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1.
ANDRÉ STRASSER 《Sedimentology》1986,33(5):711-727
ABSTRACT Ooids occurring in the shallow-water Purbeckian carbonate sediments of the Jura mountains can be grouped into six types. Gradations from one type to another and coexistence of the various types are common. Type 1 ooids are small and well rounded. They display fine concentric micritic laminae. In many cases their cortices are dissolved and replaced by void-filling spar. Microsparitic neomorphic replacement occurs locally. Type 2 ooids are large and have irregular shapes. They show fine micritic laminae and occasional layers of fine-radial crystals. They commonly evolve into oncoids. Ooids of type 3 display many fine-radial cortical laminae and are patchily micritized. They are medium in size and mostly well rounded. This type of ooid may pass into large, irregularly shaped coated grains. Type 4 ooids have 1 to 4 cortical laminae with a fine-radial structure and patchy micritization. They are medium in size and well rounded. Type 5 ooids have only one lamina with a coarse-radial structure. They are small and well rounded. Associated are spherical grains containing bundles of elongate crystals. Ooids of type 6 show superpositions of two or more different, radial and or fine micritic laminae. The cortical structure may also change laterally in the same lamina. The preferential dissolution of type 1 ooid cortices to form oomoulds indicates a primary composition of unstable carbonate. Sedimentological features and comparison with modern ooid occurrences point to formation on high-energy sandbars in normal-marine waters. Type 2 ooids grew in marine-lagoonal environments with quiet water and abundant cyanobacteria. The radially structured ooid cortices of types 3, 4 and 5 show no dissolution features. This implies that they were originally composed of stable carbonates, or that an unstable carbonate phase was transformed into a stable one at an early stage of diagenesis. Type 3 ooids occur together with marine faunas and indicate high water energy. Ooids of type 4 and type 5 originated probably from relatively quiet water of variable salinity. Coexistence of different ooid types and mixed forms of type 6 implies gradual or rapid changes in hydrodynamic, geochemical and microbiological conditions which were a feature of the Purbeckian depositional environments. 相似文献
2.
本文所述的由1-5μm自形菱形方解石组成的微晶化鲕粒采自得克萨斯奥陶系-侏罗系的鲕粒灰岩和泥粒灰岩,其中:露头样品4个,岩心样品3个,岩屑样品7个。微晶化鲕粒的孔隙度可大于15%,渗透率为1毫达西.鲕粒的微晶化不是由淋滤作用所引起,而是在矿物稳定化过程中由文石转化而成方解石。 相似文献
3.
Sediments exposed at low tide on the transgressive, hypertidal (>6 m tidal range) Waterside Beach, New Brunswick, Canada permit the scrutiny of sedimentary structures and textures that develop at water depths equivalent to the upper and lower shoreface. Waterside Beach sediments are grouped into eleven sedimentologically distinct deposits that represent three depositional environments: (1) sandy foreshore and shoreface; (2) tidal‐creek braid‐plain and delta; and, (3) wave‐formed gravel and sand bars, and associated deposits. The sandy foreshore and shoreface depositional environment encompasses the backshore; moderately dipping beachface; and a shallowly seaward‐dipping terrace of sandy middle and lower intertidal, and muddy sub‐tidal sediments. Intertidal sediments reworked and deposited by tidal creeks comprise the tidal‐creek braid plain and delta. Wave‐formed sand and gravel bars and associated deposits include: sediment sourced from low‐amplitude, unstable sand bars; gravel deposited from large (up to 5·5 m high, 800 m long), landward‐migrating gravel bars; and zones of mud deposition developed on the landward side of the gravel bars. The relationship between the gravel bars and mud deposits, and between mud‐laden sea water and beach gravels provides mechanisms for the deposition of mud beds, and muddy clast‐ and matrix‐supported conglomerates in ancient conglomeratic successions. Idealized sections are presented as analogues for ancient conglomerates deposited in transgressive systems. Where tidal creeks do not influence sedimentation on the beach, the preserved sequence consists of a gravel lag overlain by increasingly finer‐grained shoreface sediments. Conversely, where tidal creeks debouch onto the beach, erosion of the underlying salt marsh results in deposition of a thicker, more complex beach succession. The thickness of this package is controlled by tidal range, sedimentation rate, and rate of transgression. The tidal‐creek influenced succession comprises repeated sequences of: a thin mud bed overlain by muddy conglomerate, sandy conglomerate, a coarse lag, and capped by trough cross‐bedded sand and gravel. 相似文献
4.
羌塘盆地布曲组白云岩储层是整体致密背景下的"甜点"储层,深入研究其发育的控制因素,是进行有利区预测的基础。通过野外地质剖面观察、岩心观察、铸体薄片鉴定,结合实测分析,对白云岩储集空间进行分类,并分析其发育的控制因素。结果表明,南羌塘坳陷古油藏带布曲组白云岩储层发育在碳酸盐岩台地的台内滩中,高位体系域晚期的滩间洼地局限水体提供白云化流体。储层中发育晶内溶孔、晶间孔、晶间溶孔、溶蚀孔洞,物性较好。储层质量受沉积作用、成岩作用及构造作用共同控制。台内滩发育的颗粒灰岩能够保存更多的连通孔隙,为后期流体改造提供运移通道,滩后局限水体提供白云石化流体。浅埋藏阶段白云石化是储集空间发育的最有利因素。燕山运动Ⅱ幕的构造挤压形成热点,提供形成孔隙充填鞍形白云石的热流体,同时该流体能够溶蚀围岩。古油藏破坏过程中的酸性流体和大气淡水对储层进行溶蚀改造,对储层具有关键性改造意义的是浅埋藏阶段的白云石化和第一次生烃前的有机酸溶蚀。 相似文献
5.
菌藻对碳酸盐颗粒的泥晶化作用研究─以滇西保山地区下石炭统研究为例 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
碳酸盐颗粒泥晶化由真菌类和藻类的穿孔所引起，颗粒泥晶化可划分为四个阶段６种类型，泥晶套和泥晶铸型分别代表泥晶化的成长、成熟阶段。丰富的泥晶化颗粒为浅滩标志；泥晶化的深度与沉积速度成反比；泥晶化均匀程度与颗粒翻转次数成正比；颗粒泥晶化类型组合与风暴沉积有关；暴露环境出现溶蚀孔洞或负鲕。菌藻的泥晶化作用可加速海水及成岩压实作用对颗粒的破碎和细化并产生内碎屑和灰泥；鲕粒泥晶化后转变为辐射鲕和假鲕。 相似文献
6.
High energy, lake‐shoreline carbonate sequences are rarely documented in the geological record. However, one example occurs in the Upper Triassic Mercia Mudstone Group (MMG) of southern Britain. The MMG is one of a number of thick, non‐fossiliferous mudstone deposits associated with North Atlantic Mesozoic rift basins. The origin of the MMG mudstones is the subject of current debate, with marine, playa‐lacustrine and alluvial–aeolian models having been proposed. Shoreline features have been documented from the northern margin of the basin, but the rarity of such features elsewhere in the MMG has led many workers to doubt a lacustrine origin for the mudstones. Wave‐dominated, lake‐shoreline deposits have been recognized in several sections from the southern basin margin in the Clevedon area of the Bristol Channel in south‐west England. These deposits provide evidence for the development of a sizeable perennial to semi‐perennial hypersaline lake in which the MMG mudstones accumulated. Shoreline sediments overlie alluvial stream and sheet‐flood deposits, and pass from transgressive gravel–conglomerate beach units with bioclasts, influenced by shore‐normal waves (deposited under semi‐humid conditions), to lower gradient, highstand oolitic sands affected by more varied wave approach (deposited under progressively more arid conditions), which culminated in lowstand, oolitic strand‐plain deposits overlain by a playa‐mudflat unit. Shoreline deposits record a simple shallowing‐upward transgressive–highstand–lowstand sequence. However, a change from a reflective (transgressive) to dissipative (highstand) shoreline is believed to represent a climatically induced change in prevailing wind direction. Shoreline features recognized in the MMG are similar to those of recent playa‐lacustrine basins of the western United States. Ooids display a variety of size, fracture and dissolution features in addition to beachrock fabrics, suggesting that they were originally composed of radial aragonite, similar to modern ooids from the Great Salt Lake, Utah. 相似文献
7.
New interpretations of Great Salt Lake ooids and of ancient non-skeletal carbonate mineralogy 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
PHILIP A. SANDBERG 《Sedimentology》1975,22(4):497-537
Earlier interpretations of textural alteration affecting Great Salt Lake ooids have greatly influenced concepts of ooid diagenesis. Scanning electron microscope study shows, however, that the coarse radial aragonite rays are depositional, that no recrystallization of pellet cores has occurred, and that Great Salt Lake ooids have not suffered noticeable diagenesis. As suggested by Kahle (1974), radial texture in ancient calcitic ooids is probably mainly original, not diagenetic. Retention of such fine textures has been attributed to organic matter (since found to be equivalent in modern skeletal and non-skeletal grains) or to paramorphic replacement (proposed for non-skeletal grains whose original aragonite mineralogy was only inferred from modern analogs). Pleistocene ooids known to have been aragonite alter like aragonite shells to coarse neomorphic calcite, often with aragonite relics. The striking uniformity of that coarse texture in neomorphic calcite replacing known skeletal aragonites throughout the geologic record has been noted for over 100 years. In contrast, Mississippian ooids retain fine texture as do calcite layers of coexisting gastropods, but unlike the strongly altered aragonite layers of these same gastropods. Therefore, inferences of original aragonitic mineralogy of ancient non-skeletal carbonate grains (including muds) which are now calcite but retain fine texture appear unwarranted, as do assumptions of differential diagenetic behaviour of ancient aragonitic skeletal and non-skeletal grains. Accordingly, modern depositional environments of marine ooids and carbonate muds must be rejected as chemically unrepresentative of comparable ancient environments. It is inferred that ancient non-skeletal carbonates were originally predominantly or exclusively calcite because of an earlier lower oceanic Mg/Ca ratio (<2/1) which altered progressively to values favouring aragonite (modern Mg/Ca value = 5/1). Major influencing factors are: selective removal of calcium by planktonic foraminifers and coccolithophorids since Jurassic-Cretaceous time and by abundant younger, Mg-poor aragonite skeletons and an erratic trend toward decreasing dolomite formation (decreasing removal of oceanic Mg). The change to aragonite dominance over calcite for non-skeletal carbonates was probably during early to middle Cenozoic time. 相似文献
8.
北京下苇甸剖面张夏组鲕粒特征及其白云化机制 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
北京下苇甸剖面张夏组作为华北寒武系的标准剖面之一,鲜有人对其中的鲕粒类型及其成岩作用进行细致研究。在充分调研前人研究的基础上,通过野外观察、实测,并结合室内薄片鉴定、XRD测试等技术,对下苇甸剖面张夏组的鲕粒类型进行总结,并对鲕粒白云化机制进行分析。结果显示：(1)下苇甸张夏组鲕粒类型主要为放射鲕、同心放射鲕及单晶鲕/多晶鲕,还有少量同心鲕、复鲕及藻鲕;(2)鲕粒发生白云化,填隙物未见白云化,且放射圈层白云化程度高于同心圈层,并且放射圈层白云石颗粒围绕核心呈放射状分布,同心圈层围绕核心呈同心状分布;(3)鲕粒内部白云石颗粒多为中细晶,自形-半自形,回流渗透白云化是造成鲕粒白云化的主要成因,因此造成亮晶鲕粒石灰岩白云化程度高于灰泥鲕粒石灰岩。 相似文献
9.
The Mesta Basin in southwest Bulgaria is a graben that contains a Paleogene‐age siliciclastic and volcaniclastic succession deposited in alluvial and fluvial settings. A sedimentological analysis has shed light on conglomerate provenance, and the links between deposition and tectonic setting. Petrographical and chemical analysis of conglomerate clasts and matrix from the Dobrinishka, Gradinishka, Osikovo (or Osenovo) and Zlataritsa formations reveal both local, and more distal source provenance ages. The basal conglomerates are subdivided into three types, a lower and upper polymictic and a middle granitic conglomerate type. Petrographical and chemical analysis reveals granite, gneiss and amphibolite clasts that were sourced from the Sidironero–Mesta Unit of the Middle Allochthon of the Rhodope Metamorphic Complex, and the Rila–Rhodope Batholith to the east of the basin. Cathodoluminescence analysis of quartz sand grains reveals an increased input of red‐ and violet‐luminescent volcanic grains. Volcanic quartz in the oldest conglomerates indicates a hitherto unknown early (pre‐Oligocene) phase of volcanic activity in the vicinity of the Mesta Basin. The conglomerates were deposited in association with movement on the Ribnovo low‐angle normal fault during the Late Eocene, creating subsidence and the development of considerable accommodation space. The establishment of a fluvial environment followed subsequent Oligocene‐age volcanic activity. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
10.
对四川盆地北部孤立台地边缘下三叠统飞仙关组鲕滩储层的认识尚存诸多分歧,尤其是在储层白云石化、孔隙类型和成因方面。认为构成储层的主要岩性是残余鲕粒泥晶白云岩、残余鲕粒粉晶白云岩和细晶白云岩,储集空间以粒间孔和鲕模孔为主。沉积微相、鲕粒矿物成分和早期淡水溶蚀作用是储层形成的主控因素,其中相控是基础,是粒间孔发育的关键,鲕粒矿物成分和早期大气淡水溶蚀是鲕模孔形成的决定因素。回流渗透白云石化作用是白云岩形成的关键,其主要贡献在于增加了岩石强度,抑制压溶和胶结作用,使早期孔隙得以保存。埋藏溶蚀作用有两期,分别与有机酸和TSR产物有关,但埋藏溶蚀只是对原有储集空间的有益改造。 相似文献
11.
Carbonate platforms across Western Europe were superseded at the Middle–Upper Jurassic (Callovian–Oxfordian) boundary either by alternating marl–limestone and widespread marl deposits or by condensed sections containing iron ooids. The characteristics of marine condensed sections in the south-eastern part of the Paris Basin (France) and their distribution pattern are examined here, and a model of iron ooid formation is developed. Iron ooids are found from the shoreface to the offshore zone. They are most abundant in the median-to-distal offshore transition zone, where they originally formed. They also occur commonly, albeit often as reworked grains, in the proximal offshore zone, to which they were transported. The contemporaneous, thick, predominantly marl sections that occur laterally are devoid of iron ooids and were deposited in deeper settings (distal offshore zone). The iron ooids are composed of goethite. Typically, they have a nucleus made up of a clump of goethite crystals and a laminated cortex. Three distinctive nanostructures are identified in the cortex laminae: (i) a nanograined crystalline structure typical of primary goethite; (ii) a secondary nanoflaked structure thought to have formed mechanically by reorientation of the goethite crystals; and (iii) a coalesced structure acquired by subsequent diagenetic recrystallization. The iron ooids formed successively (i) by lamina growth when goethite precipitated in the surface layer of the sediment (nanograined structure) and (ii) by interruption of growth when the ooids were remobilized by hydrodynamic agents, as reflected by the flaked nanostructure; (iii) these two nanostructures were sometimes transformed into a coalesced structure by recrystallization when ooids were buried. 相似文献
12.
鲕粒原生矿物识别及对海水化学成分变化的指示意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
鲕粒是碳酸盐沉积过程中一类非常特殊的颗粒类型, 为研究当时的沉积背景、水动力条件、气候环境, 甚至储层特征提供了重要线索。然而, 鲕粒的矿物组成及控制因素问题, 长期受到忽视。组成鲕粒的原生矿物类型在地质历史时期呈周期性变化, 在显生宙表现为三个以文石和高镁方解石占主导的时期以及两个以低镁方解石占主导的时期, 这也被称作“文石海”和“方解石海”时期。原生矿物的组成, 制约着鲕粒的纹层结构、保存程度以及成岩特征, 还蕴含着海水化学成分变化的线索。鲕粒原生矿物识别主要依据:①原生纹层结构;②保存程度;③微量元素浓度, 尤其是Sr-Mg的浓度。文石质鲕粒受文石不稳定性的影响, 原生结构保存程度较差;一般保存有典型的文石残余纹层结构(例如砖砌结构、溶解变形结构以及偏心结构等);在封闭成岩环境下原生矿物为文石质的鲕粒Sr浓度往往大于2 000 ppm;纹层结构主要为切线状(占主导)和放射状。方解石质鲕粒包括低镁方解石和高镁方解石两种类型:低镁方解石为稳定矿物, 原生结构一般保存良好。尽管高镁方解石也为亚稳定矿物, 但成岩转换后的保存程度好于文石。两者Sr含量一般均低于1 000 ppm, Mg含量一般在0~20 mol % MgCO3(两者以4 mol % MgCO3为界)。高镁方解石受成岩作用影响, 在纹层中往往保留有微粒白云石包裹体;海相地层中保存的方解石质鲕粒为放射状或同心-放射状结构。另外还存在一类由两种矿物共同构成的双矿物鲕粒, 可以通过分析两类纹层在结构和保存特征上的差异进行区分。鲕粒原生矿物成分随时间的波动变化受到海水化学条件, 尤其是Mg/Ca比值, 大气二氧化碳分压以及碳酸盐饱和度的控制。Mg/Ca比值的波动决定着鲕粒原生矿物类型的长期变化规律。一些突发性事件可能会扰动(区域)短时间尺度下鲕粒原生矿物的组成, 造成鲕粒原生矿物的转换。通过研究碳酸盐鲕粒原生矿物特征以及控制因素进而了解海水的化学特征, 是独立于古生物学和地球化学分析之外的一种较为可靠的沉积学方法。 相似文献
13.
Analysis of 75 vibracores from the backbarrier region of Kiawah Island, South Carolina reveals a complex association of three distinct stratigraphic sequences. Beach ridge progradation and orientation-controlled backbarrier development during the evolution of Kiawah Island, and resulted in deposition of: (1) a mud-rich central backbarrier sequence consisting of low marsh overlying fine-grained, tidal flat/lagoonal mud; (2) a sandy beach-ridge swale sequence consisting of high and low marsh overlying tidal creek channel and point bar sand, and foreshore/shoreface; and (3) a regressive sequence of sandy, mixed, and muddy tidal flats capped by salt marsh that occurs on the updrift end of the island. Central backbarrier deposits formed as a result of the development of the initial beach ridge on Kiawah Island. Formation of this beach ridge created a backbarrier lagoon in which fine-grained estuarine and tidal flat mud accumulated. Washovers, oyster mounds, and tidal creek deposits form isolated sand and/or shell-rich lenses in the lagoon. Spartina alterniflora low marsh prograded into the lagoon as the tidal flats aggraded. Barrier progradation and sediment bar-bypassing at Stono Inlet created digitate beach ridges on the northeast end of Kiawah Island. Within the beach-ridge swales, tidal flats were disconformably deposited on shoreface and foreshore sand of the older beach ridges. Tidal creek drainage systems evolved to drain the swales. These rapidly migrating creeks reworked the tidal flat, foreshore, and shoreface sediments while redepositing a fining-upward sequence of channel lag and point bar deposits, which served as a substrate for salt marsh colonization. This resultant regressive sedimentary package marks the culmination of barrier island development and estuary infilling. Given enough time and sedimentation, the backbarrier sequence will ultimately prograde over the barrier island, reworking dune, beach, and foreshore sediments to form the upper sand-rich bounding surface of the barrier lithosome. Preservation of the regressive sequence is dependent upon sediment supply and the relative rate of sea-level rise, but the reworking of barrier islands by tidal inlets and migrating tidal creeks greatly alter and complicate the stratigraphic sequence. 相似文献
14.
近年来,四川盆地西北部下二叠统栖霞组已成为油气勘探的热点和重点。但川北地区勘探程度较低,钻井和剖面资料较少,栖霞组岩石类型分类粗略,沉积模式尚存争议。故选取川北地区露头出露良好的小南海剖面,通过实测观察和室内岩石薄片鉴定,共识别出4类11种岩石类型,并在此基础上分析其岩石微相类型及沉积环境。结果表明:川北地区栖霞组为开阔台地相沉积,生物化石类型丰富,碳酸盐颗粒强烈泥晶化,发育相对低能的似球粒颗粒滩,有别于鲕粒滩和生物碎屑滩,为川北地区下二叠统栖霞组台地沉积模式提供了新的依据。似球粒浅滩的形成环境对进一步认识上扬子二叠纪古地理环境具有重要意义,可为川北地区在今后的勘探工作提供理论指导。此外,梁山组—栖霞组应为一个完整的三级层序,海平面变化是栖霞组沉积相横向迁移和纵向演化的主要控制因素。 相似文献
15.
川南地区中二叠统茅口组颗粒滩控制了早成岩期岩溶储层的发育,但不同沉积环境中碳酸盐岩的沉积和成岩作用特征,尤其是浅埋藏之后的孔隙差异演化对岩溶作用的影响还不够深入。基于野外露头、岩心、薄片和阴极发光等资料,在研究区茅口组识别出8种岩石类型,分别发育于颗粒滩(包括高能滩和低能滩)、滩间海和开阔潮下3种沉积环境,其中亮晶生屑灰岩发育于高能滩,在浅埋藏后孔隙保存最好,有助于岩溶作用改造形成大规模层状溶洞和斑点状溶蚀带;泥晶生屑灰岩发育于低能滩,浅埋藏后孔隙保存较高能滩稍差,因此形成的溶洞和溶缝规模较高能滩小;泥质生屑泥晶灰岩发育于滩间海和开阔潮下,在抬升暴露前已压实致密,不发育岩溶。垂向上颗粒滩分布受控于海平面变化,发育在三级层序的高位体系域即茅二段和茅三段;平面上颗粒滩分布受控于隐伏基底隆起形成的沉积古地貌变化,在泸州古隆起一带厚度大。溶洞钻井响应层位和高产井位的分布与颗粒滩的分布相一致,说明颗粒滩对早成岩期岩溶储层的形成具有控制作用。 相似文献
16.
塔里木盆地下志留统塔塔埃尔塔格组痕迹化石与海进期沉积及海进体系域 总被引：9，自引：2，他引：7
在层序地层学研究中,海进（transgrssion）常被认为是快速形成的,序列简单,并以少量沉积为特征。对塔里木盆地下志留统塔塔埃尔塔格组痕迹化石及沉积特征研究表明,海进期沉积及海进体系域比人们想象的要复杂,由三类沉积组成:（1）与海进侵蚀有关,包括海进滞留沉积,发育固底控制Glossifungites痕迹相;（2）与海进初期的海面缓慢上升或总体海进过程中的静止期有关,包括前滨和临滨砂泥岩,发育Skolithos痕迹相和近端Gruziana痕迹相;（3）与海面快速上升有关,包括滨外泥岩,发育远端Gruziana痕迹相。 相似文献
17.
豫西登封寒武系第三统灰岩中的鲕粒自下而上个体直径与鲕核逐渐变小、形态变得更加浑圆、鲕粒间胶结程度更高,反映了从深水不稳定鲕粒灰岩到浅水高速建造鲕粒滩的演变过程。研究区鲕粒灰岩发育可以分为3个阶段:(1)台地深斜坡鲕粒灰岩建造阶段(A段),主要发育放射鲕及同心—放射鲕,鲕粒形态多样、粒径大,粒间多为灰泥充填;(2)滩前缓斜坡鲕粒灰岩建造阶段(B段),主要发育同心—放射鲕、同心鲕,鲕粒含量极不稳定,粒径差异大,粒间由微亮晶及亮晶方解石胶结;(3)台内鲕粒滩高速建造阶段(C段), 主要发育白云化的同心鲕和微晶鲕,鲕粒含量极高、粒径极小,鲕核也很小,粒间由亮晶方解石胶结。由A段到C段,相对水深逐渐变浅,成鲕环境变得成熟而稳定,鲕粒沉积规模逐渐扩大。 相似文献
18.
MICHAEL C. RYGEL CHRISTOPHER R. FIELDING KERRIE L. BANN TRACY D. FRANK LAUREN BIRGENHEIER STUART C. TYE 《Sedimentology》2008,55(5):1517-1540
The Lower Permian Wasp Head Formation (early to middle Sakmarian) is a ～95 m thick unit that was deposited during the transition to a non‐glacial period following the late Asselian to early Sakmarian glacial event in eastern Australia. This shallow marine, sandstone‐dominated unit can be subdivided into six facies associations. (i) The marine sediment gravity flow facies association consists of breccias and conglomerates deposited in upper shoreface water depths. (ii) Upper shoreface deposits consist of cross‐stratified, conglomeratic sandstones with an impoverished expression of the Skolithos Ichnofacies. (iii) Middle shoreface deposits consist of hummocky cross‐stratified sandstones with a trace fossil assemblage that represents the Skolithos Ichnofacies. (iv) Lower shoreface deposits are similar to middle shoreface deposits, but contain more pervasive bioturbation and a distal expression of the Skolithos Ichnofacies to a proximal expression of the Cruziana Ichnofacies. (v) Delta‐influenced, lower shoreface‐offshore transition deposits are distinguished by sparsely bioturbated carbonaceous mudstone drapes within a variety of shoreface and offshore deposits. Trace fossil assemblages represent distal expressions of the Skolithos Ichnofacies to stressed, proximal expressions of the Cruziana Ichnofacies. Impoverished trace fossil assemblages record variable and episodic environmental stresses possibly caused by fluctuations in sedimentation rates, substrate consistencies, salinity, oxygen levels, turbidity and other physio‐chemical stresses characteristic of deltaic conditions. (vi) The offshore transition‐offshore facies association consists of mudstone and admixed sandstone and mudstone with pervasive bioturbation and an archetypal to distal expression of the Cruziana Ichnofacies. The lowermost ～50 m of the formation consists of a single deepening upward cycle formed as the basin transitioned from glacioisostatic rebound following the Asselian to early Sakmarian glacial to a regime dominated by regional extensional subsidence without significant glacial influence. The upper ～45 m of the formation can be subdivided into three shallowing upward cycles (parasequences) that formed in the aftermath of rapid, possibly glacioeustatic, rises in relative sea‐level or due to autocyclic progradation patterns. The shift to a parasequence‐dominated architecture and progressive decrease in ice‐rafted debris upwards through the succession records the release from glacioisostatic rebound and amelioration of climate that accompanied the transition to broadly non‐glacial conditions. 相似文献
19.
Facies, depositional environment and diagenetic processes of the early Mid-Miocene Jeribe Formation, Central and Southern Iraq 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Moutaz A. Al-Dabbas Jassim A. Al-Jassim Yassin S. Al-Jwaini 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2013,6(12):4743-4754
The Jeribe Formation (Early Middle Miocene) in the central and southern Iraq consists mainly of shallow marine carbonates. Many microfacies have been identified: mudstone, wackestone, packstone, and grainstone with seven submicrofacies. Four major depositional cycles were determined. Microfacies developments and their distribution are controlled by cyclicity and relative sea level fluctuations. The Allochems in the Jeribe Limestone Formation are dominated by bioclasts. Peloids, ooids, and intraclasts are less abundant. The fossils are represented by benthonic forams and very rare planktonic forams. Calcite and dolomite are the predominant mineral components of Jeribe Formation. The carbonates of Jeribe have been affected by a variety of diagenetic processes such as compaction, dissolution, cementation, neomorphism, dolomitization, anhydritization, and silicification. By using the lithofacies association concepts, the depositional model of the Jeribe Formation environment was built. The Jeribe was deposited in open to restricted platforms which indicated lagoonal environment with warm and restricted-open circulation and the lower part (in well Hemrin-2) was deposited in foreslope environment. 相似文献
20.
The Upper Cretaceous Twentymile Sandstone of the Mesaverde Group in NW Colorado, USA, has been analysed with respect to its pinch‐out style and the stratigraphic position of tidally influenced facies within the sandstone tongue. Detailed sedimentological analysis has revealed that the Twentymile Sandstone as a whole is a deltaic shoreface sandstone tongue up to 50 m thick proximally. Facies change character vertically from very fine‐grained, storm wave‐dominated shelf sandstones and mudstones to fine‐grained, wave‐dominated sandstones and, finally, to fine‐ to coarse‐grained tidally dominated sandstones. The pinch‐out style is characterized by a basinward splitting of the massive proximal sandbody into seven coarsening‐upward fourth‐order sequences consisting of a lower shaly part and an upper sandy part (sandstone tongue). These are stacked overall to reflect the regressive‐to‐transgressive development of the tongue. Each of the lower sandstone tongues 1–3 are gradationally based, very fine‐grained and dominated by hummocky cross‐stratification and were deposited on the lower to upper shoreface. Sandstone tongues 4 and 5 prograded further basinwards than the underlying tongues, are erosively based, fine‐ to coarse‐grained and mainly hummocky, herringbone and trough cross‐stratified. Especially in tongue 5, tidal indicators, such as bipolar foresets and double mud drapes, are common. These tongues were deposited as upper shoreface and tidal channel sandstones respectively. Sandstone tongues 6 and 7 retrograded in relation to tongue 5, are very fine‐ to fine‐grained and hummocky cross‐stratified. These tongues were deposited in lower shoreface to offshore transition environments. The two lower fourth‐order sequences were deposited during normal regressions during slowly rising or stable relative sea level and represent the highstand systems tract. The three succeeding fourth‐order sequences, which show succeedingly increasing evidence of tidal influence, were deposited during falling and lowstand of relative sea level and represent the falling stage (forced regressive) and lowstand systems tracts. The uppermost two fourth‐order sequences were deposited during rapidly rising sea level in the transgressive systems tract. The maximum tidal influence occurred during lowstand progradation, in contrast to most other published examples reporting maximum tidal influence during transgression. 相似文献