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1.
我国非传统矿产资源的实例及其所涉及的科学问题 总被引：9，自引：3，他引：9
传统矿产资源随着开采年限的增长而日益减少，寻求新的、非传统的按替资源，是解决人类矿产资源短缺的根本出路，是地球科学家长期肩负的战略性、前瞻性历史使命，我国有许多已经显示出巨大的资源潜力、但传统的矿床学、资源学、矿业技术的理论和方法难以实现其资源价值的地球物质堆积体，可视为典型的非传统矿产资源，包括：1）华南巨量堆积的天然纳米非金属矿物；2）华南微细浸染型金矿床原生矿石中的微粒金；3）西藏冈底斯中段北麓热泉泉华蛋白石中的微粒铯；4）白云鄂博等超大型矿床开采尾矿和选矿尾矿（所谓的“人工堆积矿床”）；5）部分原油和油田水中富集的金和其它金属元素；6）我国南方黑色岩系中特殊赋存状态的贵金属-重金属元素；7）我国西部陆相盆地中的可地浸砂岩型铀矿；8）我国南海和东海海域的天然气水合物；9）我国西南的分散元素矿床，由于非传统矿产资源是受目前理论、技术、经济以及环境等因素的限制尚未被认识或未能开发利用的矿产资源或潜在矿产资源，其所涉及的科学问题往往都具有显著的创新性和前沿性，对我国上述重要的非传统矿产资源而言，其所涉及的关键科学问题包括，天然纳-微米矿物及其特殊性能的成因机制，有机质与金属元素的耦合作用及其对金属富集的宏观与微观控制，等。 相似文献
2.
矿物纳米酶介导的元素生物地球化学循环及环境效应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《中国科学:地球科学》2021,(8)
地球系统中每年周转的矿物纳米颗粒有数十亿吨.部分矿物纳米颗粒已被证明具有类酶活性(称为"矿物纳米酶"),并广泛分布在大气、海洋、水体、土壤等生态环境中.与天然酶相比,矿物纳米酶催化效率可控,同时对热、酸、碱具有较大范围的耐受性.作为多学科交叉融合的新产物,矿物纳米酶已被广泛应用于多个学科领域.本文系统梳理了地球系统中矿物纳米酶的种类与特性,探讨了矿物纳米酶在环境生物地球化学循环中的关键作用,重点阐述了矿物纳米酶的界面过程与机制,最后展望了地球系统中矿物纳米酶的优先发展方向. 相似文献
3.
本文对密云水库表层沉积物中的磁性矿物进行了岩石磁学和透射电子显微学的综合研究.本实验建立的磁选方法实现将70%~85%左右的磁性矿物从沉积物中分离出来.岩石磁学研究表明,密云水库沉积物中的磁性矿物以多畴和单畴磁铁矿为主,还含有少量高矫顽力弱磁性载磁矿物(可能为赤铁矿).对磁选矿物的透射电镜观测表明,样品中部分单畴磁铁矿具有纳米尺寸和化学纯度高等特点,为拉长的立方-八面体磁铁矿,是趋磁细菌产生的化石磁小体;多畴磁铁矿多数具有微米尺寸,形状不规则,为碎屑成因;超顺磁磁铁矿粒径约为5~20nm,且含硅、铝等元素,可能为自生成因.研究结果表明,岩石磁学和透射电子显微学的综合应用可以更全面、准确地分析沉积物中磁性矿物的成分、含量、粒径和化学成分等信息,为环境磁学、生物地磁学和古地磁学研究提供依据. 相似文献
4.
《中国科学:地球科学》2015,(9)
随着新技术应用和学科交叉融合,现代地球科学的研究尺度正在向更宏观和更微观两极延伸,分别促进了行星地球科学的发展和纳米地球科学的诞生.纳米地球科学借助先进的微区原位分析技术,旨在研究地学中的纳米尺度现象,如纳米矿物/颗粒、纳米结构和纳米矿物界面等及其在地质、地球化学过程中的作用.透射电子显微镜具有纳米和原子水平的空间分辨率和多种微区原位分析能力,是纳米地球科学研究中的重要分析平台.本文在介绍透射电子显微镜工作原理的基础上,举例评述了透射电子显微镜技术在岩石超微结构、球粒陨石和矿物中痕量元素赋存以及微生物矿化作用与微化石研究中的应用,并简要介绍了透射电子显微镜在地球科学研究应用中的注意事项及相关建议. 相似文献
5.
北京地区地震动的三维有限差分模拟 总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16
根据北京地区地壳结构和1679年三河-平谷8级地震的研究结果，对北京地区进行了三维有限差分地震动模拟研究，并研究了北京地区的盆地效应。结果表明，盆地效应非常明显。在北京盆地内的大部分地区，盆地效应的放大系数达到1.3，在某些地区甚至达到2.0。将盆地的放大效应与北京市区地表土层的放大效应进行了对比，发现它们的放大率为同等水平，在部分地区盆地的放大效应更为明显。我国现行的抗震规范中只考虑了地表土层效应的影响，由于许多城市位于盆地内，并且已经修建或正在修建大量的具有较长自振周期的高层建筑。因此，本文的研究结果对城市规划与防震减灾具有重要的指导意义。 相似文献
6.
大陆科学钻探的现状及展望 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
１．大陆科学钻探是国际岩石圈动力学计划的重要组成部分，是当代地球科学的重大前沿之一，是一项划时代意义的地学高科技系统工程。大陆科学钻探不仅具有直接揭示地壳内部组成、结构、构造、流变学、流体作用、热历史，应力及应变机制以及重塑地壳与岩石圈动力学的重大理论意义，并且具有充分利用地下资源、减灾及保护环境的实际经济价值．２．大陆科学钻探在世界范围内实施３０年来已取得巨大进展，解决深部水资源、深部流体资源、深部地热资源、壳幔过渡、岩石圈动力学及变形、地球历史、生物圈及环境变化、地应力、地下强磁区、矿床成因以及盆地演化、碳氢化合物成因与迁移等科学问题已成为世界性地质目标。３．作为地质大国，面临地球科学新挑战以及２１世纪资源、减灾及环境的需求，填补中国大陆科学钻探的空白已成为当务之急。４．根据需用科学钻探解决的中国关键性深部地质问题，提出选址原则及十大选区（域），并对中国大陆科学钻探的战略目标提出切合国情的建议。 相似文献
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《中国科学:地球科学》2019,(11)
新中国成立70年来,中国的矿产资源勘查取得了一系列重大进展,发现了数百个大型超大型矿床,形成16个重要成矿带.这些找矿重大发现为系统开展矿床成因研究、构建矿床模式、总结区域成矿规律和创新成矿理论提供了重要条件.中国的矿床学研究和发展大致可以划分为三个阶段,分别是新中国成立之初至20世纪70年代末,改革开放初期至20世纪末,以及21世纪之初到现在.论文首先概述了上述三个历史时期中国矿床学发展的特点和主要研究进展.早期的矿床学研究与生产实际紧密结合,重点关注矿床的地质特征和矿床分类.这一时期虽然研究条件落后,但学术思想活跃,提出了一系列创新的学术观点,建立了多个有重要影响的矿床模式,同时开始将成矿实验引入矿床形成机理的探讨.第二个阶段的一个显著特点是各种地球化学理论与方法被广泛应用于矿床学的研究,大大促进了对成矿作用过程和成矿机制的理解,并在分散元素成矿理论和超大型矿床研究方面取得了重大进展和突破,同时将板块构造引入各类矿床成矿环境和时空分布规律的研究.第三个阶段是中国矿床学与世界矿床学全面接轨并实现成矿理论系统创新的时期.这一时期各种先进的实验分析技术有力支撑了矿床成因的研究,深刻揭示了地幔柱活动、克拉通化、克拉通破坏、大陆裂谷作用、多块体拼合、大陆碰撞等重大地质事件与大规模成矿作用的耦合关系,并在大陆碰撞成矿、大面积低温成矿作用等重大科学问题的研究上取得了原创性成果,产生了重要的国际影响.论文概述了16类重要矿床类型的代表性研究进展,重点介绍了大塘坡式锰矿、大冶式铁矿、铜陵狮子山式铜矿、玢岩型铁矿、铁氧化物-铜-金(IOCG)矿床和石英脉型钨矿的成矿模式,分析了若干重大地质事件的成矿效应,总结了元素地球化学、稳定同位素地球化学、同位素年代学、流体包裹体分析、成矿实验、矿田构造等研究方法对推动中国矿床学发展所起的作用.文章最后简要分析了今后中国矿床学研究的发展趋势和重要研究方向,认为深部成矿作用规律、关键金属元素富集机理、非常规矿产资源、重大地质事件与成矿、超大型矿床等是今后矿床学的重点研究内容,提出要创新矿床学研究方法,加强跨学科交叉研究,使中国的矿床学能逐渐引领世界矿床学的研究,服务矿产资源国家重大需求. 相似文献
11.
J. R. Hawkes 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1974,38(3):1125-1146
Historical figures for tin production are briefly reviewed. Then follow sections summarizing: 1) the regional geology of South-West England (loosely termed Cornubia), 2) the nature and disposition of metalliferous lodes and their principal ore minerals, 3) some previous theories concerning metallogenesis and, 4) a statement of relevant isotopic age data. A central conclusion is that the primary tin mineralization was linked with the physiochemical processes responsible for acid volcanism during Lower Permian times; processes seemingly induced by a now inconspicuous alliance between erosional and gravitational forces. Subsequently, the region apparently became a hot spring province with intermittent activity continuing into the Tertiary. 相似文献
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The Mianning-Dechang REE metallogenetic belt is among the most important of its kind in China. The typical geologic features and multiple economically- valuable components in this belt have caught attention from more and more geologists. Wide investigations from petrology, petrochemistry to rare earth and trace element geochemistry, have been carried out recently, and a large quantity of geochemical data have already been obtained[1―11]. Maoniuping REE deposit is the largest of this belt,… 相似文献
13.
That more than 82 percent of proved sandstone-type uranium deposits coexist with proved oil-gas or coalfields in the world reflects the fact of coexistence and accumulation of multi-energy minerals including oil, gas, coal and uranium in the same basin. Especially, this phenomenon is most typical in the Central-east Asia energy basins. Across China, Mongolia and some central Asian countries, the giant Central-east Asia metallogenetic domain (CEAMD) stretches more than 6,000 km from Songliao Basin of China in the east to the Caspian Sea in the west. The multi-energy minerals distribution characteristics of the domain include: their spatial distribution is complicated and ordered; the ore-bearing horizon relates closely to the geographical region; the accumulation/mineralization and localization time is the same or close; the occurrence setting and accumulation/mineralization have close correlation; and they have rich provenance for all the minerals. All of these imply that they have close relations between each other under a unified geodynamic background. The exogenetic uranium mineralization process in CEAMD can be divided into five phases using time limits of 100 Ma, (50±2) Ma, 20±(2–4) Ma, 8–5 Ma. The major mineralization periods and their differences in each primary uranium-bearing basin are identical to the oil-gas accumulation and localization periods and phases in the same basin, and are also in response to regional tectonics and controlled in general by the regional geodynamic environment. For industrial application and commercial exploitation, it is suggested that an important period for coexistence, accumulation and localization of oil, gas, coal and uranium and their interaction mainly occur in the late/last and post basin evolution. Through generalized analysis and comparison of accumulation/mineralization environment of the energy basins in CEAMD, the authors propose that the relatively stable regional tectonic background and moderate (weaker) structural deformation probably are necessary for formation, coexistence and preservation of large and medium-scaled sandstone-type uranium ore deposits, oil-gas fields and coalfields, while basins in favor of coexistence and accumulation are those intracratonal, intermediary massif basins and corresponding reformed basins. 相似文献
14.
T. G. Churikova B. N. Gordeichik B. V. Ivanov 《Journal of Volcanology and Seismology》2012,6(3):150-171
The data on geology, petrography, mineralogy and petrochemistry for Kamen volcano in the Central Kamchatka Depression are presented. A study of the volcano??s rocks and comparison with rocks of neighboring active volcanoes of the Klyuchevskoy group allow the establishment of some relationships. The rocks and minerals of Kamen and Ploskie Sopky volcanoes show systematic differences in the chemistry of rocks and minerals such that they obviously could not be formed from the same primary melts. The rocks of dykes and Kamen stratovolcano on one hand and the rocks of the Klyuchevskoy Volcano on the other hand form differently directed trends on petrochemical diagrams and differ in their compositions of rock-forming minerals, such they also could not originate from the same primary melts. The lavas of the monogenetic cones of Kamen volcano and moderately magnesian basalts of Klyuchevskoy volcano are derivates of the same melts, i.e., the cones situated on the slopes of Kamen are cones of Klyuchevskoy. The rocks of Kamen and Bezymianny stratovolcanoes form a single narrow trend in all petrochemical diagrams in which the lavas of Bezymianny volcano show a silica-rich part, thus indicating a genetic relationship between these two volcanoes. 相似文献
15.
如何开展老矿山后备资源的寻找与定位预测--工作程序与实例分析 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0
在老矿山的深部与外围寻找新的可用资源,要求勘探者具备新的找矿思路、行之有效的深部探测手段与合理的工作程序、新的找矿思路来自于研究者的相关知识储备和创新能力,使其不墨守成规,用新的视角重新认识矿化规律和控矿要素。进而在老矿区优选出潜在的有利成矿区段．行之有效的深部探测手段以其高分辨的数字图像,不仅可以客观地反映深部地质结构的各种变化及矿化信息,以验证地质推测的可靠性,而且借助属地化的解释模型对矿区深部和外围开展真正意义的矿体定位预测、同时还可以大大降低工程验证的盲目性和巨大浪费．根据我们目前拥有的先进地球物理深部探测手段和大量老矿山找矿的经验与教训,逐渐形成了一套实用的工作程序。 相似文献
16.
行口铁矿位于沁阳市北部太行山山脚下,是上世纪80年代发现的一个中型贫磁铁矿床。矿体成群出现,延长900～1200m,宽度变化70～290m,厚度变化5～270m;呈似层状、透镜状,控制延深700m,有用矿物主要为磁铁矿和赤铁矿。矿体的品位在走向上和倾向上基本稳定,矿石化学成分和矿物组成简单,有害物质含量低,矿体群中夹层较多,属于火山沉积变质铁矿床。 相似文献
17.
Metallogenesis of the Ertix gold belt, Xinjiang and its relationship to Central Asia-type orogenesis 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
The Ertix gold belt is located on the boundary of the Kalatongke arc and the Kelan back-arc basin of D-C1. Most scholars used
to interpret the formation and distribution of the gold deposits in the Ertix tectonic belt in terms of the petrogenic and
metallogenic models for active continental margins. However, enormous data of isotopic dating and geologic research show that
the mineralization was obviously later than the oceanic subduction, whereas exactly simultaneous with the collisional orogenesis
during C2-P, especially at the transition stage from collisional compression to extension. Based on study of metallogenic time, tectonic
background, ore geology, ore fluid nature, ore material source, etc., we reveal that all the gold deposits possess the character
of orogenic deposits formed in collisional orogenic system, and that their ore-forming materials mainly have derived from
the stratigraphic terranes south to individual deposits. Accordingly, the theoretical tectonic model for collisional metallogenesis
and petrogenesis is employed to explain the formation of the Ertix gold belt and to determine the gold exploration directions. 相似文献
18.
《国际泥沙研究》2020,35(5):484-503
The current study aimed to describe textural characteristics, heavy mineral composition, and grain microtextures of the sediment from three micro-environments (foreshore, berm, and dune). A total of forty-one (41) representative surficial sediment samples have been collected from fifteen (15) locations along the beach area between the Sarada and Gosthani rivers on the east coast of India, where the length of the stretch is more than 100 km. The study reveals that most of the coastal sediment is medium to fine sand with relatively high ratios of coarse sand at Yarada beach, and the nature of the sediment is moderately to well sorted. These characteristics indicate a high energy environment. The heavy mineral analysis of the sediment in the current study was done for coarse (+60#) and fine (+230#) size fractions. Studying the weight percentage (WT%) reveals that a high percentage of heavy minerals is associated with fine fractions. Ilmenite, sillimanite, garnet, zircon, and rutile are the major heavy minerals identified in the current investigation. The concentrations of these heavy minerals show great variations from south to north of the study area. From an economic point of view, a considerable amount of heavy minerals (average 48.41%) are present on both sides (north and south) of the Gosthani River mouth. In the Sarada Estuary, the concentration of the economic heavy minerals was found under the minimum economic range. The grain microtextures of the major heavy minerals from the different locations along the study area demonstrate the variation in grain microtextures, which is controlled by the chemical and mechanical processes. These microtextures reflect moderate to high wave energy on the beach area, in addition to high mechanical impact on the grains from the estuary point. 相似文献
19.
Most metallic minerals in ore deposits are sulfides. When a sulfide mineral coexists with rock-forming minerals, its solubility
is distinctly different from itself alone. The change in dissolution character of a mineral with coexisting rock-forming minerals
leads to particular geochemical behavior. The concept of solubility of a metallic mineral with coexisting rock-forming minerals
and its theory and model of calculation are put forward. Taking Tianmashan Cu-Au ore deposit of sulfide minerals in Tongling
district as an example, solubilities of some metallic minerals with other coexisting minerals, such as pyrite or chalcopyrite
with quartz (representing sandstone) or calcite (representing limestone), are calculated. The results show the mechanism of
ore-forming processes. As the ore-forming fluid flows through sandstone, it dissolves pyrite in the sandstone at first, then
transports the iron and sulfur to the interface between sandstone and limestone and eventually precipitates them on the interface. 相似文献
20.
New type of potassium deposit: Modal analysis and preparation of potassium carbonate 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
MA Hongwen FENG Wuwei MIAO Shiding WANG Yingbin & TIAN Shuxin . National Laboratory of Mineral Materials China University of Geosciences Beijing China .Tianjin Bureau of Geological Survey Tianjin China 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2005,48(11):1932-1941
A new type of insoluble potassium ore, newly found in North China, consists of microcline, dolomite, and pyroclastic particles of silty to clayey grade, falling into potassic dolomitic mudstone in petrological no-menclature. The geological surveys and explorations of the deposit by the Tianjin Bureau of Geological Survey evidenced that the main bodies of the potas-sium deposit elongated up to 1600 m with an average thickness about 85 m, and the concentration of potas-sium as K2O was around 1… 相似文献