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1.
Radiosonde data from Jodhpur, taken at 0530, 1730 and around 1100 hr IST during MONTBLEX 1990, reveal that the distribution of virtual potential temperature0 v below about 500 hPa has a structure characterized by up to three layers each of approximately constant gradient. We are thus led to introduce a characterization of the observed thermal structure through a sequence of the symbolsN, S andU, standing respectively for neutral, stable or unstable conditions in the different layers, beginning with the one closest to the ground. It is found that, of the 29 combinations possible, only the seven classes,S, SS′, SNS′, NS, NSS′, USS′ andUNS are observed, whereS′ stands for a stable layer with a different gradient of0 r. than in the layerS. It is also found that, in 90% of the launches at 0530 hr, 48% of the launches at 1730 hr and 69% of the launches around 1100 hr, the first radiosonde layer near the ground is stable; the classical mixed layer was found in only 11 % of the data set analysed, and, if present on other occasions, must have been less than 250 m in height, the first level at which radiosonde data are available. Supplementing the above data, sodar echograms, available during 82% of the time between June and August 1990, suggest a stable layer up to a few tens of metres 48% of the time. A comparative study of the radiosonde data at Ranchi shows that the frequent prevalence of stability near the surface at Jodhpur cannot be attributed entirely to the large scale subsidence known to be characteristic of the Rajasthan area. Further, data at Jodhpur reveal a weak low level jet at heights generally ranging from 400 to 900 m with wind speeds of 6 to 15 m/s. Based on these results, it is conjectured that the lowest layers in the atmosphere during the monsoons, especially with heavy clouding or rain, may frequently be closer to the classical nocturnal boundary layer than to the standard convective mixed layer, although often with shallow plumes that penetrate such a stable layer during daytime.  相似文献   

2.
A co-ordinated project Monsoon Trough Boundary Layer Experiment (MONTBLEX) to study the atmospheric boundary layer in the monsoon trough region was taken up during 1990. 30-m high instrumented towers were erected at Kharagpur, Banaras, Delhi and Jodhpur. Sophisticated equipment like Doppler sodar and Kytoon were used at Kharagpur. Sodars were exposed at Calcutta, Delhi and Jodhpur. ORVSagarkanya cruises were arranged in the Bay of Bengal. The India Meteorological Department set up new surface and radiation observatories and released special radio-sonde, pilot balloons. Using the above mentioned platforms, data were collected during April - September 1990 and after proper editing the entire data were archived at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune. The DST-MONTBLEX data bank was started at IITM on 25th November 1991. The paper contains the details of this data.  相似文献   

3.
Doppler sodar wind data for the boundary layer over Kharagpur obtained during MONTBLEX-1990 at a height interval of 30 m from surface up to 1500 m have been analysed for the periods when intense synoptic scale disturbances from north Bay of Bengal moved along the eastern end of the monsoon trough. The variation in the vertical wind profile in the lower boundary layer over Kharagpur during the passage of synoptic scale disturbances has been discussed in the paper. The analysis indicates that the mean winds over Kharagpur veered with height in the lower boundary layer near the surface suggesting divergence over Kharagpur when the system lay south/southwest of the station. No such veering has been noticed when the centre of the system lay very close to the station.  相似文献   

4.
The Monsoon Trough Boundary Layer Experiment held in 1990 was a multi-institutional effort to probe the atmospheric boundary layer over the monsoon trough over northern India. For this experiment, four micrometeorological towers were set up at four different locations along the normal position of the trough. One such tower of 30m height was located at Jodhpur (26‡18′N, 73‡04′E), Rajasthan. The fast and slow response data available during the experiment have been used in the present study to determine a suitable layer-structure of the surface layer for evaluation of sensible heat flux using the multilayer hypothesis of Kramm (1989).  相似文献   

5.
In this paper, acoustic sounder (sodar) derived vertical velocity variance (σ w 2 ) and inversion height (Z i) are used to compute the surface heat flux during the convective activity in the morning hours. The surface heat flux computed by these methods is found to be of the same order of magnitude as that obtained from tower measurements. Inversion heights derived from sodar reflectivity profiles averaged for an hour are compared with those obtained from the σ w 2 /Z profile. Variation of σ w 2 in the mixed layer is discussed. The data were collected during the Monsoon Trough Boundary Layer Experiment 1990 at Kharagpur. The analysis is made for four days which represent the pre-monsoon, onset, active and relatively weak phases of the summer monsoon 1990. The interaction of the ABL with the monsoon activity is studied in terms of the variation of inversion height, vertical velocity variance and surface heat flux as monsoon progresses from June to August.  相似文献   

6.
Micro-meteorological tower observations of MONTBLEX (Monsoon Trough Boundary Layer Experiment)-1990, combined with routine surface observations at Jodhpur in the dry convective sector of Indian summer monsoon trough are used to examine the interrelationship between total cloud cover (TCC) and surface sensible heat flux (SHF) during the summer monsoon of 1990. A significant inverse relationship between TCC and SHF is found during various Intensive Observation Periods of the experiment. This relationship holds for the various methods of estimation of SHF.  相似文献   

7.
Thunderstorms are of much importance in tropics, as this region is considered to have central role in the convective overturn of the atmosphere and play an important role in rainfall activity. It is well known that El Niño and La Niña are well associated with significant climate anomalies at many places around the globe. Therefore, an attempt is made in this study to analyze variability in thunderstorm days and rainfall activity over Indian region and its association with El Niño and La Niña using data of thunderstorm day’s for 64 stations well distributed all over India for the period 1981–2005 (25 years). It is seen that thunderstorm activity is higher and much variable during pre-monsoon (MAM) and southwest monsoon (JJAS) than the rest of the year. Positive correlation coefficients (CCs) are seen between thunderstorms and rainfall except for the month of June during which the onset of the southwest monsoon sets over the country. CCs during winter months are highly correlated. Composite anomalies in thunderstorms during El Niño and La Niña years suggest that ENSO conditions altered the patterns of thunderstorm activity over the country. Positive anomalies are seen during pre-monsoon (MAM) and southwest monsoon months (JAS) during La Niña years. Opposite features are seen in southwest monsoon during El Niño periods, but El Niño favors thunderstorm activity during pre-monsoon months. There is a clear contrast between the role of ENSO during southwest monsoon and post-monsoon on thunderstorm activity over the country. Time series of thunderstorms and precipitation show strong association with similarities in their year-to-year variation over the country.  相似文献   

8.
Summer monsoon rainfall was simulated by a global 20 km-mesh atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM), focusing on the changes in the summer monsoon rainfall of Bangladesh. Calibration and validation of AGCM were performed over Bangladesh for generating summer monsoon rainfall scenarios. The model-produced summer monsoon rainfall was calibrated with a ground-based observational data in Bangladesh during the period 1979–2003. The TRMM 3B43 V6 data are also used for understanding the model performance. The AGCM output obtained through validation process made it confident to be used for near future and future summer monsoon rainfall projection in Bangladesh. In the present-day (1979–2003) climate simulations, the high-resolution AGCM produces the summer monsoon rainfall better as a spatial distribution over SAARC region in comparison with TRMM but magnitude may be different. Summer monsoon rainfall projection for Bangladesh was experimentally obtained for near future and future during the period 2015–2034 and 2075–2099, respectively. This work reveals that summer monsoon rainfall simulated by a high-resolution AGCM is not directly applicable to application purpose. However, acceptable performance was obtained in estimating summer monsoon rainfall over Bangladesh after calibration and validation. This study predicts that in near future, summer monsoon rainfall on an average may decrease about ?0.5 % during the period 2015–2034 and future summer monsoon rainfall may increase about 0.4 % during the period 2075–2099.  相似文献   

9.
Having recognized that it is the tropospheric temperature (TT) gradient rather than the land–ocean surface temperature gradient that drives the Indian monsoon, a new mechanism of El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) monsoon teleconnection has been unveiled in which the ENSO influences the Indian monsoon by modifying the TT gradient over the region. Here we show that equatorial Pacific coralline oxygen isotopes reflect TT gradient variability over the Indian monsoon region and are strongly correlated to monsoon precipitation as well as to the length of the rainy season. Using these relationships we have been able to reconstruct past Indian monsoon rainfall variability of the first half of the 20th century in agreement with the instrumental record. Additionally, an older coral oxygen isotope record has been used to reconstruct seasonally resolved summer monsoon rainfall variability of the latter half of the 17th century, indicating that the average annual rainfall during this period was similar to that during the 20th century. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

10.
Entrainment rate refers to the ratio of surrounding air quality to air quality involved in rising unit distance, including turbulent entrainment and dynamic entrainment, which are applied to the boundary layer parametrization of convective clouds, the improvement of numerical model, the observation of cloud droplet spectral dispersion and the study of tropical cyclones.Based on the daily data at 07:00 and 19:00 every 10 m of five stations such as Minqin, Yuchong, Pingliang, Yinchuan and Yan'an from May to September during 2006-2016, combined with the daily observation data on the ground, the Entrainment Rates(ER) of different heights were calculated, and the relationships between ER and height in different regions, precipitation as well as monsoon during the monsoon period were further obtained. The main results were as follows:① The ER was proportional to air temperature and saturated water vapor pressure, but inversely proportional to relative humidity. The relative humidity threshold of cloud was 65%. The higher the relative humidity threshold was, the lower the cloud height of different orders of precipitation was, and the cloud height was higher with the increase of rainfall. ②ER had obvious diurnal changes and regional differences: It was obviously smaller at 07:00 than at 19:00 from ground to 3 km, which weakened with the increase of height in the near surface , but strengthened with the increase of height above 500 m; From small to large, the monsoon affected area, the monsoon swing area and the non-monsoon area were in turn, and there was no regional difference above 3 km. ③ ER was closely related to the intensity and property of precipitation in monsoon period. The ER weakened with the enhancement of rain intensity from near ground to below 600 m, but strengthened with the enhancement of rain intensity from 500 m to 2~3 km.From near ground to below 700 m, the ER of stable precipitation was strong, but that of convective precipitation was strong above 700 m. The convective precipitation had big saturated water vapor pressure and strong ER , while the stable precipitation had big saturated water vapor density, rich water vapor but weak ER. ④The relationship between ER and monsoon as well as its duration: From no monsoon to monsoon ER was weakened, the strongest maximum height was also decreasing. There was no significant difference in the duration of ER between the non-monsoon area and the monsoon affected area, but the longer the monsoon swing area lasted in the near ground layer, the smaller the ER was, while the opposite was at 1~2 km in the high altitude. ⑤The relationship between ER and the APO monsoon intensity index showed that: At 07:00, the ER strengthened with height from near ground to below 800 m, but weakened with height above 800 m,and the monsoon intensity was not related to the ER. At 19:00, the ER strengthened with the height near ground but weakened with the height above 300 m, and the stronger the monsoon was, the smaller the ER was. The ER weakened with the decrease of boundary layer height.  相似文献   

11.
Three years after the oil spillage and pipeline explosion that claimed about 100 human lives at Ijegun Community of Lagos–Nigeria, a combination of carefully designed 2D Electrical Resistivity Profilling and Vertical Electrical Sounding methods was deployed to map and characterise the subsurface around the contaminated site. Data acquired were processed, forward modelled and tomographically inverted to obtain the multi-dimensional resistivity distribution of subsurface. The results of the study revealed high resistivity structures that indocate the presence of contaminant (oil plumes) of different sizes and shapes around the oil leakage site. These high resistivity structures are absent in the tomograms and resistivity-depth slices computed for Iyana—a linear settlement not affected by oil spillage. The five geo-electric layers and the resistivities delineated in the area are the top soil layer, 220–670 Ωm; clayey sand layer, 300–1072 Ωm; top sand layer, 120–328 Ωm; mudstone/shale layer, 25–116 Ωm and the bottom sand layer, 15–69 Ωm. The base of the first four geo-electric layers corresponds to 3.9, 8.4, 27.2 and 34.6 m respectively. The two groundwater aquifers delineated correspond to the third and fifth geo-electric layers. The top aquifer has been infiltrated by oil plumes. The depth penetrated by the oil plume decreases from 32 m to about 24 m across the survey profiles from the two ends. It was concluded that the contaminant plumes from the oil spillage are yet to be completely degraded as at the time of the study. It is recommended that the contaminated site be remediated to remove or reduce the contaminant oil in the subsurface.  相似文献   

12.
陈甦  孙毅  沈剑林  岳红  张毅  陈国兴 《岩土力学》2007,28(11):2465-2470
根据某高层建筑柱下独立承台桩基础的桩与承台荷载分担的实测资料,分析了桩基础桩与承台荷载分担、桩顶反力分布、桩间土反力分布等特性。桩与承台可以共同承担上部荷载,桩与承台底地基土分别承担总荷载的80 %与20 %左右;承台底地基土与桩的荷载分担比值,在工程初期变化起伏较大,随着主体完工后逐渐趋于稳定;中桩桩顶反力值小于边桩和角桩桩顶反力值;桩顶反力与承台底土反力沿承台两边基本呈马鞍形分布,实测结果为高层建筑柱下独立承台桩基础的设计计算提供有益的参考依据。  相似文献   

13.
Thermochemical plumes develop at the core-mantle boundary in the presence of a heat flow from the outer core and at local chemical doping that decreases the melting temperature near the bottom of the lower mantle (this dope triggers the melting of the mantle material and the ascent of the plume). The paper presents evaluations for the heat power of the Hawaiian and Iceland plumes and the results of the experimental modeling of a thermochemical plume. The diameter of a plume conduit was determined to remain virtually unchanging in the course of plume ascent. When the top of a plume reaches a “refractory” layer, whose melting temperature is higher than the melt temperature in the plume conduit, a mushroom-shaped head of the plume develops beneath the bottom of this layer. The analysis of geological and geophysical data and the results of experimental modeling are used to develop a thermal physical model for a thermochemical plume. The balance relations for the mass and thermal energy and systematic tendencies in the heat and mass transfer during free convection were utilized to derive a system of equations for the heat and mass transfer of a thermochemical plume. Parameters were determined for a thermochemical plume ascending from the core-mantle boundary. Geodynamic processes are considered that occur during the ascent of a plume before it reaches the surface. The effect of the P-T conditions on the shape and size of a plume roof is analyzed, and a model is proposed for mass transfer between a thermochemical plume and the lithosphere, when the plume reaches the bottom of a “refractory” layer in the lithosphere.  相似文献   

14.
Surface meteorological parameters acquired during the field phase experiment, BOBMEX-99, for the stationary periods (SP I and II) of the ship ORV Sagar Kanya over Bay of Bengal have been analysed. Active and weak monsoon conditions were observed during the first and the second phase of the experiment respectively over India as well as over the stationary ship location. The phase mean sea surface temperature (SST) is found to be the same in both the phases, however large differences have been observed in the phase mean values of wind speed, mean sea level pressure, latent heat and momentum fluxes at air-sea interface. Synoptic scale monsoon disturbances formed only during the period of strong north-south pressure gradient over the Bay region. Events of prominent fall in SST and in the upper 15 m ocean layer mean temperature and salinity values during typical rainfall events are cited. The impact of monsoon disturbances on ocean-atmosphere interface transfer processes has been investigated.  相似文献   

15.
A daily rainfall dataset and the corresponding rainfall maps have been produced by objective analysis of rainfall data. The satellite estimate of rainfall and the raingauge values are merged to form the final analysis. Associated with epochs of monsoon these rainfall maps are able to show the rainfall activities over India and the Bay of Bengal region during the BOBMEX period. The intra-seasonal variations of rainfall during BOBMEX are also seen using these data. This dataset over the oceanic region compares well with other available popular datasets like GPCP and CMAP. Over land this dataset brings out the features of monsoon in more detail due to the availability of more local raingauge stations.  相似文献   

16.
利用稳定同位素大气水平衡模式(i AWBM)模拟了季风区长沙站大气水汽和降水中δ18O的时间变化,并与实际监测结果进行比较,其目的在于检验i AWBM在模拟季风区大气中水稳定同位素循环方面的能力,揭示影响水稳定同位素变化的主要原因,改善对季风区水循环中稳定同位素效应的理解和认识.模拟结果很好地再现了长沙降水中δ18O的季节变化,季风区降水中稳定同位素雨季被贫化旱季被富集的基本特点以及存在的显著降水量效应均被模拟出.在2010年1月-2012年12月,模拟的冬季风盛行期间的加权平均δ18O为-6.58‰,与该时段的实际监测值相当;模拟的夏季风盛行期间的加权平均δ18O为-9.58‰,低于该时段的实际监测值.i AWBM主要利用大气的可降水量、水汽通量、蒸发量和降水量4个驱动变量来模拟水稳定同位素的循环.其中,可降水量对水稳定同位素变化的贡献被包含在其他3个驱动变量中.水汽通量对水汽同位素变化的贡献具有富集和贫化的双重作用,蒸发量和降水量对水汽同位素变化的贡献分别具有富集和贫化的作用.在对水汽同位素起富集作用的两个因子中,水汽通量的平均同位素贡献为1.66‰,贡献率为63.97%;蒸发量的平均同位素贡献为0.91‰,贡献率为36.03%,水汽通量的同位素贡献起主要作用.在对水汽同位素起贫化作用的两个因子中,水汽通量的平均同位素贡献为-1.40‰,贡献率为53.47%;降水量的平均同位素贡献为-1.09‰,贡献率为46.53%,水汽通量和降水量的同位素贡献大致相当.  相似文献   

17.
The satellite-derived moisture fields during different phases of two normal and poor monsoon years have been studied. Spectral analysis was performed in different zones of the monsoon region to study the nature and modes of intraseasonal fluctuations of lower layer moisture fields. Seasonal mean fields of water vapour at low and middle layers show a dry anomaly over the Arabian subcontinent and a wet anomaly over the Bay of Bengal during good monsoon years, while the anomalies show an opposite trend during the poor monsoon years. The zonal and meridional propagation of low-frequency oscillations of moisture fields has also been examined. The southward movement of low-frequency oscillations seems to be suppressed in good monsoon years as compared to the poor monsoon years, whereas the northward movement of the same shows no particular difference. Fluctuations in the 30–50 day range are found shifted to longer time-period side in the poor monsoon years.  相似文献   

18.
The impact of different land-surface parameterisation schemes for the simulation of monsoon circulation during a normal monsoon year over India has been analysed. For this purpose, three land-surface parameterisation schemes, the NoaH, the Multi-layer soil model and the Pleim-Xiu were tested using the latest version of the regional model (MM5) of the Pennsylvania State University (PSU)/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) over the Indian summer monsoon region. With respect to different land-surface parameterisation schemes, latent and sensible heat fluxes and rainfall were estimated over the Indian region. The sensitivity of some monsoon features, such as Somali jet, tropical easterly jet and mean sea level pressure, is discussed. Although some features of the Indian summer monsoon, such as wind and mean sea level pressure, were fairly well-simulated by all three schemes, many differences were seen in the simulation of the typical characteristics of the Indian summer monsoon. It was noticed from the results that the features of the Indian summer monsoon, such as strength of the low-level westerly jet, the cross-equatorial flow and the tropical easterly jet were better simulated by NoaH compared with verification analysis than other land-surface schemes. It was also observed that the distribution of precipitation over India during the peak period of monsoon (July) was better represented with the use of the NoaH scheme than by other schemes.
U. C. MohantyEmail:
  相似文献   

19.
Monex-79 andISMEX-73 data have been analysed to study the sub-seasonal scale fluctuation of near equatorial oceanic intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) over the North Indian ocean during the summer monsoon of 1979 and 1973. The oceanicITCZ is characterised by a narrow shear zone between the equatorial westerlies and the tropical easterlies, associated with organised convective clouds. Synoptic analysis presented in this paper shows the steady northward propagation of the oceanicITCZ from its near equatorial position (5–10°N) to the continental position (20–25°N) during the onset and mid-season revivals of monsoon after breaks. The northward propagation is initiated by the strengthening of the equatorial westerlies which result in the intensification of the shear zone and the embedded disturbances. The establishment of the northward propagating mode near normal monsoon trough position over the continent characterises the active phase of monsoon. As the monsoon cycles from active to weak/break phase, the monsoon trough (continentalITCZ) dissipates near the foothills of the Himalayas and the oceanicITCZ gets emphasised once again near the equatorial region. The major phase changes in theITCZ occur at an interval of about 30–50 days which dominantly control the intra-seasonal fluctuation of the Indian summer monsoon. The paper also discusses the characteristic features of the oceanicITCZ during different phases of the monsoon.  相似文献   

20.
对郧县—白河段汉江Ⅰ级河流阶地上风成黄土的沉积学、理化性质、地球化学和年代学进行了系统研究。结果表明,汉江Ⅰ河流阶的形成不晚于25 ka BP;黄土具有马兰黄土(L1)→过渡黄土(Lt)→古土壤(S0)→全新世黄土(L0)→表土(TS)的地层序列,与渭河谷地的黄土地层序列完全可比;25~11.5 ka BP,冬季风强盛,气候冷干,从11.5 ka BP开始,冬季风逐渐减弱,气候开始向暖湿方向逐步转化,从8.5 ka BP开始,夏季风达到了末次冰期结束后的鼎盛时期,3.1 ka BP前后,东亚季风格局发生变化,夏季风减弱,重新进入一个相对干冷的时期,而人类活动对地表的影响形成了表土;汉江上游谷地黄土记录的末次冰期后季风逐渐加强、中全新世季风强盛、随后季风衰退和气候变干的夏季风演变模式与渭河谷地黄土的记录高度一致,与邻区石笋和泥炭记录的季风变化趋势也有良好的可比性,但与石笋/泥炭记录的夏季风强盛期的起始时间(9.3~4.2 ka BP)并不完全一致。  相似文献   

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