评价，其结果表明：辽河三角洲地区水资源开发利用的可持续性从1986年到1995年间逐渐减弱，目前处于极弱可持续利用阶段。 相似文献
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应用系统动力学-多目标规划整合模型对秦皇岛市城市水资源利用结构进行了优化研究,首先预测秦皇岛市在以1999年为基准年,不进行结构调整状态下的总体发展趋势,从中获取有关水资源的供需信息,然后进行水资源利用结构分析,找出存在的问题,据此进行城市总体结构和水资源利用结构的优化研究,获得了秦皇岛市区水资源利用规划方案;将所得规划结果输入系统动力学模型,对规划方案实施后的社会、经济和环境后果进行了合理预测. 相似文献
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张掖市经济用水与水资源社会性稀缺 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
在投入产出理论的基础上,建立了价值-实物混合型的水资源投入产出模型,以张掖市为例,从各产业部门的用水特征、各产业部门间的水关系以及地区商品贸易等方面系统地分析了造成水资源稀缺的社会经济原因.结果表明:尽管张掖水资源短缺,但它却拥有一个较强耗水能力的经济体系,其经济系统运行对水资源的需求几乎是其当前可用自然形态水的两倍,远远超出其水资源供给能力,对当地有限的水资源产生了巨大的压力;各产业部门的用水特征及部门间的投入产出关系决定了张掖市经济生产对水资源产生的压力难以通过贸易的形式转移到其它富水地区,然而其贸易结构却造成每年都有相当数量的水资源随商品以虚拟水的形式流向外地,并最终导致了张掖市水资源的社会性稀缺. 相似文献
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针对榆林地区水资源相对贫乏,煤炭资源不合理的开采对地下水资源造成巨大破坏,严重威胁着该地区的可持续发展的问题,应用系统工程方法,将水资源放在社会、经济、资源、生态、环境所组成的复合系统中进行整体研究,构建地下地下水资源-生态环境-社会经济系统模型,可以为水资源的优化配置、开发利用规划、管理决策、落实最严格的水资源管理制度提供技术支撑。分析结果表明榆林地区在水资源、环境和经济目前处于不协调阶段,经济发展较快,但水资源相对贫乏,经济的发展对环境造成很大有破环并且对于环境的治理和保护投入的资金较少,采矿区水资源污染较为严重。 相似文献
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水资源可持续利用指标体系及评价方法是水资源可持续利用研究的核心问题之一。以复合系统理论为基础,将水资源、社会经济和环境组成的复合系统定义为水资源可持续利用系统(RSWRS系统)。应用Bossel可持续发展基本定向指标框架,建立了水资源可持续利用指标评价体系。应用系统综合评价法,权重采用基于Bossel评分标准,以参考状态的离差平方和最大法计算,建立了以RSWRS系统发展综合指数和发展态势度量模型。以陕西省为例,进行了水资源可持续利用的综合定量评价。 相似文献
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Water resources management is an important driver in social and economic development. Water shortage is one of the most critical issues threatening human welfare, public health, and ecosystems. This issue has turned into a major challenge in many river basins all around the world due to the imbalance in water supply and demand. Use of simulation models can be effective tools in providing water managers with scientifically supported decisions in dealing with complex and uncertain water resource systems. System dynamics approach serves as a management tool and may play an important role in understanding the cause–effect in water resources systems. In the present study, system dynamics approach was applied to simulate management strategies dealing with Tehran metropolitan water resources systems. In the developed model, the trend of water storage in the next 30-year period and the effectiveness of water supply strategies were simulated. The results showed that, despite the growing shortage of the water resources, optimal use of existing resources under appropriate strategies could reduce water deficit within the next 30 years. 相似文献
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黑河流域生态—水文观测试验与水—生态集成管理研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
对黑河流域水—生态—经济系统研究的主要内容“流域生态—水文观测试验与流域水—生态集成管理”做了概要论述。认为流域水循环、生态水、集成水管理三大科学问题的解决必需加强该领域的研究;结合黑河流域的前期基础、研究现状和能力建设,提出了近期研究的4个领域：流域水循环、水平衡与可利用水资源;流域生态—水文过程与生态环境用水;人类活动驱动的流域水—生态系统演变;流域生态—水文野外平台与流域集成环境。对此进行了进一步的阐述,对该方面研究的方法论和技术难点亦做了简述。 相似文献
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水资源价值模型评价研究 总被引：25，自引：0，他引：25
水资源价值是指水资源使用者为了获得水资源使用权需要支付给水资源所有者的货币额,它与水价是不同的概念,合理的水价应包括水资源价值。目前可以用来求算水资源价值的模型不同程度地存在各种问题,必须加以完善和发展。影子价格模型只反映水资源的稀缺程度和水资源与总体经济效益之间的关系,其结果不能代替水资源价值;边际机会成本模型存在着应用困难较大、替代选择多样性、结论缺乏可比性、忽略了水质等问题;供求价格模型仅仅通过水资源量决定水资源价值是不科学的;模糊数学模型是潜力较大的最新模型,其缺点是影响水资源的各项因素的模糊评价较复杂,权重的确定是多样的。 相似文献
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黑河流域节水生态农业与流域水资源集成管理研究领域 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
概述了中国内陆河流域面临的水问题和日益激化的用水矛盾,强调了内陆河地区支柱产业——绿洲农业应该坚持节水和生态的方向,流域集成管理是持续农业的基础。长期从事该方面研究的黑河流域是个较好借鉴,同时也提供了深入开展相关研究的基础,为此提出了以黑河流域为背景的四大研究流域：水文、生物、经济系统水循环与水资源形成演变,节水农业的生物学研究与抗旱品种繁育,农业节水新材料研发与工程节水技术集成,水资源合理配置与流域集成管理;并简述了各领域的主要方向。 相似文献
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Cascading effects are usually one of the common ways through which relatively minor hazards can substantially impact society and economy; the failure of a single industrial sector or cluster of sectors can result in cascading effect on other interlinked sectors. This paper attempts to quantify this cascading effect triggered by disrupted transportation in Hunan province due to the Great 2008 Chinese Ice Storm and proposes operational risk management measures. The advantage of computable general equilibrium (CGE) model (reflecting indirect and induced effects and the nonlinearity of production block) makes it a promising model to simulate cascading effects and the contribution of risk management measures. A detail transportation system is constructed in the production part of standard CGE model. This study finds the following results: The economic loss of Hunan province is amplified by approximately 40 times by cascading effects during the 2 months following the disaster. Large-scale disasters induce more strong cascading effects than minor ones. Post-disaster system resilience effectively stops the spread of cascading effects. When the economic system resilience (e.g., improving the substitution between road transportation and other forms of transportation and efficiency of road transportation) is increased by 10 %, the economic losses induced by cascading effects can be reduced by approximately 60 %. Overall, improving post-disaster system resilience is a highly efficient and cheap measure to reduce the risk from cascading effects. 相似文献
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中国西部环境演变及其影响研究 总被引：45，自引：1，他引：45
文章综述了气候与中国西部环境演变过程及其对社会经济的影响 ,特别分析了人类活动和全球变暖条件下的演变特征。以政府间气候变化专门委员会 (IPCC) )的研究方法 ,采用全球大气海洋耦合模式和区域气候模式 ,预测了 2 0 10年、2 0 30年和 2 0 5 0年中国西部地区未来气候生态环境的可能变化趋势即情景。对西部地区生态与经济的脆弱性问题也作了分析 ,最后提出了在西部大开发中实施生态环境保护与可持续发展双赢战略的思想。 相似文献
17.
Judith A. Rees 《Geoforum》1981,12(3):211-225
Conventional economic appraisals of the water industry have concentrated on economic efficiency defined almost entirely in allocative terms, the key issues being the efficiency with which available water resources are allocated between users and with which factors of production are invested in new facilities. Since marginal cost pricing has been viewed as the mechanism theoretically capable of bringing about optimality in resource allocation, assessments of water industry practices have all too often been reduced to reiteration of the extent to which current pricing practices diverge from the theoretical optima. This paper, based on empirical work on water suppliers in both Britain and Australia, questions the relevance of this conventional approach.First, it is argued that the concentration on allocative efficiency has diverted attention from the equally crucial issue of whether the industry is efficient in managerial, technical and product terms. Since technological efficiency must exist in an industry before a Pareto optimal allocation of resources can occur, the presupposition, in papers which argue that the introduction of optimal pricing rules will ensure allocative efficiency, must be that the industry is already producing an appropriate product using least cost production methods. No such presupposition can be made in an industry where the profit motive and competitive forces do not operate.Second, it is argued that optimal pricing policies can only produce optimal resource allocations if consumers act in a prescribedly rational way to the prices set. Although it is well known that ‘second-best’ pricing rules may be needed to counter inefficient conditions prevailing in other sectors of the economy, the effect of market imperfec- tions on the way consumers react to prices has been less well analysed. Using results from a study of firms' reactions to trade effluent charges, it is shown that the structure of companies and the way they operate their revenue and capital budgets may severely limit the effectiveness of the price mechanism in ensuring allocative efficiency.Finally, the paper considers the ‘equity’ with which the costs of water services are distributed between consumers. Once again it is argued that the issue has been neglected since the distribution of income is irrelevant to the achievement of allocative optimality in Paretian terms. Evidence is presented that contradicts the popular myth that, although current pricing arrangements may be less than efficient, they are at least ‘broadly fair’. It is shown that, in practice, price discrimination against low income consumers is widespread, and this can hardly be regarded as equitable, whatever definition of equity is used. 相似文献
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The water resource and its change of mountainous area are very important to the oasis economic system and ecosystem in the arid areas of northwest China. Accurately understanding the water transfer and circulation process among vegetation, soil, and atmosphere over different hydrological units in mountainous areas such as snow and ice, cold desert, forest and grassland is the basic scientific issue of water research in cold and arid regions, which is also the basis of water resource delicacy management and regulation. There are many research results on the hydrological function of different land covers in mountain areas, basin hydrological processes, however, there are only very limited studies on the water internal recycle at basin scale. The quantitative study on the mechanism of water internal recycle is still at the starting stage, which faces many challenges. The key project “Study on water internal recycle processes and mechanism in typical mountain areas of inland basins, Northwest China” funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China will select the Aksu River and Shule River Basin, which have better observation basis, as study area. The internal mechanism of moisture transfer and exchange process of different land cover and atmosphere, the internal mechanism of water cycle in the basin, and water transfer paths in atmosphere will be studied through enhancing runoff plot experiments on different land cover, analyzing the mechanism of water vapor transfer and exchange between different land covers in the watershed by isotope tracing on the water vapor flux of vegetation water, soil moisture and atmospheric moisture, improving the algorithms of remote sensing inversion and ground verification on land surface evapotranspiration on different land cover, and analyzing the water vapor flux from reanalysis data, and the coupling modeling of regional climate model and land surface process model. At last, the effect of different land cover in hydrological process of mountain area, and the impact of land cover on downstream oasis will be systematically analyzed. 相似文献