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1.
Fifty-seven shallow groundwater samples were collected from Guiyang karst basin, China, to analyze the aqueous rare-earth elements in low-water seasons and it is shown that the total amount of rare-earth elements (ΣREE) in karst groundwater is exceedingly low compared with that in carbonate rocks or weathering crusts of carbonate rocks, and ranges from 0.01 to 0.43, from 0.03 to 0.27, from 0.03 to 0.19 and from 0.05 to 1.38 μg·L-1 for dolomite, dolomitic & limestone, limestone and clastic rock aquifer, respectively. Both distributions and contents of rare-earth elements (REE) in karst groundwater reflect the lithology of host rocks or weathering crusts of carbonate rocks through which groundwater flows. The chondrite-normalized patterns show a non-flat profile with higher enrichment of slightly light rare-earth elements (LREE) than heavy rare-earth elements (HREE), prominent fractionation between LREE and HREE, negative Ce anomalies and negative or positive Eu anomalies. There is more obvious fractionation between LREE and HREE in groundwater than that in carbonate rocks and their weathering crusts due to high contents of HCO3? and PH in groundwater. In shallow karst groundwater, REE(CO3)n2n-3 (n=1 and 2) is the main inorganic species of REE. But for a clastic rock aquifer, both REESO4+ and REECO3+ are the main inorganic species of REE. Species of REE in groundwater is closely associated with the hydrochemical type of groundwater which is predominated by the lithology of host rocks, groundwater-rock interaction and weathering-pedogenesis of carbonate rocks.  相似文献   

2.
蓬莱9-1潜山岩性组成及其对储层发育的控制   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文
李建平  周心怀  王国芝 《地球科学》2014,39(10):1421-1430
PL9-1潜山油藏是渤海湾盆地储量最大的古潜山油气藏之一,探明储量过亿吨.该油藏发育于庙西北凸起鞍部的中生界花岗岩侵入体顶部.凸起端部变质岩中没有油气发现.油气的分布受岩性控制明显.综合岩心观察、薄片鉴定、X粉晶衍射以及常量元素分析等技术手段,通过对比不同岩石类型的矿物组成、储集空间类型及发育程度,探讨了岩性组成对储层发育的控制作用.研究表明,变质岩中裂缝和孔隙均不发育,不能形成有效储层.花岗岩主要储集空间类型为孔隙-裂缝型,总体具有从砂质风化带→砾质风化带→裂缝带→基岩带,储集空间组合类型从孔隙→孔隙+裂缝→裂缝→不太发育的微裂缝的变化特征.储层厚度大,成层性强,可形成有效的规模性储层.花岗岩与变质岩的矿物组成差异控制了研究区优质储层的发育.变质岩中长石含量极低,不能形成溶蚀孔隙,较高含量(30%~50%)的片状矿物使其在应力作用下易发生塑性变形,不易产生裂缝.花岗岩具有很高的长石含量和含量很低的片状矿物,不仅容易被风化并产生溶蚀孔隙,而且易于发生脆性变形形成裂缝.   相似文献   

3.
The behaviour of the rare-earth elements(REE)during the weathering of granites was studied in southern Guangxi,China.Based on the study of the weathering profiles,the soil,weathered and sub-weatereb zones are identified with different REE geochemical behaviours throug the weathering profiles of granite.The Ce anomalies of the weathering profiles cover a large range of values with most falling between 1.02 and 1.43in the soil zone and 0.16and 0.40in the weathered and sub-weathered zones.Light rare-earth elements(LREE) and heavy rare-earth elements(HREE)are enriched to varying degree in the weathering profiles as compared to host granites.In the soil zone,more HREEs are leached than LREEs,and HREEs are more enriched than LREE in the weathered and sub-weathered zones.It is considered that infiltration and adsorption on clays are two processes controlling the enrichment and formation of REE deposits in the weathering profiles of granite.  相似文献   

4.
胶东地区地层岩性多为岩浆岩和变质岩,富水性差异大,整体为缺水区。伴随着社会经济发展,人民对美好生活的需求不断提升,优质、稳定的地下饮用水也成为胶东人民的重要民生问题之一。笔者等通过大比例尺水文地质调查成果总结和已有研究成果分析,结合地下水勘查案例,从水文、地形地貌、含水层岩性和地质构造4个方面,对岩浆岩地区的地下水富集机理进行分析,提出了断裂型、接触带型、岩脉型、洼地风化带型和多期变质作用形成的5种蓄水构造模式,并对各类蓄水构造特征进行了分析,同时总结了风化裂隙水、构造裂隙水和岩溶裂隙水3类岩浆岩、变质岩分布区裂隙水的找水方向,进一步丰富了岩浆岩与变质岩缺水地区蓄水构造模式研究,对该地区地下水资源探寻具有一定的指导作用。  相似文献   

5.
浅表古老花岗中浅埋隧道常处于拉张应力状态而拱顶下沉,波及地表产生地面塌陷,影响工程稳定及人员安全。以集宁隧道为例,采用工程地质调查、室内力学试验、围岩稳定计算相结合的方法,从太古代集宁片麻状花岗岩风化壳分带、岩体结构控制和岩体质量分级方面研究围岩变形破坏特征。花岗岩中-微风化特性、大部分隧道位于地下水位以下,节理裂隙夹泥,变形破坏以多组节理切割下块体掉落和塌方为主要形式。在花岗岩古风化壳与上第三系泥岩交界处出现差异变形和不均匀沉降。浅埋隧道段塌方发展到地表形成4个长轴与隧道轴线一致的椭圆形塌陷坑。现场应力监测结果显示顶拱接触压力小于自重应力,侧压力更小,对顶拱稳定不利。为保证施工人员和机械设备安全,在此区段采取针对块体稳定和塌方的加强支护措施,取得较好效果。  相似文献   

6.
基于重磁场特征的松辽盆地基底岩性研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
吴真玮 《地质与勘探》2015,51(5):939-945
盆地的基底埋藏深度、岩性和断裂分布与地热资源的形成、分布和开发利用密切相关。本文基于重磁方法的特点和松辽盆地的重磁场异常,利用最佳向上延拓的方法进行场源分离,提取了基底重磁异常信息;依据不同岩石物理属性(密度和磁性)和重磁异常对应分析的结果,对松辽盆地的基底岩性分布进行了划分,其结果对盆地地热资源远景评价和开发利用有重要参考价值。  相似文献   

7.
Uniaxial compression tests were performed on different categories of weathering of three lithological units: Malanjkhand granite; Nagpur basalt; and Delhi quartzite, occurring in central and northern parts of India. The deformational behaviour is studied in terms of variation in tangent modulus (Et50) and initial modulus (Ei) due to weathering. The power relationship between uniaxial compressive strength (σc) and Et50 shows strong correspondence for weathering sequence of common rock types. This relationship has been established by regression analysis and significant correlation parameter (coefficient of determination, r2=0.87) for crystalline rocks. It is shown that there is a systematic decrease in stiffness ratio, that is, ratio of tangent modulus and uniaxial compressive strength with increased weathering state. Comparison of Et50 and Ei values has shown that Et50 decreases more gradually than Ei, and reduction is more drastic for Ei values with an increased degree of weathering in all the three rock types. The mode of failure has been found to be influenced by weathering extent in rocks. A brief account is given of the intrinsic characteristics of fresh and weathered rocks and mineralogical changes produced by weathering investigated quantitatively. Correlation drawn between the petrographical and mechanical indices has shown that mechanical properties are apparently dependent on the intrinsic characteristics of weathered rocks.  相似文献   

8.
风化花岗岩物理力学性质的弱化给工程稳定性带来很大影响,因此,研究不同风化程度花岗岩的破坏特性具有重要意义。利用河南五岳抽水蓄能电站库区采集的风化花岗岩,结合现场岩芯特征的定性描述及波速比定量评价指标,划分出了微、弱、强3种不同风化程度的花岗岩;对单轴压缩破坏后产生的碎屑进行质量和尺度的特征分析,在此基础上建立了碎屑分形维数值与波速比之间的对应关系,并利用MATLAB对花岗岩破坏后主破裂表面裂缝进行分形维数计算。结果表明：风化试样产生的碎屑以粗粒组为主,且随风化程度增强,粗粒组碎屑质量占比逐渐增大;强风化岩石碎屑长厚比分布范围小,块状碎屑占比低,破坏动力学特性不明显,其形状更单一,主要以板状为主;随着风化程度的降低,块状碎屑含量增多,岩石动力学破坏特征增强,碎屑分形维数随着表征风化程度波速比的增大而呈增大趋势;相较于碎屑质量、宽度和厚度,碎屑数量和长度是影响碎屑分形维数的主控因素,是反映不同风化程度花岗岩破碎分形特征的主要参量;强风化类组花岗岩表面裂缝分形随波速比变化不明显,而弱风化、微风化花岗岩的裂缝分形维数随波速比增大而呈显著增大趋势,说明其自相似程度更高,形状更复杂,而在裂缝形成过...  相似文献   

9.
对大兴安岭中部五岔沟镇蛤蟆沟林场花岗岩体研究结果表明,蛤蟆沟林场花岗岩体主要岩性组合为碱长花岗岩、黑云母正长花岗岩、黑云母二长花岗岩和花岗斑岩,其LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果为136.97±0.99Ma、135.85±0.78Ma、126.04±0.48Ma和135.87±0.49Ma,表明其形成时代为早白垩世。岩石主量元素具有富硅、富钾的特征,A/CNK值介于0.997~1.05之间,稀土元素相对富集轻稀土元素、亏损重稀土元素,并具有较为明显的Eu负异常,微量元素相对富集大离子亲石元素和高场强元素,贫Ba、Sr、Ti、P,这些特征表明蛤蟆沟林场花岗岩为铝质A型花岗岩,是中下地壳岩石部分熔融的产物,形成于大陆裂谷或板内构造环境（A1型花岗岩）,代表了伸展的大地构造背景,可能是受到古太平洋俯冲和蒙古鄂霍次克洋闭合的双重影响。  相似文献   

10.
Rare earth element (REE) geochemistry and mineralogy have been studied in the weathered crusts derived from the Early Yanshanian (Jurassic) biotite granites of Dabu and Dingnan, as well as in the Indosinian (Permian) muscovite–biotite granite of Aigao in southern Jiangxi province, China, and the weathered crusts and clay sediments on biotite granites in the Sanyo belt, SW Japan, that is, Okayama, Tanakami, and Naegi areas. In all of the weathered crusts, biotite and plagioclase commonly tend to decrease toward the upper part of the profile, whereas kaolinite and residual quartz and K‐feldspar increase. The weathered crusts of the Dingnan granites and some Naegi granites, which are characterized by the enrichment in light REE (LREE) in C horizons, have higher total REE (ΣREE) content than the parent REE‐enriched granites. Weathering of LREE‐bearing apatite and fluorocarbonates in the Dingnan granites and allanite and apatite in some Naegi granites may account for the leaching of LREE at the B horizons. The leached LREE must result in subsequent enrichment of LREE in the C horizons. The enrichment is probably associated with mainly adsorption onto kaolinite and partly formation of possible secondary LREE‐bearing minerals. In Japan it was found that REE mineralization occurs not in the weathered granitic crusts but in reworked clay sediments, especially kaolinite‐rich layers, derived mainly from the weathering materials of REE‐enriched granitic rocks. The clay sediments are more enriched in LREE, which likely adsorbed onto kaolinite. Concentration of heavy REE within almost all the weathered crusts and clay sediments, however, may reflect mainly residual REE‐bearing minerals such as zircon, which originated in the parent granitic rocks. The findings of the present study support the three processes for fractionation of the REE during weathering: (i) selective leaching of rocks containing both stable and unstable REE‐bearing minerals; (ii) adsorption onto clay minerals; and (iii) presence of possible secondary LREE‐bearing minerals.  相似文献   

11.
近年来,临沧花岗岩体风化壳内离子吸附型稀土(IREE)矿床的找矿勘查取得重要进展,岔河IREE矿床是该区新发现的中大型矿床之一,为IREE矿床成矿预测提供了研究实例.文章对岔河IREE矿床11个探矿工程风化剖面样品和1370件土壤地球化学样品的稀土元素,以及Ce异常分布、迁移及富集等表生地球化学特征和规律进行研究,结合前人研究成果总结出该区找矿模型,实施工程验证并取得了找矿发现.研究表明,风化花岗岩稀土元素配分模式与母岩相似,风化过程中REE发生淋滤、富集作用(全风化层富集程度最高),LREE和HREE发生了分异作用(LREE分异程度相对较高).在风化过程中,Ce异常与稀土元素氧化物总量(ΣREO)呈负相关,且Ce异常存在明显的分异作用,如风化剖面中黏土层Ce正异常(1.69)与全风化层上部Ce负异常(0.75)数值具有明显差异,为Ce异常用于IREE矿床成矿预测成为可能(见矿率达90％).该研究不仅能定位、定量的圈定IREE矿床成矿预测区,而且完善了IREE矿床找矿模型,具有重要的推广和应用价值.  相似文献   

12.
对国内外30个实例的汇总表明,所谓"广西型花岗岩"不具备张旗(2014)所认为的岩石学和地球动力学意义。富Sr和Yb的"广西型花岗岩"在岩性包含了中性岩、酸性岩和过碱性岩,绝大多数具有负Eu异常。从岩石组合(系列)方面看,"广西型花岗岩"是钙碱性系列、碱性系列与A型花岗岩的"混杂"。"广西型花岗岩"可以是基性岩浆分离结晶或分离结晶+混染(AFC)、壳源岩石部分熔融等多种成岩机制的产物,斜长石是结晶相或残留相。对不同源岩的失水熔融相图的比较分析表明,花岗岩类的全岩Sr、Yb含量不是指示花岗质岩浆起源压力的可靠指标,张旗提出的以"Sr-Yb"为基础的花岗岩分类没有地球动力学意义。  相似文献   

13.
鱼池岭超大型钼矿床主要工业矿体赋存于晚白垩世合峪花岗岩基中,其主要岩石为二长花岗岩和隐爆角砾岩。矿床充水主要为构造裂隙水,且矿坑涌水量小,不足以对矿床开采构成威胁。工程地质岩组以二长花岗岩和隐爆角砾岩为主,岩矿石在地表基本未风化。岩矿石为致密块状,构造裂隙不发育,充水较弱;岩矿石力学强度高、稳固性好,属坚硬岩类,工程地质复杂程度为简单-中等型。矿区地壳活动性差,地震不明显;地表水基本无污染,开发环境良好。矿床地处分水岭地带,地下水补给条件差,岩矿石稳固性好且风化弱,无软弱夹层。通过分析鱼池岭超大型钼矿床的主要开采技术条件,认为其有利于矿山开发。  相似文献   

14.
Ion-adsorption REE deposits associated with clay minerals are the main global HREE producer. The majority of these deposits are formed by the weathering of granites in South China, but whether there is any fundamental difference between the granites in and outside South China is still unclear. Besides, an effective evaluation system of granite mineralization potential is urgently needed for HREE exploration.To answer this question, we compiled a global granite geochemical dataset from within (n = 1932) and outside (n = 6109) South China, together with a dataset of representative REE deposits in South China (n = 128). The geochemical comparation shows that the South China granites share similar REE contents with those of many granites from places outside South China. Such similarity has also been found between REE ore-related and ore-barren granites in South China. This shows that granites from outside South China could also have ore-forming potential. Warm humid climate and quasi-equalized crustal state promote chemical weathering to continuously leach REEs and store them in the weathering crust. The enrichment ratio (Rx) can be used to quantify the climatic effect between orebodies and parent rocks. The calculated average Enrichment Ratios (Rx) of LREE- and HREE-rich deposits are 2.41 and 2.68, respectively. Sufficient REE content in granite is the prerequisite for mineralization, and we propose that the combination of the minimum REE + Y (172 and 108 ppm in LREE- and HREE-rich parent rocks, respectively) and REE oxide ratio (1.32) can reveal the granite metallogenic potential. Together with the suitable tropical and temperate climate area with ion-adsorption REE deposits, we further identified certain regions with high REE mineralization potential outside South China to assist future exploration.  相似文献   

15.
 The coastal aquifer system of southern Oahu, Hawaii, USA, consists of highly permeable volcanic aquifers overlain by weathered volcanic rocks and interbedded marine and terrestrial sediments of both high and low permeability. The weathered volcanic rocks and sediments are collectively known as caprock, because they impede the free discharge of groundwater from the underlying volcanic aquifers. A cross-sectional groundwater flow and transport model was used to evaluate the hydrogeologic controls on the regional flow system in southwestern Oahu. Controls considered were: (a) overall caprock hydraulic conductivity; and (b) stratigraphic variations of hydraulic conductivity in the caprock. Within the caprock, variations in hydraulic conductivity, caused by stratigraphy or discontinuities of the stratigraphic units, are a major control on the direction of groundwater flow and the distribution of water levels and salinity. Results of cross-sectional modeling confirm the general groundwater flow pattern that would be expected in a layered coastal system. Groundwater flow is: (a) predominantly upward in the low-permeability sedimentary units; and (b) predominantly horizontal in the high-permeability sedimentary units. Received, October 1996 Revised, August 1997 Accepted, September 1997  相似文献   

16.
锡田钨锡多金属矿田位于南岭成矿带中段,发育多期次岩浆活动与钨锡成矿. 为了厘清花岗岩与钨锡成矿的时空关系,采用野外调查、显微鉴定、锆石U-Pb同位素定年与岩石地球化学的方法对矿田内多期次花岗岩岩体（脉）的空间分布、岩石类型、成岩时代、地球化学组成等进行了研究. 结果表明,锡田矿田发生了三期岩浆事件,分别为加里东期（435~441 Ma）、印支期（220~230 Ma）、燕山期（141~160 Ma）;三期花岗岩普遍富集大离子亲石元素Rb、K、U、Th等,亏损Ti、P、Sr、Ba等微量元素,具明显的负Eu异常,其中加里东期花岗岩与印支期花岗岩为S型花岗岩,而燕山期花岗岩为A型花岗岩;不同时期花岗岩中的成矿元素从加里东期→印支期→燕山期逐渐升高,特别是W、Sn元素在燕山期白云母与二云母花岗岩中最为富集,这与华南地区燕山期钨锡大爆发的时间是一致的;印支期岩体接触带发育少量矽卡岩型Fe-Cu-W多金属矿床,燕山期岩体接触带也发育矽卡岩型W-Sn多金属矿床,并在附近陡倾的张裂隙中发育多个中大型石英脉型W-Sn矿床,而加里东期岩体附近尚未发现钨锡矿化. 因此,锡田矿田的多期次花岗岩与钨锡多金属成矿是时空耦合的,且成矿以燕山期矽卡岩型与石英脉型钨锡矿为主.   相似文献   

17.
近期的川西地区深层火山岩勘探成果表明该地区二叠系火山岩具有巨大勘探潜力,但目前以地震为主的勘探手段在精细刻画火山岩分布范围等方面尚存在困难,本研究尝试通过重磁方法为火山岩勘探提供更多有利证据。利用川西地区最新的重磁资料,结合现有地质认识分析川西地区重磁物性特征;根据不同模型的重磁正演模拟结果,总结川西地区深层火山岩重磁响应特征。通过实测重磁资料处理,分析研究区断裂分布特征和高磁异常分布规律。研究表明:(1)正演结果显示磁力异常对火山岩的反应敏感,重力异常对断裂构造反应明显,但对火山岩无明显反应;(2)磁力异常对火山岩的刻画能力较为突出,能够识别出厚度大于45 m的火山岩,但对于火山岩埋深、岩性变化的识别存在困难;(3)通过研究区重力异常解译出的断裂构造与研究区已知断裂构造吻合度较高,同时利用磁力异常刻画的火山岩分布情况与现有认识也具有可比性。重磁勘探在四川盆地火山岩勘探中具有重要作用,重力勘探可探明控制火山岩分布的深大断裂的发育情况,磁力勘探能够识别出火山岩平面分布特征,快速圈定有利靶区,进而为火山岩勘探提供有力的重磁依据。  相似文献   

18.
广州地区现有众多森林公园如火炉山、凤凰山、帽峰山森林公园,其中花岗岩广泛发育,是很好的地质遗迹,并且区域内花岗岩普遍发生了球状风化.通过对火炉山森林公园内花岗岩球状风化体的地质考察与分析,总结了一系列花岗岩球状风化的特征,简要阐述了球状风化体的形成机制,并认为它们是兼具科学和美学价值的地质景观,值得进一步保护和开发.  相似文献   

19.
以峡东地区南华纪、震旦纪和寒武纪标准地层泥岩、冰碛泥岩、砂岩、灰岩和白云质灰岩及对应的风化土壤为研究对象, 分析了地层风化成土过程中不同元素的迁移行为, 根据剖面样品的Sr-Nd同位素组成变化, 探讨了其同位素体系的封闭性特征与应用意义.结果表明: (1) 不同岩性基岩在成土过程中的蚀变强度有明显的差异, 在相似地表条件下, 碳酸岩风化剖面的风化程度高于泥质岩和砂岩; (2) 通过对比稳定高场强Ti元素在基岩和风化剖面中的含量变化, 计算出土壤样品在风化过程中体积相对基岩发生的改变量, 进而计算出不同岩性基岩在风化过程中微量元素的绝对含量变化以探讨这些元素的活动规律.结果表明, 灰岩和白云质灰岩的风化剖面元素含量变化明显, 而在泥质岩风化过程中大多数元素保持了相对稳定, 说明沉积岩风化过程中元素的活动性特征明显地受到了原岩矿物组成的制约.风化过程中, 不同性质的元素的活动性差异明显, 其中亲硫元素(Cu、Zn、Pb、Mo) 和大离子亲石元素(Rb、K、Sr、Ba) 在不同岩性的风化剖面中均表现出明显的元素含量变化, 而高场强元素(Zr、Hf、Nb、Ta) 含量则相对稳定; (3) 泥质岩风化形成的土壤层REE含量变化较小, 而碳酸岩风化土壤层REE含量发生了明显下降, 且其风化形成的土壤表现出LREE和HREE相对于MREE的富集.无论是碳酸岩或泥质岩风化形成的土壤, 均出现了明显的Eu负异常和Ce的正异常, 但在其原岩中这些异常并不存在或不明显; (4) 基岩与土壤剖面间Sr同位素组成和Rb/Sr比值存在明显差异, Rb-Sr同位素组成发生了明显的开放.所形成土壤层的Sr同位素组成受到2种因素的约束: 原岩性质和外来组成的Sr同位素比值.因此在总体上, 风化土壤的Sr同位素组成已不能代表基岩的Sr同位素组成; (5) 沉积岩风化过程中, 碳酸岩和泥质岩形成的风化土壤基本保持了原岩的Sm-Nd同位素组成特点, 由其组成所获得的Nd同位素亏损地幔模式年龄等能反映其原岩信息, 而近源沉积形成的砂岩和含砾冰碛泥岩所形成的土壤, 其Nd同位素组成则存在不同程度的改变.   相似文献   

20.
不整合空间结构与油气成藏综述   总被引：15，自引：5，他引：10  
不整合是由不整合面及其上、下岩石三部分组成,在空间上具有三层结构,即不整合面之上的岩石、不整合面之下的风化粘土层以及风化粘土层之下的半风化岩石。风化粘土层在上覆沉积物压实作用下岩性较致密,具有良好的封盖能力。不整合面之上的高孔渗岩石(主要为砂岩、砾岩)和不整合面之下裂隙、溶蚀孔洞发育的半风化岩石(主要为砂岩、砾岩、碳酸盐岩、火山岩及变质岩)既可作为油气运移通道,又可成为油气聚集的有效储层。由于构造部位、岩性等因素的影响,不整合空间结构复杂多变,导致不整合油气藏成藏规律复杂,因此,不整合空间结构研究对不整合油气藏勘探具有重要的指导意义。  相似文献   

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