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1.
陆汉城  葛晶晶  钟玮 《湖北气象》2010,29(2):105-110,147
从中尺度组织化深厚湿对流具有强烈的辐散风效应和强垂直运动的观测事实出发,评述了平衡流和非平衡流在对旋转风和辐散风的诊断分析中的作用和不足,介绍了准平衡流的原理、计算方法及其分别在台风暴雨和梅雨锋暴雨诊断研究中的应用。研究结果表明:准平衡流能真实反映涡散共存的大振幅垂直运动特征,暴雨区的垂直环流中有50%~70%归于准平衡流部分,准平衡流可以描述致洪暴雨过程中具有较长生命史组织化过程的深厚湿对流系统中垂直运动的主要部分,准平衡流场具有涡散运动共存的特征,准平衡流分析方法在中尺度深厚湿对流系统诊断研究中具有重要作用。  相似文献   

2.
陕西中西部地区一次暴雨过程的数值模拟研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
刘燕飞  隆霄  王晖 《高原气象》2015,34(2):378-388
利用多种观测资料和NCEP再分析资料,分析了2011年7月28-29日发生在陕西中西部地区的一次中尺度系统暴雨过程,运用WRF模式模拟研究了此次暴雨过程的中尺度系统环流特征及其发生、发展的动力和热力特征。结果表明,此次暴雨过程与高空槽的发展演变密切相关,低空切变线是暴雨过程产生的中尺度系统。暴雨区存在弱低空辐合与强高空辐散,正相对涡度与垂直上升运动明显;暴雨发生前对流有效位能(CAPE)明显增大,未来3 h降水区域位于850 h Pa切变线和CAPE高值区附近,强垂直运动触发CAPE的释放,使其在12 h内减少量达2200 J·kg-1,是形成此次暴雨的重要因素。暴雨发生、发展过程中,非线性平衡方程残差大值区与未来1 h降水区相对应,与质量场和动量场之间的调整有密切关系,大气运动的不平衡通过散度场的变化调节,在中尺度区域激发出辐合、辐散的快速增长,从而激发出暴雨天气,非线性平衡方程残差值是表征激发暴雨天气的重要动力因子。  相似文献   

3.
螺旋度及螺旋度方程的讨论   总被引:47,自引:1,他引:47  
陆慧娟  高守亭 《气象学报》2003,61(6):684-691
文中从无摩擦的运动方程出发 ,利用量纲分析的方法 ,导出简化了的螺旋度方程和不同方向上的螺旋度方程 ,并对影响它们变化的各因子进行了讨论。分析结果表明 ,除了Lilly在 1986年研究中强调的浮力效应外 ,压力梯度与涡度共同作用项和力管项对螺旋度的变化也有重要影响 ,甚至比浮力效应更大 ,且力管作用、水平压力梯度与水平涡度共同作用主要影响水平螺旋度 ,浮力效应、垂直压力梯度与垂直涡度共同作用主要影响垂直螺旋度 ;螺旋度的输送和大气的辐散、辐合对螺旋度变化的影响较弱 ;地转偏向力 (无论是在水平方向还是垂直方向 )的作用要在系统水平尺度较大时才能体现出来。水平和垂直方向上的螺旋度既相互区别在暴雨、强对流天气过程中表现出不同的作用 ,又相互联系。一方面 ,水平螺旋度更具预示性 ,对预报强风暴有指示意义 ,而垂直螺旋度更倾向为能反映系统的维持状况和系统发展、天气现象的剧烈程度的一个参数。另一方面 ,大的正水平螺旋度有助于垂直螺旋度的增长 ,而与垂直螺旋度对应的运动可能对水平螺旋度产生影响。将中尺度模式和螺旋度计算结合起来可能可以提高风暴路径和雨区的预报准确度。  相似文献   

4.
2009年河南一次大暴雨过程的涡度方程诊断分析   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
利用NCEP/NCAR再分析格点资料、常规气象资料及中尺度WRF模式,对2009年8月28—30日发生在河南南部的一次暴雨过程进行中尺度数值模拟及诊断分析。结果表明,WRF模式对此次暴雨过程模拟效果较好,模拟物理量能够较好地反映暴雨的实际特征,模拟暴雨强度及落区与实况较一致。高空槽、副热带高压、超低空东风急流及低层风切变是此次暴雨的主要影响系统。利用涡度方程对暴雨过程进行诊断分析发现,涡度方程各项收支中,涡度平流作用与辐合辐散作用对涡度局地变化的贡献最大,垂直输送项与扭转项对涡度局地变化的贡献较弱。涡度平流项对中低层涡度局地变化表现出正反馈作用,垂直输送项、扭转项及辐合辐散项起着负反馈作用。涡度平流作用使得中低层气旋武环流加强,有利于中低层辐合加强,局地涡度增加。垂直输送项、扭转项及辐合辐散项使得低层辐合减弱,气旋性涡度减小。此外,利用垂直螺旋度等模拟产品对暴雨诊断分析发现,暴雨落区与垂直螺旋度大值中心、水汽通量散度负值中心等相对应,此次暴雨正是在良好的动力、水汽及热力条件下产生的。  相似文献   

5.
利用NCEP/NCAR再分析格点资料、常规气象资料及中尺度WRF模式,对2009年8月28-30日发生在河南南部的一次暴雨过程进行中尺度数值模拟及诊断分析。结果表明,WRF模式对此次暴雨过程模拟效果较好,模拟物理量能够较好地反映暴雨的实际特征,模拟暴雨强度及落区与实况较一致。高空槽、副热带高压、超低空东风急流及低层风切变是此次暴雨的主要影响系统。利用涡度方程对暴雨过程进行诊断分析发现,涡度方程各项收支中,涡度平流作用与辐合辐散作用对涡度局地变化的贡献最大,垂直输送项与扭转项对涡度局地变化的贡献较弱。涡度平流项对中低层涡度局地变化表现出正反馈作用,垂直输送项、扭转项及辐合辐散项起着负反馈作用。涡度平流作用使得中低层气旋式环流加强,有利于中低层辐合加强,局地涡度增加。垂直输送项、扭转项及辐合辐散项使得低层辐合减弱,气旋性涡度减小。此外,利用垂直螺旋度等模拟产品对暴雨诊断分析发现,暴雨落区与垂直螺旋度大值中心、水汽通量散度负值中心等相对应,此次暴雨正是在良好的动力、水汽及热力条件下产生的。  相似文献   

6.
正压大气中尺度半平衡和准平衡动力学模式   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
赵强  刘式适 《大气科学》1999,23(5):559-570
应用描写正压大气运动的基本方程组,分析了中尺度大气运动的物理特征,指出非平衡强迫运动是引起中尺度重要天气演变的根本原因。中尺度动力学方程组是中尺度动力学理论研究的基础,因此,结合中尺度大气运动的基本特征,依据严格的尺度分析理论和摄动理论,简化基于流体力学和热力学的大气动力学方程组使之能够恰当地描述出中尺度运动的基本特征,对于中尺度动力学的发展是极为必要的。基于非线性平衡方程所得到的半平衡和准平衡动力学模式分别与半地转和准地转模式极为相似,它们可以较精确地描述中尺度大气运动的基本特征,因而,可作为中尺度动力学研究的理论基础。将准平衡动力学模式应用于中尺度涡旋系统的研究,结论表明中尺度平衡涡旋系统主要是受梯度风控制,其流场和气压场的发展演变则由一个演化方程来描写,获得了较为理想的结果。  相似文献   

7.
次天气尺度系统中的非地转运动和广义平衡模式   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1  
胡伯威 《气象学报》1997,55(3):271-284
研究了宏观准静力的次天气尺度系统中非地转运动的机理。较以往更具体地揭露了在全运动的时间尺度远大于惯性重力波的前提下,各类强迫因子与非地转运动的旋转分量及辐散分量的关系。并证明上述“慢变化”前提在各种常见情况甚至包括几类熟见的强系统情况下都能满足。除了众所周知,强的准二维系统可允许传统形式的Rossby数R0≡Uf0L≈○(1)以外,这里还证明水平尺度小但铅直方向深厚,并包容着强对流云群团的系统恰恰能容忍特别强的非绝热而保持慢变化。相应地,其中辐散运动可以只比旋转运动小“半个量级”。突破了迄今各类过滤模式对辐散运动的过严限制。在能满足慢演变的条件下,非地转高频波振幅总可被自然、及时地控制在可忽略的水平上,这表明慢演变与准平衡的一致性。按照严谨的尺度分析,在上述讨论的过程中顺势导出一个“广义平衡模式”。方程中含有强迫场的一阶时间导数项。虽然容许强非绝热和放宽对辐散风的限制,却能以最大限度(这个限度是固有的)的精确性描述滤除高频波的慢演变。这个模式必须屏弃“主导气流”与“次级气流”的区分,包含了一个辐散风倾向的诊断方程。此模式可能特别有助于加深夏季副热带潮湿地区次天气尺度强降水系统的机理诊断  相似文献   

8.
LAPS分析场在一次强对流天气过程尺度分析中的应用   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
利用LAPS(local analysis and prediction system)同化系统融合多种观测资料,对2010年8月25日发生在上海的一次强对流天气过程进行中尺度分析。结果表明,这次强对流天气主要是由中、低空中尺度辐合系统直接触发形成的。强对流形成阶段,地面有分散辐合形成并逐渐加强,成为触发中尺度垂直环流的主要机制,垂直结构上出现低层辐合高层辐散的有利配置,风暴中心附近出现明显的上升气流区,中高层相对湿度显著增加。成熟阶段,强对流云体中心附近的对流层底层开始出现下沉气流,上升气流在其拖曳作用下明显倾斜。衰减阶段,下沉气流加强使中尺度环流动力结构和水汽供应受到破坏,垂直结构上转为底层辐散高层辐合。因此,与天气尺度分析相比,基于LAPS的中尺度分析能更深刻地揭示中小尺度系统的三维结构和时空演变特征。  相似文献   

9.
利用T213资料和Grapes meso中尺度非静力模式对2006年9月20—21日发生在陕北中部黄河沿岸的一次强对流过程进行数值模拟与诊断分析。结果表明:在有利的天气尺度环流背景下,中-α尺度低涡产生的中-β尺度云团是本次强对流天气的直接影响系统。这次强对流天气的发展过程是由高层辐散激发正涡度发展,从而形成深厚的中尺度低涡环流,是一次比较特殊的河套低涡型强对流天气。高、低空急流耦合的不同方式决定了强对流天气表现形式的转变。强对流发生前,河套地区已聚集了大量不稳定能量并有能量锋配合。模式能够比较真实地再现中尺度系统的整个发展过程和强对流天气分布,分析结果可为中尺度强对流预报提供诊断依据。  相似文献   

10.
钟玮  张大林  陆汉城 《大气科学》2009,33(4):751-759
利用台风百合(2001)的高分辨率模式资料, 应用PV-ω反演方法, 在分析台风准平衡和非平衡垂直环流基本特征的基础上, 诊断研究了热力和动力强迫对台风深厚湿对流结构的影响, 结果指出: 准平衡流能够描述台风中具有较长生命史过程的中尺度对流系统的环流结构, 中层大振幅垂直运动主要由准平衡ω方程中凝结潜热释放的热力强迫所决定; 台风低层由动力辐合强迫产生的弱对流, 对眼墙区深厚湿对流的形成起到触发作用; 而高层动力强迫产生的下沉运动则削弱了凝结潜热项的影响, 抑制了垂直运动向高层伸展。非平衡垂直环流结构上呈现的短波振荡和快时间尺度调整的时空分布特征表明, 它是与重力快波频散过程相联系的非定常环流。分析台风中深厚湿对流形成的物理模型可知, 准平衡动力强迫引起的低层弱对流达到一定振幅, 则会引起中层水汽相变引起的凝结潜热反馈, 使得准平衡和非平衡流叠加形成了眼墙区上升运动的大值中心, 加上非平衡垂直环流对动量和热量起到的补偿和调整作用, 构成了台风内中尺度深厚湿对流的组织化过程。  相似文献   

11.
The static balance and the geostrophic balance are the common balances in meteorology.All the synoptic systems and most of the mesoscale systems satisfy the above two balances.However,due to the strong convection and non-geostrophic feature,many mesoscale systems usually present as static imbalance,and the quasi-geostrophic approximation is no longer attainable.This paper tried to find out a kind of balance that exists for mesoscale convective system.To do this,the concrete mathematics definitions for balance and imbalance equations were defined.Then,it is proposed that the new balance equation should include the divergence,vorticity,and vertical motion simultaneously,and the helicity equation was a good choice for the basis.Finally,the mesoscale balance and imbalance equations were constructed,as well as a new balance model that was based on the helicity,horizontal divergence,vertical vorticity,continuity,and thermal dynamic equations under same approximations.Moreover,the corresponding potential vorticity(PV)inversion technique was introduced.It was pointed out that by using the PV conservation and the potential temperature conservation,the flows of the mesoscale balance model can be deduced,and their comparison with the real fields would give the degree of the imbalance.  相似文献   

12.
A survey of unbalanced flow diagnostics and their application   总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9  
1.IntroductionImbalanceisdefinedintermsoftowhatextenttheflowdepartsfromabalancedstate.Despitetheapparentcomplexityofatmosphericmotions,thepressure(massfield)andvelocity(momentum)distributioncanberelatedbyrathersimpleapproximateforcebalances(sothatparcelaccelerationscanbeignored).Davisetal.(1996)pointedoutthattheunderlyingassumptionofbalanceddingnosticsisthatthenowevolvesinawayconsistentwiththerestrictionsimplicitwithinthediagnosticframework.ThesimplesttwobalancerelationsaregeostrOPhl'cbalance…  相似文献   

13.
风切变对中尺度对流系统强度和组织结构影响的数值试验   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
郑淋淋  孙建华 《大气科学》2016,40(2):324-340
采用我国实际观测的探空作为中尺度模式Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)的理想试验的背景场,分别改变整层、低层和中层的垂直风切变,研究其对中尺度对流系统强度和组织结构的影响。结果表明,改变整层垂直风切变对对流系统的强度和组织结构影响最显著,增加整层垂直风切变,对流强度增强且易组织成线状,减小整层垂直风切变,对流强度弱且呈分散状态。从垂直速度、水平风场、散度场和冷池的三维结构特征分析了其影响的机制:(1)风切变增加,上升气流与下沉气流的相互干扰减弱,有利于垂直速度的维持和增强;(2)垂直风切变增加造成水平涡度增加,扭转项的作用分别使上升和下沉运动得到加强;(3)垂直风切变增加,冷池强度和高度增加且集中在系统后部,使系统线状组织性增强。研究还发现,增加垂直风切变造成近地面大风和降水增强,且强降水出现在大风之后,这主要是因为在对流发展阶段上升运动与下沉运动互不干扰情况下,强下沉运动造成的近地面大风,而成熟阶段上升运动不断增强或维持造成雨水比湿不断增加形成强降水。  相似文献   

14.
The horizontal vorticity equation used in this study was obtained using the equations of motion in the pressure coordinate system without considering friction, to reveal its relationship with vertical shear. By diagnostically analyzing each term in the horizontal vorticity equation during a squall line process that occurred on 19 June 2010, we found that the non-thermal wind term had a negative contribution to the local change of upward movement in the low-level atmosphere, and that its impact changed gradually from negative to positive with altitude, which could influence upward movement in the mid- and upper-level atmosphere greatly. The contribution of upward vertical transport to vertical movement was the largest in the low-level atmosphere, but had negative contribution to the upper-level atmosphere. These features were most evident in the development stage of the squall line. Based on analysis of convection cells along a squall line, we found that in the process of cell development diabatic heating caused the subsidence of constant potential temperature surface and non- geostrophic motion, which then triggered strong convergence of horizontal acceleration in the mid-level atmosphere and divergence of horizontal acceleration in the upper-level atmosphere. These changes of horizontal wind field could cause a counterclockwise increment of the horizontal vorticity around the warm cell, which then generated an increase of upward movement. This was the main reason why the non-thermal wind term had the largest contribution to the strengthening of upward movement in the mid- and upper-level atmosphere. The vertical transport of large value of horizontal vorticity was the key to trigger convection in this squall line process.  相似文献   

15.
The present work provides a novel method for calculating vertical velocity based on continuity equations in a pressure coordinate system.The method overcomes the disadvantage of accumulation of calculating errors of horizontal divergence in current kinematics methods during the integration for calculating vertical velocity,and consequently avoids its subsequent correction.In addition,through modifications of the continuity equations,it shows that the vorticity of the vertical shear vector(VVSV) is proportional to-ω,the vertical velocity in p coordinates.Furthermore,if the change of ω in the horizontal direction is neglected,the vorticity of the horizontal vorticity vector is proportional to-ω.When ω is under a fluctuating state in the vertical direction,the updraft occurs when the vector of horizontal vorticity rotates counterclockwise;the downdraft occurs when rotating clockwise.The validation result indicates that the present method is generally better than the vertical velocity calculated by the ω equation using the wet Q-vector divergence as a forcing term,and the vertical velocity calculated by utilizing the kinematics method is followed by the O'Brien method for correction.The plus-minus sign of the vertical velocity obtained with this method is not correlated with the intensity of d BZ,but the absolute error increases when d BZ is =40.This method demonstrates that it is a good reflection of the direction of the vertical velocity.  相似文献   

16.
李立 《高原气象》1995,14(1):96-101
本文对天山山区及其邻近地区夏季降水过程的环境场特征、水热收支和涡度平衡做了诊断分析。结果表明,降水发生前的环境场有利于降水系统的发展。Q1,Q2和涡度平衡在降水发生前与降水期有一定的差异,降水期水热收支中起主作用的是水平平流项潜热和热基本上被冷平流所平衡;水汽的水平输送为降水的主要水汽来源,垂直输送也起一定的作用,涡度平衡中主要是水平平流累积的正涡度与散度项制造的负涡度相平衡,与副热带锋区上急流相  相似文献   

17.
In this paper, the adaptation process in low latitude atmosphere is discussed by means of a two-layer baroclinic model on the equator β plane, showing that the adaptation process in low latitude is mainly dominated by the internal inertial gravity waves. The initial ageostrophic energy is dispersed by the internal inertial gravity waves, and as a result, the geostrophic motion is obtained in zonal direction while the ageostro-phic motion maintains in meridional direction, which can be called semi-geostrophic balance in barotropic model as well as semi-thermal-wind balance in baroclinic model. The vertical motion is determined both by the distribution of the initial vertical motion and that of the initial vertical motion tendency, but it is unrelated to the initial potential vorticity. Finally, the motion tends to be horizontal. The discussion of the physical mechanism of the semi-thermal-wind balance in low latitude atmosphere shows that the achievement of the semi-thermal-wind balance is due to the adjustment between the stream field and the temperature field through the horizontal convergence and divergence which is related to the vertical motion excited by the internal inertial gravity waves. The terminal adaptation state obtained shows that the adaptation direction between the mean temperature field and the shear flow field is determined by the ratio of the scale of the initial ageostrophic disturbance to the scale of one character scale related to the baroclinic Rossby radius of deformation. The shear stream field adapts to the mean temperature field when the ratio is greater than 1, and the mean temperature field adapts to the shear stream field when the ratio is smaller than 1.  相似文献   

18.
A vorticity budget investigation is performed using the output data from a numerical simulation of a typical MCV (mesoscale convectively generated votex) case in South China. Results suggest that the divergence caused by convection in the low troposphere is the main producer of positive vorticity, while vertical vorticity transferred by the tilting term from the horizontal vorticity compensates the upward output of cyclonic vorticity. Scale analyses of the vorticity equation suggest that the advection of planetary vorticity can be neglected owing to the low latitude, which is different from the larger scale systems in high latitude areas. In addition, the distribution of relative vorticity tendency on pressure level is not uniform. A vortex will move along the vector from the negative to the positive vorticity tendency region. The mechanism of the phenomenon-that nearly all of the convectively ascending region is located southward/southeastward of the vortex center-is also discussed. Convergence with regard to latent heat release would be in favor of the spin-up of meso-vortex, however, the horizontal vorticity caused by windshear is tilted by vertical motion due to convection. Consequently, the negative and positive vorticity tendencies are located symmetrically about the convective center, which suggests that the vortex southward movement is dynamically driven by convection.  相似文献   

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