共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 62 毫秒
1.
M. A. Khan 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1984,12(5):539-548
The lake without any outlet (11 ha, 55000 m3, zmax 2,25 m) has a weak thermal stratification with maximum surface temperatures of 32.5 °C. The annual variation of temperature and depth of visibility is unimodal, with the maxima or minima in August. Phytoplankton consists mainly of Cyanophyceae. The primary production determined by the light-dark bottle technique (oxygen method) varies in the annual variation between 0.3… 0.5 g m?2 d?1 C (winter) and 3.4… 4.6 g m?2 d?1 C (summer); as the annual means of 1975 and 1976 there were found 1.9 and 2.4 g m?2 d?1 C, resp., gross production at a utilization of 0.42… 2.85% of the radiation energy. The chemism is a well-buffered hydrogen-carbonate water (pH 8.1… 9.0) with 74… 90 mg/1 Na and 20.5… 31.5 mg/1 K and with a good nutrient supply (20… 40 μg/1 PO4—P and 100… 240 μg/1 NO3—N) at the same time. 相似文献
2.
B. S. Khangarot 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1981,9(6):639-649
Static bioassay acute toxicity tests of Zinc, Copper and Mercury were conducted to determine the median lethal concentrations (LC50s) of a freshwater teleost Channa marulius (HAM .) The 96 h LC50 and 95% confidence limits for Zn2+ were 25.61 (24.13 … 27.12) mg/l; 0.90 (0.80 … 1.038) mg/l; for Cu2+ and 0.314 (0.257 … 0.371) mg/l for Hg2+. However, these values decreased at 240 h of exposure and were: 21.09 (18.29 … 24.60) mg Zn2+/l; 0.66 (0.568 … 0.841) mg Cu2+/l; and 0.131 (0.103 … 0.158) mg Hg2+/l. The relative potency ratio of Zn/Hg, Zn/Cu and Cu/Hg suggests that fish were most sensitive to Hg, followed by Cu and Zn ions. The acute toxicities of mixtures of Zn2+?Cu2+; Zn2+?Hg2+, Cu2+?Hg2+ and Zn2+?Cu2+?Hg2+ up to 48 h of exposure were also investigated. The additive index and ranges for Zn2+?Cu2+ were ?0.241 (-0.577 … 0.054); 0.056 (-0.269 … 0.475) for Zn-Hg; 0.285 (-0.043 … 0.718) for Cu-Hg; and -0.542 (-1.215 … 0.005) for Zn-Cu-Hg. All the mixtures tested showed a greater than additive toxicity because index ranges overlapped zero. 相似文献
3.
After extensive experiments aimed at determining the free volatile fatty acids (C2 to C6) in organically highly polluted percolation water of household refuse dumping places there proved optimum a column packed with 10% Carbowax 20 M on Chromatron N-AW-DMCS after having been conditioned for five days at 270°C and subsequently covered with 10% hard wax. On short retention times the investigated isomeric column pairs are completely separated. Equally favourable results were obtained also for liquid manure and silage extracts. The detection limits lie between 10 and 20 mg/l, the relative standard deviation is 20 … 30% in the range of the lower detection limit and 2 … 3% at 200 mg/l in the upper range. In the investigation of percolation waters with concentrations between 235 and 4300 mg/l reproducibility lies at a mean relative standard deviation of 0.5 … 2.8%. The technique is well suited for routine checking. 相似文献
4.
K. Deibel 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1990,18(1):133-151
The iodide contents in 389 ground-water-tapping plants of the county are compared with the geological character of the aquifer, the carbonate and non-carbonate hardness and the nitrate and chloride contents of the waters. 54% of the plants have I-concentrations of 3 … 7 μg/l. In the air-covered ground-water (hardness quotient<2.8) 2 … 50 μg/l I are found, whereas in the confined ground-water (hardness quotient >2.8) 2 … 50 μg/l I are contained. In general, the I-content increases with the carbonate hardness, a connection with till existing. Therefore, ground-waters of the Miocene have relatively low salt- and I-contents. Geogenic salt influences in the form of NaCl increase the I-contents to 50 … 100 μg/l. Anthropogenic influences in the residential area and due to waste increase the Cl?- and I?-concentrations. There were not detected any dependences between the I- and NO3-contents. 相似文献
5.
By diluting a boggy water there is produced water with a COD-Mn of 3.4 … 10.6 mg/l O2 which is due only to humic substances. The water is mixed with 2.5 … 12.9 mg/l Cl2 at pH-values of 5.2 … 8.5 and incubated for 24 h at 20°C. CHCl3 concentrations of 38 … 480 μg/l were found by the subsequent gas-chromatographic determination. The production of chloroform can be calculated by means of a quadratic polynomial in dependence on COD-Mn, chlorine concentration and pH-value. 相似文献
6.
Hydrobiological Investigations of the Water Quality of the Water Supply Reservoirs Husinec and Římov
P. Porcalov 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1985,13(2):149-153
The two eutrophicated reservoirs Husinec (2.6 km3, 35 ha, zmax 18 m, MQ 1.87 m3/s) and ?ímov (34.5 hm3, 216 ha, zmax 44 m, MQ 4.14 m3/s) show concentrations of total phosphorus of 10… 50 mg/m3 and chlorophyll contents of 7… 36 mg/m3 in the summer season. For both reservoirs a good correlation exists between the chlorophyll concentration and the density of the phytoplankton (20 · 103… 13 · 106 ind./l). With average concentrations of 10… 20 mg/m3 chlorophyll a in summer, the water can be treated for producing drinking water only at a higher expenditure. The water quality will be improved by a reduction of the phosphorus load. 相似文献
7.
The difficulties arisen in an assimilation pond, as it is called, after 17 years of operation were solved by a stabilization system for the purification of effluents and utilization for fish breeding. It consists of two basins (0.56 and 1.04 ha) and a fish pond (15.58 ha) to which water can flow from a brook by-passing the system. When the stabilization system had worked for 6 years, it was proved that in the case of the average daily intake of milk of 93,846…118,134 litres, effluents flowing out of the dairy plant amounted to 205.28…228.53 m3, on average. The BOD5 of effluents ranged from 201.33 to 261.73 kg/d and the total solids ranged from 95.5 to 139.3 kg/d on average. The average daily outflow from the pond amounted to 394.7…1567.0 m3 of water with 4.1…23.8 kg of BOD5 and with 29.3…112.4 kg of total solids. The average decrease of the main nutrients and extractable substances ranged from 62.8% (Ca2+) to 100% (NO?3). Only the BOD5 value at the end of the growing season in 1984 (8.4…10.3 mg/l) exceeded three times the standards for the admissible pollution of the receiving stream. 相似文献
8.
Dr. René Gächter 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1976,38(2):97-119
The effects on phytoplankton photosynthesis of inorganic metal salts HgCl2, CuSO4, Cd(NO3)2, ZnCl2 and Pb(NO3)2 were studied over monthly intervals. In experiments with individual metals, phytoplankton photosynthesis was not adversely affected if the concentration increase above background levels did not exceed 10?9 mole Hg/l, 5·10?9 mole Cu/l, 2·10?8 mole Cd/l, 5·10?8 mole Zn/l and 2·10?7 mole Pb/l, respectively. However when the concentration was increased by 5·10?10 mole Hg/l+5·10?9 mole Cu/l+5·10?9 mole Cd/l+5·10?8 mole Zn/l+5·10?8 mole Pb/l photosynthesis was significantly reduced, due to a synergetic effect of the combined metals. The influence of phytoplankton density, pH-value concentration of calcium, dissolved organic nitrogen and allochthonous debris on heavy metal toxicity was investigated. Changes in phytoplankton composition are believed to the main reason for the seasonal variation in the toxic effects of heavy metals. 相似文献
9.
To improve quantitative understanding of mixed‐land‐use impacts on nutrient yields, a nested‐scale experimental watershed study design (n = 5) was applied in a 303(d), clean water act impaired urbanizing watershed of the lower Missouri River Basin, USA. From 2010 to 2013, water samples (n = 858 sample days per site) were analysed for total inorganic nitrogen (TIN‐N), nitrite (NO2–N) nitrate (NO3–N), ammonia (NH3–N), and total phosphorus (TP‐P). Annual, seasonal, and monthly flow‐weighted concentrations (FWCs) and nutrient yields were estimated. Mean nutrient concentrations were highest where agricultural land use comprised 58% of the drainage area (NH3 = 0.111 mg/l; NO2 = 0.045 mg/l; NO3 = 0.684 mg/l, TIN = 0.840 mg/l; TP = 0.127 mg/l). Average TP‐P increased by 15% with 20% increased urban land use area. Highly variable annual precipitation was observed during the study with highest nutrient yields during 2010 (record setting wet year) and lowest nutrient yields during 2012 (extreme drought year). Annual TIN‐N and TP‐P yields exceeded 10.3 and 2.04 kg ha?1 yr?1 from the agricultural dominated headwaters. Mean annual NH3–N, NO2–N, NO3–N, TIN‐N, and TP‐P yields were 0.742, 0.400, 4.24, 5.38, and 0.979 kg ha?1 yr?1, respectively near the watershed outlet. Precipitation accounted for the majority of the explained variance in nutrient yields (R2 values from 0.68 to 0.85). Nutrient yields were also dependent on annual precipitation of the preceding year (R2 values from 0.87 to 0.91) thus enforcing the great complexity of variable mixed‐land‐use mediated source‐sink nutrient yield relationships. Study results better inform land managers and best management practices designed to mitigate nutrient pollution issues in mixed‐land‐use freshwater ecosystems. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
10.
Diffusive equilibrium in thin films provides evidence of suppression of hyporheic exchange and large‐scale nitrate transformation in a groundwater‐fed river 
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下载免费PDF全文 P. Byrne H. Zhang S. Ullah A. Binley A.L. Heathwaite C.M. Heppell K. Lansdown M. Trimmer 《水文研究》2015,29(6):1385-1396
The hyporheic zone of riverbed sediments has the potential to attenuate nitrate from upwelling, polluted groundwater. However, the coarse‐scale (5–10 cm) measurement of nitrogen biogeochemistry in the hyporheic zone can often mask fine‐scale (<1 cm) biogeochemical patterns, especially in near‐surface sediments, leading to incomplete or inaccurate representation of the capacity of the hyporheic zone to transform upwelling NO3?. In this study, we utilised diffusive equilibrium in thin‐films samplers to capture high resolution (cm‐scale) vertical concentration profiles of NO3?, SO42?, Fe and Mn in the upper 15 cm of armoured and permeable riverbed sediments. The goal was to test whether nitrate attenuation was occurring in a sub‐reach characterised by strong vertical (upwelling) water fluxes. The vertical concentration profiles obtained from diffusive equilibrium in thin‐films samplers indicate considerable cm‐scale variability in NO3? (4.4 ± 2.9 mg N/L), SO42? (9.9 ± 3.1 mg/l) and dissolved Fe (1.6 ± 2.1 mg/l) and Mn (0.2 ± 0.2 mg/l). However, the overall trend suggests the absence of substantial net chemical transformations and surface‐subsurface water mixing in the shallow sediments of our sub‐reach under baseflow conditions. The significance of this is that upwelling NO3?‐rich groundwater does not appear to be attenuated in the riverbed sediments at <15 cm depth as might occur where hyporheic exchange flows deliver organic matter to the sediments for metabolic processes. It would appear that the chemical patterns observed in the shallow sediments of our sub‐reach are not controlled exclusively by redox processes and/or hyporheic exchange flows. Deeper‐seated groundwater fluxes and hydro‐stratigraphy may be additional important drivers of chemical patterns in the shallow sediments of our study sub‐reach. © 2015 The Authors. Hydrological Processes Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 相似文献
11.
J. Tomajka 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1985,13(5):615-618
Danube river water samples were saturated with mineral oil, and then the primary production (gross) was determined by means of the light-dark bottle method (oxygen) in situ at depths of 0.1… 1.5 m in comparison with untreated samples. Samples were exposed for half a solar day alternately during the first and second half-days. Investigations carried out between March and October for periods of 14 days showed a mean production of 2.56 g · m?2d?1 O2, which was reduced by 36% due to 12.6 mg/l hydrocarbons. Production decreases with the water depth from 6.2 to 0.9 mg · l?1d?1 02, whereas the inhibition by hydrocarbons increases from 31 to 41%. 相似文献
12.
为揭示太湖流域降雨和湖水酸根阴离子长期变化特征及环境意义,通过历史数据收集和采样分析,对太湖流域降雨和湖水中的SO42-、NO3-变化特征和来源进行了研究.结果表明：自1990s以来太湖流域降雨中SO42-呈显著下降趋势,年平均下降率为0.28 mg/（L·a）;NO3-浓度却呈显著上升趋势,年平均增长率为0.05 mg/（L·a）,降雨中氮污染呈现加重的趋势.与之相反,湖水中SO42-呈显著上升趋势,年平均增长率为1.24 mg/（L·a）;NO3-浓度却呈显著下降趋势,年平均下降率为0.02 mg/（L·a）.30年以来,太湖水体SO42-/NO3-比值不断升高,远高于降水SO42-/NO3-比值.研究认为：流域SO2排放引起的酸沉降是湖水SO42-浓度增长的最重要原因,但氮氧化物排放并未引起湖水NO3-浓度升高,说明太湖流域对大气沉降的氮氧化物有滞留作用,而太湖水体是流域大气沉降硫酸盐的重要汇.综合治理太湖流域酸性物质排放对防止太湖水体酸化和治理富营养化都具有重要意义. 相似文献
13.
By way of introduction the general fundamentals and kinetic setups of the competitive and non-competitive as well as substrate inhibition of cultures of microorganisms are stated. Investigated on a laboratory scale is the degradation of liquid pig slurry in a 600-1 stirring fermenter with discontinuous addition (pO2≧=30 = saturation) of methanol as external substrate by a yeast mixed culture of Metschnikowia and Pichia membranifaceans to utilize the steam-volatile fatty acids (12 g/l) and of Acetobacter methanolicus to utilize methanol. A stable fermentation with stable residual concentrations of 235 mg/l fatty acids, 142 mg/l mH4-N an 100 … 300 mg/l methanol for aperiod of 2400 h can be achieved. 相似文献
14.
B. S. Khangarot 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1981,9(5):505-509
The acute toxicity of copper and copper plus complexing agents to common guppy Lebistes reticulatus was studied for 96 h by a static bioassay technique. The addition of complexing agents viz. disodium salt of EDTA, citric acid, sodium thiosulphate and glycine in Cu2+ solutions caused a great decrease in the per-cent mortality as compared to that of Cu2+ test solutions alone. 10 mg/l of complexing agent was added in each copper concentration in all the test series. The 96 h LC50 values and 95% confidence limits in mg/l of Cu2+ plus were 1.23 (0.95…1.65) for Cu2+ alone; 4.30 (4.04 … 4.55) for Cu2+ plus EDTA; 1.94 (1.69 … 2.18) for Cu2+ plus citric acid; 3.44 (2.96 … 3.74) for Cu2+ sodium thiosulphate and 2.29 (2.22 … 3.02) for Cu2+ plus glycine. 相似文献
15.
Ten reaction vessels containing 1 m3 were used as the experimental arrangement. They were filled with coarse sand or fine gravel and installed 60 cm below the floor. The pore volume (water saturation) was 227… 260 l. Anaerobic conditions were established by the addition of 6 g glucose at storage. The reactors were given tap water with 50 and 200 mg/l NO from KNO3 in such a way that a volumetric rate of flow of 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 l/d was created. The volumetric rates of flow corresponded to the natural recharge of groundwater, the recharge of groundwater under the conditions of irrigation and the conditions of an intensive wastewater ground treatment. In the effluent from the reaction vessels the nitrate concentration was determined every month. It was stationary from the 7th to the 55th month after the beginning of the experiment. The experiments are evaluated by means of a model which takes into account the diffusion, convection and kinetics of the nitrate degradation according to Michaelis-Menten. A simple method for solving homogeneous non-linear differential equations of the second order is proposed. The experimental and model results show a good agreement and prove the very slow nitrate degradation in the groundwater with kM = 210 mg/l, vmax = 1.5 mg/l · d or k1 = 0.005 d?1. 相似文献
16.
P. Loth 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1989,17(2):153-158
A mass development of Uroglena americana with cellular densities of up to 13.5 · 106 and 86.106 cells/l, was observed in two drinking-water reservoirs. In the first case the development remained confined to the upper 20 m, in the second case there occurred a gradual shift of the maximum to deeper zones from May to July with decreasing cellular densities down to a depth of 35 m. Laboratory experiments for the control of the algae development were performed in order to protect the drinking-water resources from potential impairments of odour and taste. Samples of the storage-reservoir water with 20.106 cells/l of Uroglena were concentrated up to 1.25 … 12.5 mg/l Ca(OH)2 (pH-values of 7.2 … 9.6) by addition of calcium hydroxide and observed for 39 h. First impairment of the cells of Uroglena is detectable at 5 mg/l Ca(OH)2 after 15 h, an immediate effect can be observed at 7.5 mg/l Ca(OH)2 together with increased sedimentation, also Gymnodinium and Cryptomonas having been damaged. Thereupon a successful control of Uroglena by liming up to pH-values above 8.0 is possible. The application of lime to outdoor areas was not necessary, in the final analysis, since the drinking-water quality could be secured by the optimum choice of the intake depth of raw water with a maximum of 4.103 to 77.103 cells/l. 相似文献
17.
The method is based on the determination of the number of the nonmotile sperms and/or the lethally damaged sperms with the aid of the fluorescent dye primuline. Incubation takes place at a suspension density of 10.000/mm3… 38.000/mm3, at 40°C or 46 °C for 15… 60 min. During the test with sublimate the loss of motility amounts to 55% at 4 mg/l Hg2+, the LC50 is 7.3 mg/l Hg2+. Phenyl-mercuric acetate causes the total loss of motility with 20 mg/l, the LC50 is above 168 mg/l (equivalent to 100 mg/l Hg2+). The LC50 of sodiumpentadecylmonosulphonate and dodecylpyridinchloride are 11.6 and 15.8 mg/l, resp. Filtrates of blooming of cyanophyceae on Baltic, having been digested by repeated freezing and thawing, with 1.5… 6.4 g/l dry matter showed motility losses of 30… 100 % for Nodularia spumigena, whereas no significant effect was produced by a filtrate of Microcystis aeruginosa with 28.2 g/l dry matter as well as water-blooming of Nodularia spumigena from the Small Jasmund Bodden. 相似文献
18.
110 samples from two swimming-pools were gas-chromatographically investigated for halogenated hydrocarbons. In spite of varying chlorine concentrations between 0.1 and 2.5 mg/l Cl2 the bacteriological results were unobjectionable. The total of the haloforms was between 1.2 and 182 μg/l, with the average value of 90 μg/l. Besides CHCl3, CHBrCl2, CHBr2Cl and CCl3NO2 there were observed other, still unidentified compounds in the chlorinated bathing water which clearly are successive products of disinfection, too. The water treatment by flocculation and filtration does not bring about any elimination of trihalomethanes. Of special importance is the occurrence of trichloronitromethane in concentrations of 0.13 … 1.2 μg/l, whose LC50 in the Daphnia test is 189 μg/l, at a threshold concentration of 160 μg/l. To limit the pollution of water and air to a minimum, specific conditions must be adhered to in the operation of indoor swimming-pools. 相似文献
19.
Transport of nitrogen in soil water following the application of animal manures to sloping grassland
Abstract A field experiment was conducted on a sloping grassland soil in southwest England to investigate the downslope transport of nitrogen in soil water following the application of cattle manure, slurry and inorganic fertilizer. Transport of nitrogen (N) species was monitored on hydrologically isolated plots. Manure (50 t ha?1), slurry (50 m3 ha?1) and fertilizer (250 kg N ha?1) were applied in February/March 1992. Subsurface water movement, by both matrix and preferential flow, was the dominant flow route during the experiment. Subsurface and surface nutrient flow pathways were monitored by analysing soil water and surface runoff for NO3-N, NH4-N and total N. Subsurface flow chemistry was dominated by NO3-N, with concentrations usually between 2 and 5 mg NO3 ?N dm?3. Differences between fertilizer and manure treatments and the untreated control were not significant. Significantly elevated NO3-N concentrations were observed in soil water in the buffer zone, indicating the importance of a buffer zone at least 10 m wide between manure spreading zones and an adjacent water course. 相似文献
20.
Density‐Driven Free‐Convection Model for Isotopically Fractionated Geogenic Nitrate in Sabkha Brine 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Subsurface brines with high nitrate (NO3?) concentration are common in desert environments as atmospheric nitrogen is concentrated by the evaporation of precipitation and little nitrogen uptake. However, in addition to having an elevated mean concentration of ～525 mg/L (as N), NO3? in the coastal sabkhas of Abu Dhabi is enriched in 15N (mean δ15N ～17‰), which is an enigma. A NO3? solute mass balance analysis of the sabkha aquifer system suggests that more than 90% of the nitrogen is from local atmospheric deposition and the remainder from ascending brine. In contrast, isotopic mass balances based on Δ17O, δ15N, and δ18O data suggest approximately 80 to 90% of the NO3? could be from ascending brine. As the sabkha has essentially no soil, no vegetation, and no anthropogenic land or water use, we propose to resolve this apparent contradiction with a density‐driven free‐convection transport model. In this conceptual model, the density of rain is increased by solution of surface salts, transporting near‐surface oxygenated NO3? bearing water downward where it encounters reducing conditions and mixes with oxygen‐free ascending geologic brines. In this environment, NO3? is partially reduced to nitrogen gas (N2), thus enriching the remaining NO3? in heavy isotopes. The isotopically fractionated NO3? and nitrogen gas return to the near‐surface oxidizing environment on the upward displacement leg of the free‐convection cycle, where the nitrogen gas is released to the atmosphere and new NO3? is added to the system from atmospheric deposition. This recharge/recycling process has operated over many cycles in the 8000‐year history of the shallow aquifer, progressively concentrating and isotopically fractionating the NO3?. 相似文献