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1.
Over the past several decades, consumers in the global North have increasingly looked to fair or alternative trading systems
as a means to promote ecologically and socially sustainable agricultural production. While fair trade has historically been
limited to international commodity networks, US-based agro-food activists have recently turned their attentions towards building
a domestic movement, to bring fair trade principles and standards ‘home.’ Through an exploration of this growing movement,
we consider the potential for third party certification and labeling to incorporate social justice into US-based agricultural
production, with a particular focus on the implications for farm workers. We view current efforts to bring the principles
of fair trade to the domestic arena as a reflection of several interrelated developments: a growing need on the part of small
and mid-sized farmers to garner price premiums due to the erosion of the organic price premium; a recognition of the failure
of organic certification to advance a holistic vision of sustainability; and the strategic embrace of voluntary regulatory
mechanisms as an alternative to public regulation and collective bargaining. Initial research suggests that this has led to
particular framings of the domestic fair trade concept, which may undermine the movement’s ability to address the social relations
of agro-food production. Specifically, prioritization of the ‘family-scale’ farm and an undercurrent of food localism may
obscure farm workers’ role in valorizing the US agricultural landscape.
相似文献
| Christy GetzEmail: |
2.
Geographers show keen interest in projected images employed in tourism as these images both reflect the ideas of the image
producers and influence tourists’ perceptions and (spatial) behaviour. This article focuses on intentional and unintentional
projected images of the Netherlands. The former is especially selective: it relies on stereotypes and presents Holland. The
unintentional projected image created in four travel guides is less stereotyped. While the focus is still on Holland, other
areas of the country are presented as well. Both intentional and unintentional projected images rely on ’othering’ and ’alterity’
to make the Netherlands a unique destination and to offer the tourists a trip that is far from everyday life. However travel
guides use ’alterity’ in different ways and at different levels of scale to create a regional geography of the Netherlands
as well.
相似文献
| Bouke van GorpEmail: |
3.
Peter V. Hall 《GeoJournal》2009,74(1):67-83
Over the past 50 years, containerization has both enabled and reflected the articulation of increasingly concentrated and
complex global trade flows. Once close infrastructural, economic and institutional ties between seaports and port cities have
been loosened, since major ports now serve producers and consumers in widely dispersed hinterlands. This process has been
especially intense in North America, where west coast ports serve markets across the continent. At the same time, many of
the external costs of increased port activity are incurred in port cities. Hence, questions about the changing nature of employment
in port and related goods-handling sectors have become increasingly important for understanding the share of economic benefits
received by port cities. This paper focuses on the effects of containerization, and related changes in transportation regulation,
on port-logistics worker earnings in major United States port cities since 1975. A difference-in-differences framework is
used to examine the relative annual earnings of dock, trucking and warehouse workers in major container port cities. The analysis
shows that, with notable exceptions, port-logistics worker earnings in major container ports are not necessarily higher than
those of comparable workers. The findings provide further insights into the strained relationship between seaports and port
cities in the era of containerization and economic globalization.
相似文献
| Peter V. HallEmail: |
4.
Contract farmers in central Honduras have been producers of Asian vegetables for American markets since 1989. Contract farming
holds the potential to provide benefits to small farmers who would otherwise be unable to access export markets but production
relations between firms and farmers are often asymmetric and can be exploitative. Poor communication and legacies of mistrust
between commodity agriculture and small farmers lead to ambiguities in the contracting system that are misinterpreted by both
firms and farmers, creating social tensions between contracting parties. This article will consider how farmers’ navigation
of the contracting system and competition between export firms has led to changes in the system. Through competition for a
limited pool of outgrowers, firms adjust their policies in favor of farmers without explicit attempts of labor organization
on the part of the farmers.
相似文献
| Valerie ImbruceEmail: |
5.
This article explores the impacts of floods on the economy, environment, and society and tries to clarify the rural community’s
coping mechanism to flood disasters in Central Viet Nam. It focuses on the social aspects of flood risk perception that shapes
the responses to floods. The research findings revealed that flooding is an essential element for a coastal population, whose
livelihood depend on productive functions of cyclical floods. The findings also revealed that floods, causing losses and damages,
often inhibited economic development. The surveyed communities appeared to have evolved coping mechanisms to reduce the negative
impacts of the floods, yet these coping mechanisms are under pressure due to environmental degradation. Integrated flood risk
management is considered as a suitable paradigm for coping with flood disasters.
相似文献
| Phong TranEmail: |
6.
Melt inclusion formation mechanisms and compositional effects in high-An feldspar and high-Fo olivine in anhydrous mafic silicate liquids 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Important aspects of melt inclusion formation and potential compositions effects have been addressed through a series of experiments using anorthite/fosterite saturated anhydrous mafic liquids. Experimental charges were cooled from 1,300 to 1,230 and 1,210°C at rates of 1–10°/min followed by 0–24 h isothermal periods. Hopper and skeletal crystal morphologies with variable degrees of completeness developed during the cooling period. Planar overgrowth of these textures during isothermal periods led to the formation of inclusions, the majority of which formed after 6 h of isothermal run time. We suggest that the change in morphologies is related to a decrease in growth rates and changes in dominant growth mechanisms. In general, inclusion compositions were uniform and similar to the host glass, indicating that with the isothermal times required for most inclusions to form, a boundary layer was not entrapped that could be detected within the limits of our analyses.
相似文献
| Edward KohutEmail: Phone: +1-541-7373023Fax: +1-541-7371200 |
| Roger L. NielsenEmail: Phone: +1-541-7371235 |
7.
P. Mogilevsky 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2007,34(3):201-214
The regular solid solution model has been applied to solid solubility in the monazite–xenotime systems and is verified against
the available experimental data for LaPO4–YPO4 and CePO4–YPO4 systems. The model is then used to predict the miscibility gaps in a number of other monazite–xenotime systems. The implications
for prospective two-phase monazite–xenotime fiber coatings for applications in ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) are discussed.
相似文献
| P. MogilevskyEmail: |
8.
Summary The question of alternative technologies for high-speed Internet access lies at the heart of rural development problems. In
this paper, we focus on one of those technologies, the system combining satellite technologies and Wi-Fi. Based on an empirical
study carried out in three rural areas, we analyze the dynamics of the use and appropriation of that technology by the companies
and organizations participating in the experiment. Considered both from a technical and social standpoint, the technology
‘in use’ appears here in its structuring dimensions.
相似文献
| Valérie FautreroEmail: |
9.
This study seeks to gauge how far China’s container-related dynamics between 1990 and 2005 fit into the wider perspective
about transport and development within developing countries. In particular, attention is focussed on the role of specific
modes to determine the extent of the penetration of containers within China. Before addressing these key issues extant models
relating to an understanding of port and transport evolution in less-developed countries are recalled, synthesized and used
as a base upon which an appropriate review of China’s case can be conducted. Applying them to China’s northern, central and
southern port ranges not only helps assess the efficacy of these models but also highlights the contribution of individual
modes.
相似文献
| Claude ComtoisEmail: |
10.
Spatial and temporal knowledge representation 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Antony Galton 《Earth Science Informatics》2009,2(3):169-187
Knowledge Representation (KR) originated as a discipline within Artificial Intelligence, and is concerned with the representation
of knowledge in symbolic form so that it can be stored and manipulated on a computer. This article surveys that part of KR
that is concerned with the representation of space and time, with particular reference to the use of such representations
in geographical information science.
相似文献
| Antony GaltonEmail: |
11.
Privatization of tubewells in North China: Determinants and impacts on irrigated area, productivity and the water table 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Despite the rise in importance of the private sector in the expansion of the use of groundwater in China and the potential implications this might have for production and poverty, little has been written about the effect of these phenomena on northern China’s economy. In examining determinants of tubewell privatization and its impact on producers in northern China, data were collected using a community leader survey, carried out in 448 villages in six provinces in northern China. The results show that since 1990 collective ownership of tubewells has largely been replaced by private ownership. Increasing water scarcity, government grants and bank loans for tubewell investment and the declining investment capacity of China’s local communities have led to the observed change in tubewell ownership patterns. By far, the most important positive effect on income appears to be due to the expansion of newly irrigated area that has been fueled by the rise of private tubewells. Many newly private tubewells also have begun to replace irrigation from surface water sources. While helping increase income and productivity, the rise of private tubewells also has contributed to the fall in groundwater levels.
相似文献
| Jinxia WangEmail: Phone: 86-10-64889841Fax: 86-10-64856533 |
12.
With the global container population exceeding 25 million TEU (Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit) and the annual production of new
boxes exceeding 3 million TEU it is estimated that around 1.5 million TEU of empty containers are sitting in yards and depots
around the world waiting for use. Although utilization rates have improved since 2004, container utilization depends on the
very dynamic nature of container transportation, and the container building and leasing industries. Owing primarily to the
chronic trend of increasing trade imbalances across the oceans, and despite recent trends along some trade routes, the empty
container management problem has become a major issue for the container shipping industry during the last decade. This paper
examines and analyzes empty container logistics at a global, interregional, regional and local level. Special consideration
is given to key factors affecting the empty container logistics management and strategies implemented by ocean carriers and
other stakeholders to better manage empty containers.
相似文献
| Maria BoileEmail: |
13.
Transportation infrastructure has always played an important role in the economic fate of regions. In particular, airline
networks have dramatically decreased the geographic and temporal constraints of moving people, goods and information; all
of which are increasingly crucial inputs for the information economy. As a result, regions have become more concerned with
both the quantity and quality of airline connections. The purpose of this paper is to examine the emerging global hierarchy
of airline network connectivity. Using a proprietary database of nearly 900 airline carrier schedules from 2006, we examine
regional connectivity between 4,650 worldwide origins and destinations. Through the use of network analysis and graph theoretical
techniques, results indicate an increasingly complex web of nodal hierarchies in North America, Europe and Asia.
相似文献
| Tony H. GrubesicEmail: |
14.
Sarah F. Ives 《GeoJournal》2009,74(3):245-255
Using a discussion of South African soap operas, I will place the idea of visuality in a discourse analysis that incorporates
a feminist epistemological lens, or an epistemology that integrates reflexivity and an acknowledgment of the dialogic nature
of visual media. Through this discussion, I will examine the possibilities that dialogism provides for unpacking and exploring
the politics of imperfect translation between the visual and the textual. These methodological interventions, I argue, will
help enrich discussions of the visual’s role in the contested realm of geographic imaginations and move beyond the distanced
position of the masculine gaze.
相似文献
| Sarah F. IvesEmail: |
15.
Dorian Speakman 《Natural Hazards》2008,44(1):111-127
A vulnerability index for the Fire Service in the UK has been designed to identify vulnerable locations during episodes of
severe floods. Taking recent case studies with the UK Fire Service, the patterns of vulnerability, in terms of demand on time
and resources, can be explained by investigating the environmental causes and their interaction with the adaptive capacity
of the response agencies.
相似文献
| Dorian SpeakmanEmail: |
16.
The irreversible water–rock mass exchanges leading to the production of the Fiume Grande valley (Calabria, Italy) stream waters
and groundwaters, starting from local rainwaters, were simulated through reaction path modeling in reaction progress (stoichiometric)
mode. The simulations assumed bulk dissolution of a phyllitic rock and calcite and precipitation of gibbsite, kaolinite, amorphous
silica, illite, a smectite solid mixture, a hydroxide solid mixture, and a trigonal carbonate solid mixture. The analytical
contents of major and trace elements in stream waters and groundwaters were satisfactorily reproduced. However, further investigations
are necessary to clarify the fate of As in this natural systems.
相似文献
| Rosanna De RosaEmail: |
17.
In a media saturated world of globalization, information flow and knowledge economies, an interesting paradox exists: geographic
literacy appears to be on the decline while geographic information is on the rise. In this introduction to a collection of
essays on geographies of the media, we explore this paradox and use Baudrillard’s (1994) work on Simulacra and Simulation to argue that increased mediated information does not produce more meaning, but rather leads to a catastrophe of meaning
and the medium. Drawing from McLuhan’s axiom, “the medium is the message,” we posit that with more mediated information there
is less meaningful information and as such we need to address geographic media literacy as a primary mode through which to
address geographic literacy.
相似文献
| Jim CraineEmail: |
18.
Explaining foreign diplomatic presence in the U.S. with spatial models: a liberal spatial perspective 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This paper examines the effect of economic interdependence, intergovernmental organizations, political freedom, and spatial relationship on foreign diplomatic presence in the U.S. from 1980 to 2000. Spatial perspective is largely missing in the mainstream international theories. Spatial relationship has three measures: spatial proximity measured as distance, spatial dependency measured as neighborhood effect, and spatial heterogeneity measured as regional effect. We found that the effect of economic interdependence is directional. The U.S. sensitivity to foreign trade rather than foreign sensitivity to trade with the U.S. explains much of the variation in the foreign diplomatic presence in the U.S. Spatial effect is mainly manifested as spatial dependency; the effects of geographic proximity and geographic regions on foreign diplomatic presence are, however, mild. Spatial dependency in the variation of foreign diplomatic presence in the U.S. could not be well explained by the liberal perspective without using the spatial model.
相似文献
| Lin Liu ([Summer Visiting Professor])Email: |
19.
Post-Bam earthquake: recovery and reconstruction 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
This paper gives a brief explanation of the earthquake in Bam. It also reports on the rescue and relief operations, including
the construction of emergency shelters and temporary housing, and on the country’s plan for the reconstruction of the city,
which includes debris removal, the rebuilding of rural and urban residential and commercial units, the reconstruction of state
and public buildings and public facilities such as schools, rural and urban water aqueducts and grids, the construction of
a sewage system, power network and telecommunication system, the provision of water to orchards and farmlands, the renovation
of industries and the revival of the cultural heritage, particularly the historical Bam citadel, among others. We also report
briefly on the effect of the Bam earthquake on the Iran Earthquake Risk Reduction Strategy and actions.
相似文献
| Mohsen Ghafory-AshtianyEmail: |
20.
Tornado shelters and the manufactured home parks market 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
Manufactured or mobile homes represent a fast growing portion of the housing market but are particularly vulnerable to tornadoes.
In the US over 40% of tornado fatalities occur in mobile homes even though they comprise about 8% of US housing units. We
examine the market for tornado shelters in manufactured home parks in Oklahoma. Almost 60% of parks in the state have shelters,
with 90% of the shelters underground. Parks with shelters are not concentrated in urban areas but spread across the state,
with parks with shelters in 32 counties. We find that rents for lots in parks with shelters are 5–8% higher, which generates
sufficient revenue to approximately pay for shelters, but the point estimate is statistically significant in only one specification.
相似文献
| Daniel Sutter (Corresponding author)Email: |