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1.
Terrain texture analysis is an important method of digital terrain analysis in quantitative geomorphological research and in the exploration of the spatial heterogeneity and autocorrelation of terrain features. However, a major issue often neglected in previous studies is the calculation unit of the terrain texture, that is, the stability analysis unit. As the test size increases, the derived terrain textures become increasingly similar so that their differences can be ignored. The test size of terrain texture is defined as the stability analysis unit. This study randomly selected 48 areas within the Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi in China as the study sites and used the gray level co-occurrence matrix to calculate the terrain texture. The stability analysis unit of the terrain texture was then extracted, and its spatial distribution pattern in the Loess Plateau was studiedusing spatial interpolation method. Four terrain texture metrics, i.e., homogeneity, energy, correlation, and contrast, were extracted on the basis of the stability analysis unit, and the spatial variation patterns of these parameters were studied. Results showed that the spatial distribution pattern and the terrain texture metrics reflected a trend of high–low–high from north to south, which correlated with the spatial distribution of the landforms at the Loess Plateau. In addition, the terrain texture measures was significantly correlated with the terrain factors of gully density and slope, and this relationship showed that terrain texture measures based on the stability analysis unit could reflect the basic characteristics of terrain morphology. The stability analysis unit provided a reasonable analytical scale for terrain texture analysis and could be used as a measure of the regional topography to accurately describe basic terrain characteristics. 相似文献
2.
Tang Guo＇an Ge Shanshan Li Fayuan Zhou Jieyu 《山地科学学报》2005,2(3):265-270
Introduction The Loess Plateau is located in the upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River, among the western Taihang Mt, eastern Riyue-Helan Mt, northern Qinling Mt, and southern Yinsan Mt (from 100°54′to 114°33′E and 33°43′to 41°31′N; Figure 1). It covers a total area of 624,000 km2. The Loess Plateau of China has drawnworldwide attention in geographical research for its unique morphological features, abundant nature resources, most serious soil erosion, as well as its pot… 相似文献
3.
基于DEM提取坡谱信息的不确定性 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
坡谱是黄土高原地学分析新方法、新思路的探索。本文基于坡谱不确定性的概念及其过程分布模型的论述,以陕北黄土高原国家1∶10000和1∶50000DEM数据为基本信息源,分析了坡谱不确定性的产生原因、主要影响因素与影响规律,阐述了坡谱提取与应用中应注意的主要问题,为正确应用坡谱进行地学分析提供重要依据。 相似文献
4.
坡谱信息熵尺度效应及空间分异 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
选取陕北黄土高原48个不同地貌类型区,以其对应的1∶10000及1∶50000数字高程模型(DEM)为数据源,运用比较分析与数理统计的方法,分析了坡谱信息熵在陕北黄土高原的空间分异特征及尺度效应。结果显示,坡谱的信息熵在一定程度上可以反映地表的复杂度,坡谱信息熵和沟壑密度间有较好的幂函数关系,随着坡谱信息熵的增大,样区沟壑密度也增大。坡谱信息熵的空间分异和陕北黄土高原的黄土地貌形态在空间上的变异是相关的,可将其作为地貌类型划分的判别因子之一。 相似文献
5.
黄土地貌类型的坡谱自动识别分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
地貌形态特征识别与分类,对生态环境、水文研究及地质构造分析等地学研究具有重要意义,已成为现代地貌学的一个研究热点。传统的统计模式识别方法精度较低,难以解决线性不可分的模式分类问题。人工方法虽然识别精度高,但因各人认知偏差导致的识别误差难以控制。人工神经网络作为一种动态信息处理系统,能有效解决线性不可分的地貌类型识别问题。坡谱是利用微观地形定量指标来反映宏观地形特征的有效方法,在地貌学研究中正受到广泛的关注。本文以陕北黄土高原8个不同地貌类型区的数字高程模型（DEM）为实验数据,以流域为分析单元,提取坡谱及其特征指标作为描述地形特征的定量因子,并通过BP神经网络的构建与学习,进行黄土地貌类型自动识别。实验结果表明,在8种地貌类型的样本数据中,第1次实验正确识别率平均值达70%;第2次和第3次实验中,去除相似度较高的峁状丘陵沟壑或峁梁状丘陵沟壑任一种地貌类型后,正确识别率平均提升为80%和85%。经Kappa系数验证,该方法能以DEM数据有效识别不同类型的黄土地貌。 相似文献
6.
利用DEM分析方法为起伏地形下太阳辐射模拟提供了条件。然而DEM的尺度效应对太阳辐射模拟产生很大的影响。本文以黄土丘陵和秦岭高山为实验样区,以一系列不同分辨率的DEM,模拟日、月及年总天文辐射,比较其误差大小及地形分析的差异。实验结果显示,随着DEM栅格分辨率的降低,天文辐射逐渐增大;当栅格分辨率大于地面相对高差时,模拟的天文辐射基本稳定,坡向、坡度等地形因子对辐射的再分配作用已不显著。黄土丘陵区,当DEM分辨率接近1000m时,天文辐射年总量的相对误差为22%,超过该区域一个冬季的天文辐射量。秦岭山区地表起伏大,误差较黄土丘陵地区小,最大相对误差为17.8%。总之,地表起伏越小,DEM栅格分辨率对太阳辐射模拟的影响越大。 相似文献
7.
The positive and negative terrains (P-N terrains) widely distributed across China’s Loess Plateau constitute the dual structure characteristic of loess landforms. Analysis of loess P-N terrains at the watershed scale can serve to elucidate the structural characteristics and spatial patterns of P-N terrains, which benefits a better understanding of watershed evolution and suitable scales for loess landform research. The Two-Term Local Quadrat Variance Analysis (TTLQV) is calculated as the average of the square of the difference between the block totals of all possible adjacent pairs of block size, which can be used to detect both the scale and the intensity of landscape patches (e.g., plant/animal communities and gully networks). In this study, we determined the latitudinal and longitudinal spatial scale of P-N terrain patterns within 104 uniformly distributed watersheds in our target soil and water conservation region. The results showed that TTLQV is very effective for examining the scale of P-N terrain patterns. There were apparently three types of P-N terrain pattern in latitudinal direction (i.e., Loess Tableland type, Loess Hill type, and Transitional Form between Sand and Loess type), whereas there were both lower and higher values for P-N terrain pattern scales in all loess landforms in the longitudinal direction. The P-N terrain pattern also clearly presented anisotropy, suggesting that gully networks in the main direction were well-developed while others were relatively undeveloped. In addition, the relationships between the first scales and controlling factors (i.e., gully density, nibble degree, watershed area, mean watershed slope, NDVI, precipitation, loess thickness, and loess landforms) revealed that the first scales are primarily controlled by watershed area and loess landforms. This may indicate that the current spatial pattern of P-N terrains is characterized by internal force. In selecting suitable study areas in China’ Loess Plateau, it is crucial to understand four control variables: the spatial scale of the P-N terrain pattern, the watershed area, the main direction of the watershed, and the loess landforms. 相似文献
8.
Soil moisture, a critical variable in the hydrologic cycle, is highly influenced by vegetation restoration type. However, the relationship between spatial variation of soil moisture, vegetation restoration type and slope length is controversial. Therefore, soil moisture across soil layers (0-400 cm depth) was measured before and after the rainy season in severe drought (2015) and normal hydrological year (2016) in three vegetation restoration areas (artificial forestland, natural forestland and grassland), on the hillslopes of the Caijiachuan Catchment in the Loess area, China. The results showed that artificial forestland had the lowest soil moisture and most severe water deficit in 100-200 cm soil layers. Water depletion was higher in artificial and natural forestlands than in natural grassland. Moreover, soil moisture in the shallow soil layers (0-100 cm) under the three vegetation restoration types did not significantly vary with slope length, but a significant increase with slope length was observed in deep soil layers (below 100 cm). In 2015, a severe drought hydrological year, higher water depletion was observed at lower slope positions under three vegetation restoration types due to higher transpiration and evapotranspiration and unlikely recharge from upslope runoff. However, in 2016, a normal hydrological year, there was lower water depletion, even infiltration recharge at lower slope positions, indicating receiving a large amount of water from upslope. Vegetation restoration type, precipitation, slope length and soil depth during a rainy season, in descending order of influence, had significant effects on soil moisture. Generally, natural grassland is more beneficial for vegetation restoration than natural and artificial forestlands, and the results can provide useful information for understanding hydrological processes and improving vegetation restoration practices on the Loess Plateau 相似文献
9.
Uncertainty of slope length derived from digital elevation models of the Loess Plateau,China 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Although many studies have investigated slope gradient uncertainty derived from Digital Elevation Models（DEMs）, the research concerning slope length uncertainty is far from mature. This discrepancy affects the availability and accuracy of soil erosion as well as hydrological modeling. This study investigates the formation and distribution of existing errors and uncertainties in slope length derivation based on 5-m resolution DEMs of the Loess Plateau in the middle of China. The slope length accuracy in three different landform areas is examined to analyse algorithm effects. The experiments indicate that the accuracy of the flat test area is lower than that of the rougher areas. The value from the specific contributing area（SCA） method is greater than the cumulative slope length（CSL）, and the differences between these two methods arise from the shape of the upslope area. The variation of mean slope length derived from various DEM resolutions and landforms. The slope length accuracy decreases with increasing grid size and terrain complexity at the six test sites. A regression model is built to express the relationship of mean slope length with DEM resolution less than 85 m and terrain complexity represented by gully density. The results support the understanding of the slope length accuracy, thereby aiding in the effective evaluation of the modeling effect of surface process. 相似文献
10.
基于DEM的黄土地貌逼近度因子构建及特征分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
沟谷源点作为沟沿线上最为活跃的部位,其分别到上游分水线、下游沟谷线的流线空间比对关系,是表征三线空间结构的重要突破口。它在空间上向流域分水线逼近的程度,是量化黄土流域地貌系统发育程度的重要切入点。为探究黄土地貌区流域沟谷源点向流域分水线逼近的程度,揭示黄土流域地貌发育进程及该进程所表现的主要侵蚀方式,本文从水平和垂直2个维度,构建量化三线空间结构关系的核心因子--逼近度(PI),其中包括水平逼近度(HPI)和垂直逼近度(VPI),基于5 m分辨率数字高程模型,在陕北黄土高原遴选了包含16种地貌类型的42个样区,利用数字地形分析方法,探讨其平均值(MHPI, MVPI)的空间分异规律。另外,选择其中南北序列分别代表黄土塬、残塬、梁状丘陵沟壑和峁状丘陵沟壑区的淳化、宜君、甘泉和绥德4个地区,完备包含一至五级别沟谷的典型流域为重点实验样区,探讨陕北黄土高原流域尺度平均逼近度变异指数(MPIV)序列性特征。实验结果表明:①陕北黄土高原平均逼近度(MPI)存在强烈的空间自相关,MHPI在南北序列上先增大后减小,东西方向上逐渐减小,在黄河沿岸峡谷丘陵区MHPI达到最大;MVPI由西南-东北先减小后增加,由西北-东南逐渐减小,在渭北黄土台塬区达到最小;②在流域尺度上,MPIV值的正负与黄土塬区、丘陵沟壑区敏感相关;③4个重点样区MHPI、MVPI与其它地形因子存在南北序列上的一致性。104个外部汇流区平均水平逼近度与平均坡度相关性较好(P=0.43, a<0.001),平均垂直逼近度与面积高程积分强烈相关(P=0.75, a<0.001)。平均逼近度指标综合考量了黄土高原地区最典型的三条具有结构控制意义特征线的空间关系,对黄土地貌的发育程度有明显的指示性意义。 相似文献
11.
黄土高原"千沟万壑"的地貌形态,在多尺度空间下表现出显著自相似性,具有"局部无规则,宏观有规律"的纹理特征.目前,黄土高原地形纹理的提取方法及应用已经得到初步发展,但依然缺乏在理论层面的框架体系.本文在已有学者研究成果的基础上,限定黄土高原为研究范围,明确提出黄土高原地形纹理的概念模型,即内涵、特征、分类及表达.将内涵... 相似文献
12.
Planation surface, a surface that is almost flat, is a kind of low-relief landforms. Planation surface is the consequence of the denudation and planation processes under a tectonic stable condition. The quantitative expression of the characteristics of planation surface plays a key role in reconstructing and describing the evolutionary process of landforms. In this study, Landform Planation Index (LPI), a new terrain derivative, was proposed to quantify the characteristics of planation surface. The LPIs were calculated based on the summit surfaces formed according to the clustering results of peaks. Ten typical areas in the Ordos Platform located in the central part of the Loess Plateau of China are chosen as the test areas for investigating their planation characteristics with the LPI. The experimental results indicate that the LPI can be effectively used to quantify the characteristics of planation surfaces. In addition, the LPI can be further used to depict the patterns of spatial differentiation in the Ordos Platform. Although the present Ordos Platform area is full of the high-density gullies, its planation characteristics is found to be well preserved. Furthermore, the characteristics of the planation surfaces can also reflect the original morphology of the Ordos Platform before the loess dusts deposition process evolved in this area. The statistical results of the LPI show that there is a gradually increasing tendency along with the increasing of slope gradient of summit surface. It indicates that the characteristics of planation surfaces vary among test areas with different landforms. These findings help to deepen the understanding of planation characteristics of the loess landform and its underlying paleotopography. Results of this study can be also served as an important theoretical reference value for revealing the evolutionary process of loess landform. 相似文献
13.
《山地科学学报》2020,17(1):1-15
Glacier recession is a globally occurring trend. Although a rich body of work has documented glacial response to climate warming, few studies have assessed vegetation cover change in recently deglaciated areas, especially using geospatial technologies. Here, vegetation change at two glacier forefronts in Glacier National Park, Montana, U.S.A.was quantified through remote sensing analysis,fieldwork validation, and statistical modeling.Specifically, we assessed the spatial and temporal patterns of landcover change at the two glacier forefronts in Glacier National Park and determined the role of selected biophysical terrain factors(elevation, slope, aspect, solar radiation, flow accumulation, topographic wetness index, and surficial geology) on vegetation change(from nonvegetated to vegetated cover) at the deglaciated areas.Landsat imagery of the study locations in 1991, 2003,and 2015 were classified and validated using visual interpretation. Model results revealed geographic differences in biophysical correlates of vegetation change between the study areas, suggesting that terrain variation is a key factor affecting spatialtemporal patterns of vegetation change. At Jackson Glacier forefront, increases in vegetation over some portion or all of the study period were negatively associated with elevation, slope angle, and consolidated bedrock. At Grinnell Glacier forefront,increases in vegetation associated negatively with elevation and positively with solar radiation.Integrated geospatial and field approaches to the study of vegetation change in recently deglaciated terrain are recommended to understand and monitor processes and patterns of ongoing habitat change in rapidly changing mountain environments. 相似文献
14.
采用分坡度、分NDVI（归一化差异植被指数）和分地类的C校正策略,对复杂地形山区Landsat TM影像进行地形校正,并运用视觉检验、回归分析和遥感分类精度将3种C校正策略的结果与传统的整体C校正进行对比,以探寻适合复杂地形山区的C校正策略。在此基础上,进一步探讨了地形校正对影像重采样尺度的响应。研究结果表明：与传统的整体C校正相比,采用分坡度、分NDVI和分地类的C校正策略能更好地消除原影像的凹凸感,减弱地形效应,且背阳面影像的过校正现象减少;各种C校正策略和整体C校正对Landsat TM影像不同波段的校正效果不一,其中,分地类的C校正策略对波段1、2、3和波段7的校正效果最好,分坡度的C校正策略对波段5的校正效果更佳,而整体C校正则对波段4的校正效果最好;虽然所有C校正均能有效地消除影像中的地形效应,但并未能提高影像分类精度;从不同重采样尺度C校正结果对比看,随着采样尺度增加,地形效应逐渐减弱,但并未完全消除,因此,中、低空间分辨率遥感影像的地形效应也不容忽视。 相似文献
15.
基于点云数据地表建模中,沟沿线既是点云去噪的重要分割线,又是黄土丘陵沟壑区最典型的地形特征线。因此,本文提出了面向点云数据的基于多尺度格网采样和坡度分割的沟沿线自动提取方法,即在适宜格网尺度采样的基础上构建地表模型,利用沟沿线周围坡度陡变的特性提取缓坡面与陡坡面的分界线,从而生成沟沿线。通过对8个样区反复实验,确定了各自的最佳格网尺度,并发现格网尺度随点密度的增大而迅速减小,而后趋近平稳的幂函数关系,同时随机选取了另外5个样区验证了该关系的适用性。最后,通过全域分块计算得到了该地区的完整沟沿线。相比于人工识别的沟沿线,本文方法提取沟沿线的精度在0.5 m缓冲范围内为85%,效果较好,且位置更为精确。产生差异的原因主要是面向点云数据的沟沿线有更多的细节,沟沿线曲率更大,造成了其长度明显大于手动提取结果。该方法有助于提高丘陵沟壑区点云数据去植被处理和地形表面重建精度。 相似文献
16.
高时空分辨率NDVI时序数据作为遥感应用中的重要数据源,对土地覆被动态变化监测具有重要意义,特别是在地表高程变化显著、气候条件复杂、景观异质性强烈的热带山区。虽然当前学者们提出了诸多时空数据融合模型,但针对这些模型在热带山区的NDVI数据融合精度及其影响因素分析尚不多见。对此,本文选取3类时空数据融合方法(权重函数法、概率统计法和多种混合法)中具有代表性的4个模型:STARFM(Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model)、RASTFM(Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model)、ESTARFM(Enhanced Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model)、BSFM(Bayesian Spatiotemporal Fusion Model)(STARFM、ESTARFM为权重函数法;BSFM为概率统计法;RASTFM为多种混合法),选择位于我国热带山区的纳板河流域作为研究区。对融合模型的... 相似文献
17.
基于遥感多特征组合的冰川及其相关地表类型信息提取 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
冰川作为青藏高原的一种典型的地表覆盖类型,在高寒地区广泛分布,往往因为地形复杂,无法实地测绘。本文利用高分辨率遥感影像和高精度的DEM,在分析各种冰川类别的光谱、形状、空间关系、地形和气候等环境分布特征的基础上,综合和发展了现有的特征描述算法,建立了描述各种冰川类别特征的组合提取模型,运用面向对象的自动提取方法,对西部测图区青藏高原试验区进行了冰雪影像自动识别试验。试验结果表明,该方法是可行的,它对难以实地测量的冰雪信息引进了遥感自动提取方法,为研究冰川消融和气候变化拓展了研究思路。 相似文献
18.
黄土高原边坡特征与破坏规律的分区研究 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
为了研究黄土高原自然边坡的特征及破坏规律,按山系与水系或水系的分水岭、地貌单元、地层岩性特征等条件,将黄土高原划分为8个区:临洮—永靖区、天水—通渭区、兰州—会宁区、陇东区、靖边—安塞区、隰县—离石区、甘泉—吉县区和汾渭区.根据极限状态边坡的4个野外判别标准,测量了8个区510个自然极限状态黄土边坡断面,分区采用指数模型回归边坡坡高与坡宽的相关关系,计算各区20、50、100m坡高的边坡稳定系数和失效概率.结果表明:黄土高原的边坡特征与破坏形式具有分区特征,且南北差异性明显.临洮—永靖区边坡坡高与坡宽呈线性关系,表明该区边坡坡度不随坡高变化,边坡稳定性受内摩擦角控制;兰州—会宁区和靖边—安塞区高坡陡,低坡缓,高坡不稳定,易发生错落式滑坡;天水—通渭区、甘泉—吉县区和汾渭区高坡缓,低坡陡,稳定性计算结果显示高坡和低坡都较为稳定,但由于地层结构和地貌的特点,高边坡易发生低速蠕变型滑坡或高速远程滑坡;陇东区边坡整体上较为稳定;隰县—离石区受黏粒含量较高的Q1地层控制,高边坡稳定性较差;50m左右坡高的黄土边坡稳定性对强度指标内聚力、内摩擦角的敏感度都高,易于失稳. 相似文献
19.
Spatial-temporal pattern and formation mechanism of county urbanization on the Chinese Loess Plateau
《山地科学学报》2021,(4)
Urbanization is a comprehensive and complex socioeconomic phenomenon that plays an influential role in promoting global socioeconomic development. The Loess Plateau region is an important part of the China's ecological security pattern, and occupies an important position in the implementation of China's new-type urbanization strategy and the realization of the urban dream. The characteristics of the staged changes and regional differentiation of urbanization in the area from 1990 to 2018 were studied with focus on regions and subregions by selecting 341 county-level administrative units on the Chinese Loess Plateau as the research area, and employing partition analysis and geographic detector methods. This revealed the formation mechanism of the spatial differentiation pattern of urbanization on the Loess Plateau. We found that the urbanization of the Loess Plateau,previously in a slow growth phase, entered the accelerated development phase, presenting a macro pattern of high rates of urbanization in central and eastern areas and low rates in western areas. The formation of the regional differentiation patterns of urbanization on the Loess Plateau were the combined results of natural geographical and socioeconomic factors. Among these factors, the interaction of any two factors had a stronger impact on regional urbanization patterns than a single factor, which was specifically manifested as nonlinear or bi-factor enhancement effects. The findings of this paper may provide a theoretical reference and scientific basis for the scientific promotion of healthy urbanization on the Chinese Loess Plateau and the ecologically fragile areas of developing countries around the world. 相似文献
20.
天文辐射是地表实际入射太阳辐射的基础背景,也是辐射计算、太阳能资源评估和农业生产潜力估算等方面的重要天文参量。本文基于分辨率为30 m的福建省数字高程模型,使用MATLAB软件提供的并行计算框架模拟了起伏地形下福建省天文辐射空间分布,定量地分析了坡度坡向对天文辐射分布的影响规律,同时探讨数字高程模型对天文辐射产生的空间尺度效应。结果表明：福建省年天文辐射量大部分处于10 000~13 000 MJ/m2,呈现东南沿海向中西部递减的分布特征;不同季节的天文辐射分布受纬度和坡度坡向的影响具有明显的差异性,呈现季节分布的不对称性;不同坡度和坡向对天文辐射的影响与福建省总体上西北高东南低地势特征相吻合,天文辐射量随坡度增大而减小,东、东南和南坡向是天文辐射分布较集中的区域,总体上呈现山脊多、山谷少、阳坡多、阴坡少的地域差异性;数字高程模型的空间尺度效应在起伏较大的福建中西部丘陵地貌表现更加明显,该区域的天文辐射对分辨率的变化更加敏感。 相似文献