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1.
We investigate a special type of variability in response spectral amplification ratios computed from numerical “engineering” models for a soft soil site. The engineering models are defined by shallow soil layers over “engineering” bedrock with a shear-wave velocity over 600–700 m/s and the model is subjected to vertical propagating shear waves. The variability, perhaps unique in earthquake engineering, is a result of the “perfectly accurate” computational procedure. For example, an engineering soil site model, subjected to two rock site records or the two horizontal components of a rock site record, produces different response spectral amplification ratios. We use a large number of strong-motion records from “engineering” rock sites, with a reasonably balanced distribution with respect to magnitude and source distance, generated by subduction earthquakes in Japan, to investigate the nature of the variability. In order to avoid any approximation in removing the effect of soil nonlinear response, we use a simple model, a single horizontal soil layer over a bedrock, modelled as elastic. We then demonstrate that a similar type of variability observed in the one- or two-dimensional nonlinear soil models is caused by the nature of response spectral amplification ratios, not a direct result of soil nonlinear response. Examination of variability reveals that the average of response spectral amplification ratios systematically depends on both earthquake magnitude and source distance. We find that, at periods much longer than the site natural periods of the soil sites, the scatter of the amplification ratios decreases with increasing magnitude and source distance. These findings may have a potential impact in establishing design spectra for soft soil sites using strong-motion attenuation models or dynamic numerical modelling. 相似文献
2.
Seismic site amplification studies are generally used to assess the effects of local geology and soil conditions on ground motion characteristics. Although extensive reviews on site amplification phenomena associated with stratigraphic effects can be found in the specialized literature, it should be pointed out that most of the practical applications have been limited to the study of vertically propagating shear horizontal (SH) waves, i.e., to the 1-D soil amplification problem. Furthermore, little attention, if any, has been devoted to the study of the effects of non-vertically incident SH waves on surface accelerograms and on the earthquake response of structures. In the present work, the study is extended to an investigation of 2-D site amplification of non-vertically propagating seismic shear waves in multilayered viscoelastic soil deposits. Sensitivity analyses of the effects of non-vertical incidence on site amplification functions are performed based on site geotechnical data collected from post-seismic investigations of the 1980 El-Asnam earthquake. Analytical results are discussed in terms of seismic site transfer functions, spectral ratios, surface acceleration time histories, and structural response spectra for different values of wave incidence angle. Both bedrock and rock outcropping cases are examined. 相似文献
3.
局部场地条件对地震动特性影响显著,深厚的软弱覆盖层引起的地震动场地效应会显著放大中长周期反应谱。采用谱比法,对2020年7月12日唐山古冶5.1级地震中获得的部分强震动记录进行统计,发现在本次地震中北京城区的地震动场地效应显著,深厚覆盖层明显放大了加速度反应谱,在T=1.2 s左右反应谱放大倍数可达4.0,说明北京地区的场地和盆地效应使得远场地震动的中长周期成分显著放大。此外,发现参考基岩场地记录是否与土层场地处遭受的基岩地震动一致,仍然是制约统计结果可靠性的关键因素。 相似文献
4.
Generalized inversion of the S-wave amplitude spectra from the strong-motion network data in the East-Central Iran has been used to estimate simultaneously source parameters, site response and the S-wave attenuation (Qs). In this regard, 190 three-component records were used corresponded to 40 earthquakes with the magnitudes M3.5–M7.3. These earthquakes were recorded at 42 stations in the hypocentral distance range from 9 to 200 km. The inverse problem was solved in 20 logarithmically equally spaced points in the frequency band from 0.4 to 15 Hz. The frequency-dependent site amplification was imposed, as a constraint, on two reference site responses in order to remove the undetermined degree of freedom in the inversion and obtain a unique inverse solution. Also, a geometrical spreading factor was assumed for removing the trade-off between geometrical spreading and anelastic attenuation. Different source parameters, such as seismic moment (M0), seismic energy (Es), corner frequency (fc) and Brune stress drop (Δσ), were estimated for each event by fitting an ω2 model to the spectra obtained from the inversion. The stress drop values of earthquakes, obtained in this research, are in good agreement with those of other studies. Also average site response values were correlated to the average shear wave velocities in the uppermost 30 m, in high and low frequency bands. The peak frequencies of site amplifications, estimated by the generalized inversion method, where in good agreement with those of horizontal to vertical (H/V) spectral ratios for the S-wave portion of records. However, no perfect matching in amplitude was obtained due to the deficiencies of the H/V ratio technique. By supposing a free shape for Q factor, a frequency dependent function was found, the logarithm of which could be approximated by a linear function, Q(f)=151f0.75. The uncertainties of model parameters have been evaluated by covariance matrix of least-square fit. The residuals were also analyzed in order to assess the validity of the model. The analysis of residuals with respect to magnitude and distance indicates that they are distributed normally with approximately zero mean. The robustness of the results has been studied concerning their sensitivities to the omission of different datasets, selected randomly from original database. The results obtained here can be used in predicting ground-motion parameters applying stochastic methods. 相似文献
5.
Seismic wave amplification: Basin geometry vs soil layering 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
J.F. Semblat M. Kham E. Parara P.Y. Bard K. Pitilakis K. Makra D. Raptakis 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2005,25(7-10):529-538
6.
场地放大效应的估计 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本利用唐山地区9个台站得到的13次近场地震记录分析了场地放大效应，其中一些站位于废弃的地下煤矿坑道内，最深的一个台站在地下822m处，首先检验确定了地面反射波对地下场地的入射波没有很大影响，在后利用地下基岩场地台站（－822m)作参考场地，用线性反演法来同时分离震源，传播途径和局部场地效应，结果发现：在1至10Hz的频段上S波品质因子Qs基本上与频率成正比；与以地面基岩场地作参考场地所得的结果相比较，地面基岩场地的反应并不是一常数，它在大于6Hz的高频段上有明显的放大作用，在本的研究事件中，在6至10Hz的频段上这个放大纱数约为2至4。这表明由于地面基岩场地本身的放大作用，将导致在作场地震动预测时会低估地震作用，最后采用一种新的非参考场地法，即遗传算法，用w^2震源模型来估计绝对场地效应。在本的研究结果中，对大多数台站场地来说，所得的绝对场地应应与以地下基岩台站作参考场地所得的相对场地效应十分一致。这表明这作场地震动分析时，当仔细考虑了反射波对入射波的影响后，地下或井下基岩场地是比地面基岩场地更合适的参考场地。 相似文献
7.
In this article, a study on development of ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs) is undertaken for seismically active regions in India. To derive the equations, the seismically active regions are divided into four units based on seismotectonic setting and geology. Due to lack of strong motion data, a stochastic finite-fault simulation method is used for generating a complete synthetic database with respect to magnitude and distance. The input parameters in the stochastic seismological model, such as site amplification and stress drop, are first derived from the past strong-motion data. A total of 236 three-component records from 62 earthquakes with magnitudes ranging from M w 3.4 to 7.8 are used to calibrate the seismological model. The obtained stress drops of these 62 events lie in between 60 and 165 bars. With the help of a large synthetic database generated from the calibrated seismological model, ground motion relations for 5 % damped spectral acceleration are obtained by regression analysis. The developed ground motion relations are compared with the existing GMPEs of the other active regions in the world. Although the proposed equations have trends similar to those of the existing relations, there are some differences attributed to stress drop and the quality factor of active regions in India. These relations will be useful to prepare spectral acceleration hazard maps of India for a given annual probability of exceedance. 相似文献
8.
Adel M.E. Mohamed 《Geophysical Prospecting》2009,57(6):1073-1089
The damage caused by earthquake occurrences in different localities all over the world necessitates the evaluation of the underground and/or sub-soil structure for strategic projects. The case study is the proposed area for a new factory construction that lies 3 km west of Suez Cement factory, in the area between Kottamiya and Ain Sokhna. The shallow seismic refraction survey was carried out through 10 major lines (grid lines), comprising 30 seismic profiles. The microtremor measurements were done at 25 locations at the grid intersection points. The obtained compressional (P) and horizontal shear (SH) wave velocities, with the horizontal to vertical (H/V) spectral ratios, are used to deduce the subsurface structures, to evaluate the elastic and dynamic properties and the transfer function at both the surface and bedrock. The results illustrate that there is a good correlation between the fundamental frequencies deduced through the theoretical transfer function and the H/V spectral ratio. The maximum value of ground motion amplification factor of the study area is 3.3 at a corresponding frequency of 7.8 Hz. 相似文献
9.
相对于基岩的中国仪器地震烈度增量可以作为地震小区划的一个重要指标,也可以作为研究区建（构）筑物差异抗震设防的可靠依据。使用2021年2月13日福岛地震期间日本KiK-net台网120个台阵记录的地震动数据,根据18种地震动参数的定义和《中国地震烈度表》中中国仪器地震烈度的算法,分别计算了相对基岩的、土层上的中国仪器地震烈度增量和这些地震动参数的放大系数,然后用一元、二元回归分析方法分别建立它们之间的经验关系式。结果表明:（1）一元回归分析中,中国仪器地震烈度增量与持时超过0.3秒的加速度阈值（a0.3）的放大系数的相关系数最高且为0.918,与峰值地面加速度（PGA）、水平向最大谱烈度（SI）的放大系数的相关系数均在0.870以上;（2）从中国规范的II类场地到III类场地（或美国规范的C类场地到E类场地）,中国仪器地震烈度增量的均值逐渐增大;（3）相比于一元回归结果,二元回归分析中的中国仪器地震烈度增量与18种地震动参数放大系数两两组合的相关系数普遍有所提高,其中中国仪器地震烈度增量与PGA和SI放大系数组合的相关系数最高且为0.9261。 相似文献
10.
场地效应通常包含土层放大效应和地形放大效应,为了揭示二者的相对贡献,本文构造了平面SH波作用下部分充填沉积谷的解析模型,借助于区域分解策略,在波函数展开法的框架下,提出了超定方程组解法,得到了部分充填圆弧形沉积谷对平面SH波散射的波函数级数解,而且级数解的收敛测试表明了超定方程组解法的必要性.通过与文献结果进行对比,验证了本文方法的正确性.通过调整解析模型中两个子区域内的材料参数,计算了沉积谷引起的场地放大效应和相应的空河谷引起的地形放大效应.对二维土层与地形效应进行对比分析,结果显示,在沉积谷内二维土层放大效应通常强于地形放大效应,而地形放大效应决定了沉积谷外的地面运动放大形态.针对最大地面运动,进行了沉积谷和相应空河谷的参数分析,进一步描述了二维土层放大效应,研究结果表明二维土层放大效应引起的最大地面运动通常远远大于地形放大效应引起的最大地面运动,并且二维土层效应通常随着土层与基岩的阻抗比的增大而增大,但不是一维土层放大效应与二维地形放大效应的简单线性叠加. 相似文献
11.
To identify the key features of the free-field response for inplane motion, a vast parametric study is performed, varying the location of the control point, the nature of the wave pattern and the site properties. Harmonic excitation for a site consisting of a layer on bedrock is investigated. The nature of the wave pattern producing the site response is classified with respect to the apparent velocity of the motion propagating horizontally across the site. When the control point is selected at the outcrop of the bedrock, the amplification of the motion to the free surface of the site depends on the angle of incidence of the incoming wave in the bedrock. The amplification of the vertical motion for incident P-waves hardly depends (with a tendency of being somewhat larger compared to vertical incidence) on the angle of incidence in the bedrock. The amplification of the horizontal motion for incident SV-waves is affected strongly by the angle of incidence, being larger or smaller than for vertical incidence. Interpreting the two components of the motion at the free surface as arising from a combination of incident P- and SV-waves leads to amplifications within the site (for the horizontal and vertical directions) which do not depend, from a practical point of view, on the angle of incidence and on the prescribed motion up to the fundamental frequency in the horizontal and vertical directions, respectively. The variation of the motion for the first Rayleigh-mode with depth in the two directions bears comparison, in general, with that of vertically incident waves up to the corresponding fundamental frequency. The higher Rayleigh-modes lead to a completely different variation with depth. In contrast to Rayleigh-waves the attenuation of the motion in the horizontal direction for inclined body waves depends on the damping of only the bedrock. Rayleigh-waves thus attenuate more strongly than body waves, especially in the higher-frequency range. Generally, higher Rayleigh-modes attenuate less than the first. 相似文献
12.
Large amplification of ground motion at rock sites within a fault zone in Nocera Umbra (central Italy) 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
F. Marra R. Azzara F. Bellucci A. Caserta G. Cultrera G. Mele B. Palombo A. Rovelli E. Boschi 《Journal of Seismology》2000,4(4):543-554
During the two mainshocks of September 26, 1997 inthe Umbria-Marche border a strong-motion accelerographrecorded peak ground accelerations as large as 0.6 g,approximately, in the town of Nocera Umbra, atdistances of 10 to 15 km from the epicentres. Thisvalue is significantly larger than expected on thebasis of the usual regressions with magnitude anddistance. A broad-band amplification up to a factor of10 was consistently estimated in previous papers,using both weak and strong motion data recorded at theaccelerograph site during local moderate earthquakes.To study the cause of this amplification we deployedsix seismologic stations across the tectonic contactbetween the Ceno-Mesozoic limestone and the Mesozoicmarly sandstone where the accelerograph is installed.Seismograms of 21 shallow aftershocks in the magnituderange from 2.2 to 4.0 and a subcrustal Mw = 5.3event are analysed. Regardless of epicentre location,waveforms show a large complexity in an approximately200 m wide band adjacent to the tectonic contact. Thisis interpreted as the effect of trapped waves in thehighly fractured, lower velocity materials within thefault zone. 相似文献
13.
Site classification is an important procedure for a reliable site-specific seismic hazard assessment. On the other hand, the site conditions at strong-motion stations are essential for accurate interpretation and analysis of the recorded ground motion data obtained from different regions of the world. For some countries with insufficient data on the subsurface geological settings, the required site condition information is not available. This paper presents a new and efficient approach for site classification based on artificial neural networks (ANN) along with a selected set of representative horizontal to vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) curves for four site classes. The nonlinear nature of ANN and their ability to learn in a complex environment make it highly suitable for function approximation and solving complicated engineering problems. Two types of radial basis function (RBF) neural networks, namely, probabilistic neural networks (PNN) and generalized regression neural networks (GRNN) were chosen in this study, as no separate training phase is required, rendering them particularly suitable for site classification. The proposed approach has been tested using data of the Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake (Mw=7.6) recorded from 87 stations at which the site conditions are known. Analyses show that both the PNN and the GRNN perform very well with similar accuracy in estimating site conditions, with successful rates of 78% and 75%, respectively. 相似文献
14.
BAI-JI LI JIA-ZHENG QIN DI-HUA LUO JIAN-QING YE MIN-GONG CHEN SHAO-PING CAI XUE-JUN LIU 《地震学报(英文版)》1999,12(2):193-198
The site amplifications for three stations, Libin (LIBI), Baisha (BASH) and Yulong (YULG) situated respectively in the southern, middle and northern parts of Lijiang Valley, are obtained by analyzing the S-wave soil/bedrock and microtremor horizontal/vertical spectral ratios. The data are digital recordings for the aftershocks of the Lijiang MS=7.0 earthquake on February 3, 1996. In the frequency range of 1～4 Hz, the S-wave soil/bedrock spectral ratio of E-W component for LIBI is the largest and amounts to 4.5. The microtremor soil N-S/vertical (V) spectral ratio is approximate to 1, E-W/V is about 4.5 and the same with above soil/bedrock spectral ratio. It is shown that the vertical and N-S components of microtremor have not been amplified by the soil and the spectral ratios for BASH and YULG are further evaluated. They have similar characteristics with that of LIBI. In above frequency range, both N-S/V ratios are approximate to 1, while the E-W/V ratio is about 6 for BASH, 4.5 for YULG. Lijiang Valley is characterized by the trans-valley directional site response. 相似文献
15.
S. Lovati M. K. H. Bakavoli M. Massa G. Ferretti F. Pacor R. Paolucci E. Haghshenas M. Kamalian 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2011,9(6):1987-2005
In the present work the seismic site response of Narni ridge (Central Italy) is evaluated by comparing experimental results
and numerical simulations. The inhabited village of Narni is located in central Apennines at the top of a steep massive limestone
ridge. From March to September 2009 the site was instrumented with 10 weak-motion stations, 3 of which located at the base
of the ridge and 7 at the top. The velocimetric network recorded 642 events of ML up to 5.3 and hypocentral distance up to about 100 km. The great amount of data are related to the April 2009 L’Aquila sequence.
The site response was analyzed using both reference (standard spectral ratio, SSR) and non reference spectral techniques (horizontal
to vertical spectral ratio, HVSR). Moreover directional analyses were performed in order to evaluate the influence of the
ridge orientation with respect to the selected source-site paths. In general the experimental results show amplification factors
for frequencies between 4 and 5 Hz for almost all stations installed along the crest. The SSR technique provides amplification
factors up to 4.5 in a direction perpendicular to the main elongation of the ridge. The results obtained from the data analyses
were used as a target for bidimensional and tridimensional numerical simulations, performed using a hybrid finite-boundary
element method and a boundary element method for 2D and 3D modelling, respectively. In general, the results obtained through
numerical simulation fit well the experimental data in terms of range of amplified frequencies, but they underestimate by
a factor of about 2 the observed amplifications. 相似文献
16.
17.
M.
elebi 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2000,20(5-8):283-288
During the 27 June 1998 Adana (Turkey) earthquake, only one strong-motion record was retrieved in the region where the most damage occurred. This single record from the station in Ceyhan, approximately 15 km from the epicenter of that earthquake, exhibits characteristics that are related to the dominant frequencies of the ground and structures.
The purpose of this paper is to explain the causes of the damage as inferred from both field observations and the characteristics of a single strong-motion record retrieved from the immediate epicentral area. In the town of Ceyhan there was considerable but selective damage to a significant number of mid-rise (7–12 stories high) buildings. The strong-motion record exhibits dominant frequencies that are typically similar for the mid-rise building structures. This is further supported by spectral ratios derived using Nakamura's method [QR of RTRI, 30 (1989) 25] that facilitates computation of a spectral ratio from a single tri-axial record as the ratio of amplitude spectrum of horizontal component to that of the vertical component [R=H(f)/V(f)]. The correlation between the damage and the characteristics exhibited from the single strong-motion record is remarkable.
Although deficient construction practices played a significant role in the extent of damage to the mid-rise buildings, it is clear that site resonance also contributed to the detrimental fate of most of the mid-rise buildings. Therefore, even a single record can be useful to explain the effect of site resonance on building response and performance. Such information can be very useful for developing zonation criteria in similar alluvial valleys. 相似文献
18.
Site response in the Qionghai Basin in the Wenchuan earthquake 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Amplification effects of soil site response can significantly impact ground motions, and must be considered in the seismic fortification of buildings/structures to prevent or mitigate this potential seismic hazard. Utilizing acceleration time histories from the main shock of the Wenchuan earthquake recorded at four stations (i.e., one on bedrock and three on soil) in the Qionghai Basin, the site responses from three soil sites are studied by using the traditional spectral ratio method. The bedrock site is selected as a reference site. This study found that peak ground accelerations (PGAs) on the soil sites are much larger than on bedrock, with EW, NS and UD components of 3.96–6.58, 6.27–10.98, and 3.17–6.66 times those of the bedrock site, respectively. The amplification effects of the soil sites on ground motions in the frequency range of 0.1 Hz to 10 Hz are significant, depending on the thickness of the soil layer and the frequency content of the site. A significant amplification occurs with high frequency components of ground motion at shallow soil sites, and low and high frequency components of ground motion at intermediate soil sites. 相似文献
19.
Near-field horizontal and vertical earthquake ground motions 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
Strong-motion attenuation relationships are presented for peak ground acceleration, spectral acceleration, energy density, maximum absolute input energy for horizontal and vertical directions and for the ratio of vertical to horizontal of these ground motion parameters. These equations were derived using a worldwide dataset of 186 strong-motion records recorded with 15 km of the surface projection of earthquakes between Ms=5.8 and 7.8. The effect of local site conditions and focal mechanism is included in some of these equations. 相似文献
20.
Specially designed arrays of strong-motion seismographs near to the earthquake source are required for seismological and engineering studies of the generation and near-field properties of seismic waves. The first such large digital array, called SMART 1 (with radius 2 km and 37 accelerometers), to record substantial ground motion (up to 0·24g horizontal acceleration) became operational in late 1980 in a highly seismic region of Taiwan. During the first 6 months of operation, SMART 1 recorded nine earthquakes with magnitudes ranging from ML 3·8 to 6·9. Three were located directly below the array at focal depths of 59 to 76 km. The remaining six had shallow depths and epicentral distances from 7 to 193 km. Digital records from 27 three-component accelerographs were obtained from a magnitude 6·9 (ML) local earthquake on 29 January 1981. Representative measurements are described of seismic wave coherency and power spectrum as a function of wave number, frequency, azimuth of propagation and wave type. Acceleration waveforms varied significantly across the array for each event. On average, peak acceleration of horizontal components was about three times that of the vertical component. Relative spectral changes from earthquake to earthquake were large. 相似文献