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1.
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2.
Taipingxi, Yichang, Hubei province, China, is situated on the left of the Three-Gorges Dam of the Yangtze River. The bedrock is granite. Yhe Three-Gorges Project began to sluice in June, 2004. The contents of magnesium, aluminum and fluoride in rock and s…  相似文献   

3.
K2NbOF5 · H2O and K2TaF7 were prepared through melting Nb2O5 and Ta2O5 respectively with KHF2 · 2H2O, followed by recrystallizing. The hydrolysis properties of K2NbOF5 and K2TaF7 were determined again by using a rapidly quench vessel. As temperature (from 250 to 550 °C) and pressure (from 500 to 1500 bars) increase, the degree of hydrolysis of both K2NbOF5 and K2TaF7 will increase. Nb- and Ta-fluorine complex compounds are instable in supercritical aqueous fluids. The degree of hydrolysis of both K2NbOF5 and K2TaF7 decreases with increasing concentration of HF, independent of the concentration of NaF. The partition coefficients of Nb and Ta between granitic melt and fluid phase are less than 0.15, i.e., most of Nb and Ta are left in granitic melt. The partition coefficient of Ta is more dependent on the concentration of HF than that of Nb. The significance of hydrolysis in Nb- and Ta- mineralization is also discussed in the present paper.  相似文献   

4.
《Chemical Geology》1999,153(1-4):187-209
This paper describes a model for barite and celestite solubilities in the Na–K–Ca–Mg–Ba–Sr–Cl–SO4–H2O system to 200°C and to 1 kbar. It is based on Pitzer's ion interaction model for the thermodynamic properties of the aqueous phase and on values of the solubility products of the solids revised in this work. It is shown how barite and celestite solubilities in electrolyte solutions can be accurately predicted as a function of temperature and pressure from previously determined Pitzer's parameters. The equilibrium constant for the BaSO4(aq) ion pair dissociation reaction is calculated from recently reported barite solubility in Na2SO4 solutions from 0 to 80°C. Pressure corrections are evaluated through partial molal volume calculations and are partially validated by comparing model predictions to measured barite and celestite solubilities in pure water to 1 kbar and in NaCl solutions to 500 bars. The model is then used to investigate the tendency of ion pairing of Ca, Sr and Ba with sulfate in seawater. Finally, the activity coefficient of aqueous barium sulfate in seawater is calculated for temperature, pressure and salinity values found in the ocean and compared to published values.  相似文献   

5.
The abundance distributions of more than 40 elements in the No. 502 Ordovician-Silurian (O/S) bounda-ry section at Fenxiang, Yichang have been studied by RNAA and INAA. The results show that in the bounda-ry bed, there is a distinctive Ir anomaly because the Ir concentration abruptly increases to 0.64 ppb.Furthermore, the Ir is positively correlated in abundance variation with some siderophile and sulphophile ele-ments. In the same bed of the O/S boundary section at Huanghuachang, Yichang, there is also a δ~(13)C excur-sion. These geochemical signs support the hypothesis that the terminal Ordovician mass extinction was proba-bly related to extraterrestrial event, and provide new evidence for defining the O/S boundary between theHirnantia-Kinnella and G. persculptus Zones.  相似文献   

6.
Metals, including heavy metals and metalloids, are a common group of environmental contaminants. Their sources in the environment are geogenic or anthropogenic. The growing trend in global industrialization ensures that more metals could be dispersed even in pristine ecosystems. To fuel industrialization, more metal ore mines have to be discovered and explored. These explorations often result in landscape disturbance, soil degradation and environmental contamination by unwanted mining constituents. Mine tailings brought up to the ground surface often serve as the main source of contaminants when these pyrite-rich materials oxidize. The oxidation of mine tailings results in proton generation, coupled with the dissolution of metals and other cations Unwanted anionic constituents are also produced. The so-called ＂acid mine drainage＂ may affect the productivity of farmlands and stability of receiving streams and other bodies of water-acidifying the waters and enriching the ecosystem with metals, i.e., high total dissolved solids. The acidified overburden materials become inhospitable to plant and microbial life as they are typically low in organic matter content and infertile. This exposes the landscape to runoff and erosion.  相似文献   

7.
Metals, including heavy metals and metalloids, are a common group of environmental contaminants. Their sources in the environment are geogenic or anthropogenic. The growing trend in global industrialization ensures that more metals could be dispersed even…  相似文献   

8.
ThenewlycompiledGeologicalMapofAsiaandEurope(1.5000000)wasoneoftheimportantmapsoftheMinistryofGeologyandMineralResources(MGMR)ofChinaforsubmittingtothe30thInternationalGeologicalCongress.ItwascompiledbytheinstituteofGeology,CAGS.ThemapincludesthewholeAsianandEuropeanterritories,covering50.71millionkm~2,withalengthof3.5mand2.5minwidth.Themainresearchresultsandgreatprogressshownonthemapareasbelow.1.Thegeographicalmap,basedonwhichthegeologicalmapwascompiled,hashighprecisioninmathematics…  相似文献   

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10.
Mineral dust is a major component of the global aerosol, and the importance of dust for regional climate and biogeochemical cycles has become increasingly apparent. By scattering and absorbing radiant energy and through their effects on clouds, dust and other aerosol particles can cause climatic effects that affect ecosystem function and human health. Iron oxide minerals in the atmosphere are especially important in this regard because they absorb solar radiation and are involved in redox reactions. Furthermore, dust particles that settle out of the atmosphere provide nutrients, including iron, to marine ecosystems and other nutrients to terrestrial ecosystems. New technologies have shown that dust reacts in complex ways with other atmospheric constituents; indeed, this is one of the major revelations of recent dust research. Dust and other substances commonly occur in the same air parcels, but bulk chemical methods do not show whether the particles are internally mixed （multiple components mixed in single particles） or externally mixed （admixtures of different particles）. Electron beam techniques have shown internal mixtures of dust and black carbon, but the implications of this for climate forcing are still unresolved. Studies conducted with an aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer suggest preferential reactions between dust, sulfur and nitrogen oxides, and chlorine. These reactions have important implications for particle formation and solubility, and for the particles＇ health effects. The activity of radionuclides, including Pu, co-vary with atmospheric dust loads, and while this is not a serious health concern, the emerging view is that pure dust is rarely sampled. While dust can affect ecosystems through climate, the production of dust also is influenced by humans, especially land-use practices that affect vegetative cover. Indeed, the issue of the relative importance of natural vs. anthropogenically-driven changes in dust budgets remains a subject of debate although several recent studies indicate natural variability dominates.  相似文献   

11.
Das  Arijit  Das  Manob  Barman  Himadri 《GeoJournal》2021,86(2):885-913
GeoJournal - Basic urban services refer to the important civic services required for the citizens of urban areas and for the functioning of cities viz., water supply, sanitation, waste management,...  相似文献   

12.
The equation of state and crystal structure of pyrope were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction under hydrostatic conditions to 33 GPa, a pressure that corresponds to a depth of about 900 km in the lower mantle. The bulk modulus K T0 and its pressure derivative K ' T0 were determined simultaneously from an unweighted fit of the volume data at different pressures to a third order Birch-Murnaghan equation of state. They are 171(2) GPa and 4.4(2), respectively. Over the whole pressure range, MgO8 polyhedra showed the largest compression of 18.10(8)%, followed by AlO6 and SiO4 polyhedra, with compression of 11.7(1)% and 4.6(1)%, respectively. The polyhedral bulk moduli for MgO8, AlO6 and SiO4 are 107(1), 211(11) and 580(24) GPa, respectively, with K ' T0 fixed to 4. Significant compression of up to 1.8(1)% in the very rigid Si−O bonding in pyrope could be detected to 33 GPa. Changes in the degree of polyhedral distortion for all three types of polyhedra could also be observed. These changes could be found for the first time for AlO6 and SiO4 in pyrope. It seems that the compression of pyrope crystal structure is governed by the kinking of the Al−O−Si angle between the octahedra and tetrahedra. No phase transition could be detected to 33 GPa. Received: 24 March 1997 / Revised, accepted: 29 July 1997  相似文献   

13.
This paper compares features of unambiguous tectonic serpentinite mélanges (TSM) or serpentinite shear zones in the Coast Range ophiolite, Franciscan subduction complex, of coastal California and Sierra City Mélange of the northern Sierra Nevada of northeastern California with undisputed sedimentary serpentinite mélange (SSM) of the Great Valley Group (GVG) forearc basin deposits of coastal California, and with Franciscan serpentinite mélanges of disputed (sedimentary versus tectonic) origin. The GVG sedimentary serpentinite mélanges and disputed Franciscan serpentinite mélanges share strongly similar matrix textures and block-matrix relationships at scales from tens of meters or more to petrographic scale but differ significantly from serpentinite shear zones and TSM. This comparison suggests shared (non-diagnostic) and distinguishing features of TSM versus SSM. Internal bedding or foliation in blocks is oriented subparallel to mélange boundaries and matrix foliation for both TSM and SSM both may have strongly foliated matrix and both may feature localized shearing in matrix around block borders, especially if an SSM underwent significant post-depositional deformation. The same holds true for deformation and dismemberment of blocks, which is the block-forming and mixing mechanism in TSM but variably exhibited in SSM. In contrast only SSM have blocks or clasts whose internal foliation or bedding terminates abruptly along clast/block boundaries with a mismatch in mineralogy and/or lithology across such boundaries. Matrix foliation cuts blocks/clasts in TSM but not in SSM. SSM may show block/grain size grading but not TSM. SSM have exotic blocks and blocks may span a range of metamorphic grade, whereas TSM lack exotic blocks and blocks are isofacial.  相似文献   

14.
This paper explores the following general question: Why are Fair Trade coffee farmers in Nicaragua burdened by debt? Nearly five years from “the end” of the coffee crisis, peasant farming households committed to Fair Trade standards continue to struggle with a legacy of indebtedness caused by years of low farm-gate prices and declining productivity between 2000 and 2004. Through ethnographic observation and interviews with peasant farmers in Nicaragua, I explore how farmers experience a simple reproduction squeeze that hinders them from “bootstrapping” their own economic development. I argue that the effort to raise the Fair Trade minimum price and premium for coffee through Fair Trade Labelling Organizations International (FLO) in 2008 demonstrated a good first step toward improving farm-gate prices, however, these gains must be understood in the context of long-term indebtedness as well as rising production costs and household consumption costs.  相似文献   

15.
<正>1 Introduction Earthworms are an important component of soil macrofauna,dominating the biomass of soil invertebrates(Kodama et al.,2014;Plum and Filser,2005).They are known as the"engineers of ecosystem",and have a  相似文献   

16.
Clinopyroxene + liquid equilibria to 100 kbar and 2450 K   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4  
One of the most active issues in igneous petrology is the investigation of mantle melting, and subsequent differentiation. To evaluate alternative hypotheses for melting and differentiation it is essential to accurately predict clinopyroxene compositions in natural systems. Expressions have thus been derived that describe clinopyroxene-melt equilibria, and allow equilibrium clinopyroxene compositions to be calculated. These equations were constructed from least-squares regression analysis of experimental clinopyroxene-liquid pairs. The calibration database included clinopyroxenes synthesized from both natural and synthetic basalt compositions; experimental conditions ranged from 0 to 100 kbar and 1350 to 2450 K. Regression equations were based on thermodynamic functions. Empirical expressions were also derived, since such models yield more precise estimates of clinopyroxene compositions, and may be easily incorporated into existing liquid line-of-descent models. Such equations may be useful for calculation of high pressure liquid fractionation, or for constraining P-T conditions for basalts produced by partial melting of a pyroxene-bearing source. Models of mantle melting often rely on expressions involving simple element ratios. Partition coefficients (K d cpx/liq ) for the minor elements, Na and Ti, were thus also calibrated as a function of P, T and composition. K Ti cpx/liq , while sensitive to composition was relatively insensitive to P and T. In contrast, K Na cpx/liq increases substantially with increasing P, and exceeded 1 in some experiments. Since oceanic basalts show variations in Na/Ti ratios, the potential exists for partial melting depths to be inferred from K Na cpx/liq . Received: 28 May 1997 / Accepted: 20 November 1998  相似文献   

17.
Dissociation constants of aqueous ion pairs HCl0 and HBr0 derived in the literature from vapor pressure and supercritical conductance measurements Quist and Marshall 1968b, Frantz and Marshall 1984 were used to calculate the standard partial molal thermodynamic properties of the species at 25°C and 1 bar. Regression of the data with the aid of revised Helgeson-Kirkham-Flowers equations of state Helgeson et al 1981, Tanger 1988, Shock et al 1989 resulted in a set of equations-of-state parameters that permits accurate calculation of the thermodynamic properties of the species at high temperatures and pressures. These properties and parameters reproduce generally within 0.1 log unit (with observed maximum deviation of 0.23 log unit) the log K values for HBr0 and HCl0 given by Quist and Marshall (1968b) and Frantz and Marshall (1984), respectively, at temperatures to 800°C and pressures to 5 kbar.  相似文献   

18.
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19.
The Lujiang-Zongyang volcano-structural depression resulted from the combined action of tectonism and volcanism. Its evolution progressed through five stages from 190 to 105 Ma B.P., during which nine types of metal and pyrite deposits were formed. These deposits show obvious regularities in the temporal-spatial distribution and have certain genetic relation, forming a minerogenetic series related to shoshonite within or around the volcano-structural depression on the basement that sank for a long period of time. This paper suggests a four-dimensional model of the formation and evolution of a typical volcano-structural depression and its related mineralizalion in a transition belt from the active margins to the inner part of a plate under alternating shear-compressive and shear-extensional stress conditions, but predominantly shear-extensional stress conditions.  相似文献   

20.
A series of coesite,coexisting with or without a liquid phase,was synthesized in the nominal system SiO2-H2O at800-1450℃and 5 GPa.Micro-Raman spectroscopy was used to identity the crystalline phase,electron microprobe and LA-ICP-MS were employed to quantity some major and trace elements,and unpolarized FTIR spectroscopy was applied to probe the different types of hydrogen defects,explore water-incorporation mechanisms and quantify water contents.Trace amounts of A1 and B were detected in the coesite.Combining our results with the results in the literatures,we have found no positive correlation between the Al contents and the"Al"-based hydrogen concentrations,suggesting that previously proposed hydrogen-incorporation mechanism H^++Al^3+■Si^4+does not function in coesite.In contrast,we have confirmed the positive correlation between the B contents and the B-based hydrogen concentrations.The hydrogen-incorporation mechanism H^++B3^+■Si^4+readily takes place in coesite at different P-T conditions,and significantly increases the water content at both liquid-saturated and liquid-undersaturated conditions.For the SiO2-H2O system,we have found that type-Ⅰhydrogarnet substitution plays a dictating role in incorporating water into coesite at liquid-saturated condition,type-II hydrogarnet substitution contributes significantly at nearly dry condition,and both operate at conditions in between.The water solubility of coesite,as dictated by the type-Ⅰhydrogarnet substitution,positively correlates with both P and T,cH2O=-105(30)+5.2(32)×P+0.112(26)×T,with cH2O in wt ppm,P in GPa and T in℃.Due to its low water solubility and small fraction in subducted slabs,coesite may contribute insignificantly to the vertical water transport in subduction zones.Furthermore,the water solubility of any coesite in exhuming ultra-high pressure metamorphic rocks should be virtually zero as coesite becomes metastable.With an adequately fast waterdiffusion rate,this metastable coesite should be completely dry,which may have been the key factor to the partial preservation of most natural Coe.As a byproduct,a new IR experimental protocol for accurate water determination in optically anisotropic nominally anhydrous minerals has been found.Aided with the empirical method of Paterson(1982)it employs multiple unpolarized IR spectra,collected from randomly-orientated mineral grains,to approximate both total integrated absorbance and total integrated molar absorption coefficient.Its success relies on a high-level orientation randomness in the IR analyses.  相似文献   

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