共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 984 毫秒
1.
Exploring the attractions of city centre living: evidence and policy implications in British cities 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The British city centre has been the focus of dynamic housing development and repopulation strategies as a key dimension of the government's urban renaissance programme. Through large scale interview surveys in the provincial city centres of Bristol and Swansea, this paper explores the positive and negative features of city centre living, and how these vary amongst a range of social and physical characteristics. The findings suggest that the practical and mundane attractions of city centre living are more important than the more widely publicised lifestyle and cultural attractions of the city centre commonly emphasised in the gentrification literature. Moreover, the research points to differences in attitudes between age groups, with younger adults placing greater value on the range of social and cultural activities in the city centre, whilst older people express high levels of satisfaction with the attractiveness of the environment. A number of policy implications emerge to encourage inclusive marketing strategies within the continued urban renaissance, particularly to challenge the negative perceptions and promote the varied attractions of city centre living to a mix of social groups. 相似文献
2.
Mohammed Al-Gabbani Dr. 《GeoJournal》1991,24(4):375-385
This paper examines and assesses changes in the population density pattern in the city of Riyadh, the capital of Saudi Arabia where the city has undergone dramatic changes in its physical as well as its social structure. Analysis of data revealed a decline in population density at an exponential rate from the city center with variation between city sectors and zones. The city's rapid horizontal expansion and dispersal of population is the result of factors such as increases in city population and in size and number of single family dwellings, widing of streets, rise in income and residential mobility rates, mass use of automobile, change in family size, zoning regulations, leapfrogging, and huge governmental city development projects. The resulting low population density pattern made it difficult for city officials to provide necessary services and facilities for the dispersed residential development. This paper recommends that city officials make real efforts and workable programs to stop or slow this uneconomical growth by improving quality of life in the central areas to make them residentially desirable by some city residents and reduce the high residential turnover the central area has experienced in last years, and to centralize peripheral growth by planning for self-sufficient satellite communities in outer areas. 相似文献
3.
Erika Nagy 《GeoJournal》1998,46(3):221-230
In late nineteenth century Hungarian cities there were strong contrasts between the inner ‘urban’ core and the rural periphery
in terms of housing conditions, accessibility and lifestyle. Rural-urban fringe zones in the Great Plain were quite distinctive
because the Turkish period was followed by an outflow of population which resulted in scattered settlement around the urban
centres. The fringe could be regarded simply as a zone of transition, but the differences between urban centres and their
immediate surroundings were gradually reduced through the industrialisation of the larger towns in the communist period. A
study of Szeged examines the expansion of the fringe zone and its gradual urbanisation through the growth of housing as people
have moved out from the centre to live among the rural population which increasingly turned from agriculture to commuting.
Villages on either side of Szeged's administrative boundary accommodated more migrants from the city during the 1980s and
experienced a gradual positive change in the quality of life as people escaped from the decaying residential blocs in the
centre. During the years since 1989 there has been further migration, coupled with a growth of small businesses and a big
improvement in services (shopping, running water, sewage and telecommunications). Further change may be expected in line with
the forces of counterurbanisation.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
4.
Recent studies in the United States and other Pacific Rim countries have identified a new form of ethnic minority group clustering
within the residential mosaic—ethnoburbs. These are suburban in location, occupied by relatively high-income, predominantly
Asian, immigrants, and low density in their nature: many migrants move directly to those suburbs rather than the inter-generational
outward migration from central city clusters typical of other migrant streams. Although ethnoburb residents tend to cluster
in particular segments of the built-up area they do not to form large percentages of the population there. As yet, no methodology
has been developed to identify these clusters, as a prelude to identifying their characteristics. This paper offers such a
procedure, based on local statistical analysis. It is applied to six Asian groups in Auckland, New Zealand. 相似文献
5.
Bernhard Butzin 《GeoJournal》1991,2(1):11-26
Within a typical process of urbanization several particularities can be noticed in the Helsinki region: The peninsular location does not allow a zonal expansion of the city. It has rather enforced a tight spatial sectoral expansion with specific problems of traffic and land use. The retarded industrialization has led to an unusually fast population increase without control until the 1960s.The rapid growth created a twofold problem: pressure of population versus inadequate housing, small residences versus high rents; consequently selective migration and small size families. The number of jobs rapidly increased and displaced the residential population of the inner city. This resulted in high traffic which neither the few main roads nor the public transport system of central Helsinki could cope with.These problems correspond to the essential tasks of urban planning: the bottle neck in housing construction has to be broken; the growth of jobs in the central city needs to be stopped as well as the displacement of the residential population. Decentralization, especially of the private tertiary and quartary sector may help. A system of central places within the region would diminish the commuting traffic. Transportation may be solved by a concept of growth points and growth axis along the railway lines.This grown concept of Helsinki should be thought over under the now foreseeable conditions of population stagnation. 相似文献
6.
Dr. Bernhard Butzin 《GeoJournal》1978,2(1):11-26
Within a typical process of urbanization several particularities can be noticed in the Helsinki region: The peninsular location does not allow a zonal expansion of the city. It has rather enforced a tight spatial sectoral expansion with specific problems of traffic and land use. The retarded industrialization has led to an unusually fast population increase without control until the 1960s. The rapid growth created a twofold problem: pressure of population versus inadequate housing, small residences versus high rents; consequently selective migration and small size families. The number of jobs rapidly increased and displaced the residential population of the inner city. This resulted in high traffic which neither the few main roads nor the public transport system of central Helsinki could cope with. These problems correspond to the essential tasks of urban planning: the bottle neck in housing construction has to be broken; the growth of jobs in the central city needs to be stopped as well as the displacement of the residential population. Decentralization, especially of the private tertiary and quartary sector may help. A system of central places within the region would diminish the commuting traffic. Transportation may be solved by a concept of growth points and growth axis along the railway lines. This grown concept of Helsinki should be thought over under the now foreseeable conditions of population stagnation. 相似文献
7.
Al-gabbani M 《GeoJournal》1992,24(4):375-385
"This paper examines and assesses the changes in the population density pattern in the city of Riyadh, the capital of Saudi Arabia where the city has undergone dramatic changes in its physical as well as its social structure. Analysis of data revealed a decline in population density at an exponential rate from the city center with variation between city sectors and zones. The city's rapid horizontal expansion and dispersal of population is the result of factors such as increases in city population and in size and number of single family dwellings, widening of streets, rise in income and residential mobility rates, mass use of automobiles, change in family size, zoning regulations, leapfrogging, and huge governmental city development projects." 相似文献
8.
Crossing the racial divide: a spatial-ecological perspective of offenders in the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality, South Africa 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Post-apartheid South Africa has been plagued by an increase in crime and a concomitant increase in the number of incarcerated
offenders. Researchers have postulated many proximate causes for the insidious increase in crime, including the vast socio-economic
inequalities existing in the country, a remnant of apartheid-era policies and post-apartheid migrations. This article focuses
on the neglected field of the environmental criminology of offenders. Following a spatial-ecological approach the relationship
between various socio-economic variables and offender rates in the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality in South Africa
is modelled. The GIS-based methodological procedure includes a crime offender index, correlational analysis and principal
components analysis and produced five factors: social status and income, family characteristics, unskilled earner, residential
mobility and ageing population. These five factors, accounted for almost 75% of the variance in the offender index. The findings
of our research reject race as a determinant of crime, and rather highlight existing and emerging socio-economic inequalities
in the globally connected post-industrial city in regions of political instability and economic uncertainty and its relationship
with crime and crime prevention. 相似文献
9.
Cordula Gdaniec 《GeoJournal》1997,42(4):377-384
Reconstruction of the historic centre of Moscow and the construction of apartment blocks on the citys outskirts are the citys two main programmes within what must be regarded as its urban policy. With these priorities, the strategy of relying on a mixture of city and private investments, the city governments policies contribute to an increasing exclusiveness of the city centre. This process, which includes a process of gentrification, reflects the impact of the transition to a free-market economy. City planning and reconstruction projects are subject to the new, still chaotic, market opportunities and constraints while the soviet planning principles and organizations have not yet been replaced by efficient new ones. There is a lack of control and regulation, as well as a concentration of power in the mayoral cabinet on the one hand, but on the other hand, the finance strategies make large-scale regeneration possible. With entering the global economy, post-soviet Moscow is acquiring more traits of western, capitalist cities. These include marketing the centres historic character, subsidising private investment, and a new residential segregation based on capital. 相似文献
10.
In recent years, many city authorities in Europe and North America have sought to attract people back to city centres for leisure, shopping, business and residence. The planning measures commonly adopted take explicit account of issues of crime and safety. The concept of `community safety' as applied to the city centre is problematic, however, as users have diverse lifestyles, interests and values which impact on their own and others' safety. This paper reports on a study of the experiences and perceptions of safety of different groups of city centre users in Newcastle upon Tyne, England. While social identities and roles shaped the extent of concern and subsequent impacts on people's use of the city centre space, the research suggested that many concerns are genuinely shared. The paper investigates the congruence of a range of planning strategies with city centre users' safety concerns. Situational measures were viewed with scepticism, as fear centres on the presence and behaviour of others. 相似文献
11.
David Stern 《Geoforum》1990,21(4)
The effect of ethnic residential segregation on metropolitan development and expansion is examined. The ethno-ideologically divided city is an extreme case of segregation and Jerusalem, an example of such a city, provides a good case study. Deviations from patterns of population change predicted by the theory of the urban population density gradient are analysed non-statistically using the available data. When the two ethnic sectors are treated as separate cities, these deviations do not seem to be very important and population change conforms to the model. This seen in the light of local patterns of segregation seems to imply that at the local ‘tactical’ level domination and exclusion of the other group seems to result, whereas on the regional strategic level power is shared more equally and economic and demographic factors play the major role in fashioning the distribution of population change. 相似文献
12.
Most of the new towns in Japan are large residential estates with populations of more than 100,000, and with work-forces commuting to the parent cities. Rapid economic growth since 1960 has resulted in an enormous concentration of people in the metropolitan regions of Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya. Supply of public housing has been very difficult owing to a lack of suitable level land, fragmentation of land ownership, and high prices. Houses for a reasonable rent are now located a great distance from city centres. 相似文献
13.
Residential mobility in the Seoul metropolitan region, Korea 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The spatial pattern of residential mobility in Korea is found to be one of intraregional rather than interregional movement. Net inmigration has taken place only in the Seoul metropolitan region (SMR) since 1970. People from the Cholla region have formed the main stream of net inmigration into the SMR. The decentralization of population from Seoul to Kyonggi and Inchon has generated a transformation of the Seoul urban fringe since 1970. This metropolitanization process is accompanied by residential and employment suburbanization to 45kms from the center of Seoul. Residential mobility in the SMR is the result of metropolitan job opportunities, availability of housing, and the effects of the various regional policies. Availability of transportation between Seoul and its urban fringe encouraged the wide expansion of the urban areas and population redistribution within the SMR. 相似文献
14.
Economic reforms and the New Master Plan of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam: Implementation issues and policy recommendations 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The economic reforms or `doi moi' introduced in 1986 have transformed Vietnam's planned economy to a more market-oriented
one. Rise in international capital, market liberalisation and greater population mobility have contributed towards a greater
concentration of squatters in the city centre, and extended metropolitan development in the fringes of Ho Chi Minh City. Rapid
urbanisation and, to a lesser extent, industrialisation have converted large tracts of farmlands to urban use, and greater
rural exodus. Such dramatic changes have drawn the city government's attention to face the new challenges. As a very important
political and economic centre in the south, Ho Chi Minh City has prepared for itself a new Master Plan, approved in 1997,
to provide a legitimate and institutional framework to guide its future spatial development.
This paper introduces the background and explains the rationale behind the drafting of the Master Plan, and highlights the
constraints that are expected in implementing it. The administrative framework in planning is also examined in terms of its
advantages and disadvantages in a planning system with four levels: national, provincial, district and local. Land availability
in the city centre, source of funding and technical expertise are all parts and parcels of the challenges in the process of
modernising HCMC to accommodate the need of its residents and rapid global change. Ho Chi Minh City's strong relationships
with its hinterlands have equally required the planners to look at the planning field using the whole national and regional
scenarios. Policy recommendations aimed at improving the implementation capability are finally presented.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
15.
China has experienced considerable migration from inland to coastal areas since the reforms of 1978, with migrants becoming
an important population in many coastal cities. Compared with non-migrants (long-term residents), migrant vulnerability to
typhoons is considered high due to limited access to job opportunities, social security, information, and other resources;
however, there is no research on vulnerability of this population sector to natural hazards. This initial study analysed the
perceptions and personal experiences of migrants living in Shanghai of typhoon hazards. During May 2010, empirical data were
collected using an online questionnaire and face–face interviews. Response data indicated that risk knowledge of migrants
was significantly lower than among non- migrants; differing risk perceptions between the groups were consistent with levels
of personal typhoon experience; statistically significant differences in hazard knowledge within the sample also related to
education and occupation; a variety of strategies to cope with typhoon hazards was being applied by residential committees;
and that migrants were not generally recognised as a vulnerable group requiring special consideration in hazard risk management.
To reduce the vulnerability of migrants to typhoons, we recommend expanding the range of accessible communication technologies
distributing warning information; organising more educational and training programmes, at government and corporate level,
to increase community awareness of natural hazards; encouraging local residential committees to promote social networks and
engagement for migrants; and providing corporate incentives to develop insurances specifically for migrant needs. Further
research is necessary to assess the differences in vulnerability between different types of migrants. 相似文献
16.
Jiang Kejun Chen Sha He Chenmin Liu Jia Kuo Sun Hong Li Zhu Songli Pianpian Xiang 《Natural Hazards》2019,97(3):1277-1295
The salinization of freshwater-dependent coastal ecosystems precedes inundation by sea level rise. This type of saltwater intrusion places communities, ecosystems, and infrastructure at substantial risk. Risk perceptions of local residents are an indicator to gauge public support for climate change adaptation planning. Here, we document residential perspectives on the present and future threats posed by saltwater intrusion in a rural, low-lying region in coastal North Carolina, and we compare the spatial distribution of survey responses to physical landscape variables such as distance to coastline, artificial drainage density, elevation, saltwater intrusion vulnerability, and actual salinity measured during a synoptic field survey. We evaluate and discuss the degree of alignment or misalignment between risk perceptions and metrics of exposure to saltwater intrusion. Risk perceptions align well with the physical landscape characteristics, as residents with greater exposure to saltwater intrusion, including those living on low-lying land with high concentrations of artificial drainages, perceive greater risk than people living in low-exposure areas. Uncertainty about threats of saltwater intrusion is greatest among those living at higher elevations, whose properties and communities are less likely to be exposed to high salinity. As rising sea levels, drought, and coastal storms increase the likelihood of saltwater intrusion in coastal regions, integrated assessments of risk perceptions and physical exposure are critical for developing outreach activities and planning adaptation measures.
相似文献17.
The spatial equity of public-and-community facilities (PCFs) is a significant aspect in improving the healthy living environment for the elderly as the elderly population increases rapidly in Beijing, China. This study aims to identify and map the distribution pattern of PCFs in a study area in four neighbouring subdistricts in Beijing and to analyze the spatial equity status of PCFs distributions integrally and respectively. Data for 15 types of PCFs located in the study area were collected. GIS spatial analysis tools, including global and local spatial autocorrelation, were used to analyse the spatial autocorrelation of various types of PCFs. The results show that, integrally, the density of PCFs is in a descending pattern as the distance increases from the city center. Respectively, the distribution pattern shows significant difference among various PCFs and the four subdistricts. The results of this study provide suggestions for future planning of healthy living environment for the elderly residents in a rapidly developing megacity and also shed light on future research on spatial equity of PCFs at the community level. 相似文献
18.
P. Q. Siyongwana 《GeoJournal》2005,64(3):199-213
The political changes in South Africa after 1994 necessitated that the Bantustans, the main servers of apartheid planning,
be re-incorporated into the mainstream of South Africa, implying the transformation of apartheid residential planning. Since
then there has been much speculation about the type of transformation that would be implemented in the Bantustans to effect
change in a non-racial South Africa. The aim of this paper is to analyze the effects of post-apartheid territorial restructuring
in the former South African Bantustans. Examining and elucidating the manner in which the diverse social, economic and political
factors have manifested themselves in the process of transformation of spatial residential planning in Umtata (the former
capital city of the Transkei Bantustan) since 1994 is the central theme of this paper. Using property registers together with
changes in legislative policies and land ownership, the transformation pattern was analysed in the former Bantustan capital
city (Umtata). The findings indicate that the new South African policies and development strategies have been partially successful
in eliminating the incongruencies of the past with regard to access to housing in Umtata. More critical is that this paper
suggests that there still remains a greater challenge lingering from the influence of the Bantustan government in the city. 相似文献
19.
The impact of the growth and development of the City of Nairobi on the water budget is simulated using a high-resolution limited-area
numerical model. The water substance fields are modelled with full physics in a control experiment. Five sensitivity experiments
are then performed by altering the land-use/cover over the domain of study to assess the influence of the city, forests and
terrain undulations on the water substance fields. Results showed that the highest evaporation occurred in areas of the study
domain with open grasslands/scattered bush-land's vegetation types and the least at the city centre. Deforestation would lead
to a substantial increase in the loss of water effected through evaporation despite a reduction in transpiration. The observed
rainfall amount and frequency were highest in the high ground portions to the northwest of the study domain. Numerical analyses
showed that the urban heat island had a destabilizing effect on the flow, which enhanced convection that resulted in increased
rainfall downwind of the urban area. Further growth and expansion of the city of Nairobi would increase the area and amount
of rainfall received. Deforestation would decrease rainfall amounts. Massive reforestation would increase the observed rainfall.
There has been a decrease in soil moisture at the current location of the city centre; the decrease is bound to increase with
the expansion of the city. The City of Nairobi has resulted in a large decrease in the soil moisture through converting the
natural fabric to concrete/asphalt material. Deforestation would result in a marginal decrease in the soil moisture. Further
growth and development of Nairobi City would modify the water substance budget appreciably.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
20.
What do people think about the flood risk? An experience with the residents of Talcahuano city,Chile
In the province of Concepción (Chile), floods are considered one of the main natural hazards. One of the most important cities of this area is Talcahuano. During the last years, Talcahuano has been affected by a number of flood episodes, as a consequence of an increase in the frequency of extraordinary atmospheric events, along with a higher exposure to the flood risk caused by an intense urban development. On 27 February 2010, an 8.8° earthquake (Richter scale) occurred in central southern Chile and originated the tsunami which flooded a large percentage of the residential area and military base of the Talcahuano city. This flood event affected a population higher than 180,000 people (including 23 casualties and invaluable economic and environmental losses). The objective of this study is to investigate the social perception and knowledge of Talcahuano residents affected by different types of flood, including tsunami, emphasizing which are their risks, vulnerability, resilience and coping capacity concepts. In addition, the kind of measures that have been proposed to improve their capacity to face floods after having suffered the natural disaster will be determined. This social assessment has been carried out based on a survey to permanent residents. Research results reveal that their endogenous and exogenous characteristics have resulted determinant to explain their perception. 相似文献