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1.
描述了2005年6月月溯4个采样点沉积物不同形态氮含量、净硝化速率、净氮矿化速率与硝酸还原酶活性的垂直分布.亚表层(5·10cm)交换态No3-N含量最高,而有效态氮与交换态NH4 .N含量最低,故具临界意义.有效态氮多以交换态NH4 -N的形式贮存于表层(O-5com)与底层(>10cm),且底层含量较高,这种分布与缺氧状态有关.表层沉积物总氮和有机态氮含量、净硝化速率、净氮矿化速率与硝酸还原酶活性均高,间隙水中NH4 -N浓度亦取峰值,而溶解态NO3-N浓度最低,据此提出氮循环的基本过程:有机态氮经矿化与硝化产生NH4 -N与N3--N,同时导致有利于NH4 -N生成的缺氧状态,并促使部分No3--N异化还原为NH4 -N,二者共同构成表层间隙水中丰富的NH4 -N源.总之,富营养化湖泊表层沉积物富含有机态氨.故为氮生物地球化学循环的最为活跃的层面,而NH4 -N则为最具有效性且含量最高的形态.  相似文献   

2.
曝气充氧对城市污染河道内源铵态氮释放的控制   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
凌芬  刘波  王国祥  许宽  周锋  杜旭 《湖泊科学》2013,25(1):23-30
以城市污染河道沉积物和上覆水为研究对象,利用模拟实验方法,探讨不同曝气充氧方式(水曝气EW、底泥曝气ES)对污染河道內源铵态氮(NH4+-N)释放的影响.研究结果发现:从间隙水和沉积物中NH4+-N的削减效果来看,底泥曝气均要优于水曝气;实验结束后,底泥曝气组沉积物与间隙水中NH4+-N含量分别减少63.39%和43.33%,水曝气组分别减少了7.54%和13.98%;从沉积物-水界面NH4+-N的扩散通量变化来看,水曝气组界面通量高于对照组,其变化规律与对照组相似;底泥曝气组沉积物-水界面NH4+-N扩散通量变化过程完全不同于其它两组,在整个试验周期内(除第5 d以外),底泥曝气组的通量低于水曝气组,在第15 d最低,为13.73 mg/(m2.d),仅为水曝气组和对照组的14.68%和19.93%,表明底泥曝气组沉积物NH4+-N的释放潜力低于水曝气组沉积物.  相似文献   

3.
描述了2005年6月月湖4个采样点沉积物不同形态氮含量、净硝化速率、净氮矿化速率与硝酸还原酶活性的垂直分布.亚表层(5—10cm)交换态NO3+-N含量最高,而有效态氮与交换态NH4+-N含量最低,故具临界意义.有效态氮多以交换态NH4+-N的形式贮存于表层(0—5cm)与底层(〉10cm),且底层含量较高,这种分布与缺氧状态有关.表层沉积物总氮和有机态氮含量、净硝化速率、净氮矿化速率与硝酸还原酶活性均高,间隙水中NH4+-N浓度亦取峰值,而溶解态N03--N浓度最低,据此提出氮循环的基本过程:有机态氮经矿化与硝化产生NH4+-N与NO3-N,同时导致有利于NH4+-N生成的缺氧状态,并促使部分NO3-N异化还原为NH4+-N,二者共同构成表层间隙水中丰富的NH4+-N源,总之,富营养化湖泊表层沉积物富含有机态氮,故为氮生物地球化学循环的最为活跃的层面,而NH4+-N则为最具有效性且含量最高的形态.  相似文献   

4.
为揭示冰封期氨氮(NH4+-N)在沉积物-水界面的迁移机制及内源性营养盐对全湖污染的贡献,于2018年2月初在乌梁素海湖区7个采样点采集了上覆水体与沉积物样品,得到了冰封期上覆水体与沉积物间隙水中的NH4+-N浓度,估算了沉积物-水界面NH4+-N的扩散通量.结果显示,上覆水体中NH4+-N浓度变化范围为0.55~1.60 mg/L,平均值为1.05 mg/L,0~5 cm表层沉积物间隙水中NH4+-N浓度是上覆水体中的10倍以上,其变化范围为6.64~18.63 mg/L,平均值为11.92 mg/L.估算沉积物间隙水NH4+-N向上覆水体的扩散通量为1.282~4.269 mg/(m2·d),表明在湖水冻结过程中,底泥沉积物接纳了大量的可溶性污染物成为内源污染源,会在冰封稳定期、融冰期和融冰后的一段时间内成为湖水的主要污染源.  相似文献   

5.
太湖底泥悬浮中营养盐释放的波浪水槽试验   总被引:37,自引:9,他引:37       下载免费PDF全文
波浪水槽中研究了小波掀沙(波高8.77cm,波周期0.8s)和大波掀沙(波高12.31cm和13.29cm,波周期1.0s)对太湖沉积物悬浮及N、P营养盐释放的作用规律.结果显示:小波掀沙时,底泥并未发生大量悬浮,SS浓度最高时仅13.6mg/L;大波掀沙时,底泥大规模悬浮,SS浓度最高达达245.2mg/L水体悬浮物、营养盐浓度变化滞后波高变化1h以上.当波高改变1h后,水体悬浮物、N、P营养盐浓度才改变到相应的平衡浓度.除总磷浓度显著提高外,小波掀沙对水体N、P浓度的影响很小,大波掀沙则显著提高了水体总氮、总溶解氮、总磷、总溶解磷、氨氮(NH4 -N)、溶解性活性磷(SRP),其中NH4 -N、SRP最大增幅达30%和20%.小波和大波掀沙过程中,水体溶解氧浓度均持续增加,掀沙2h后增高2mg/L,溶解性有机碳持续下降,2h后下降33%-51%.试验结果表明,掀沙过程中水体充氧及颗粒物的絮凝、吸附作用可能是限制NH4 -N、SRP浓度增高的重要因素之一.  相似文献   

6.
滇池福保湾沉积物磷的形态及其与间隙水磷的关系   总被引:11,自引:1,他引:10       下载免费PDF全文
研究了滇池福保湾沉积物中磷的地球化学形态及间隙水中PO43--P含量的垂向分布特征.福保湾沉积物磷形态空间差异大,河口区TP高达(5630.59±424.25)mg/kg,东西沿岸区TP只有200-300mg/kg,无机磷(I-P)是TP的主要部分,占TP的55%-74%,铁/铝结合态磷(Fe/Al-P)是I-P的主要组成部分,约占I-P的90%,不稳定性磷∞P)含量很低,只占TP含量的0.5%.福保湾沉积物具有极高的Fe/Al-P含量,说明湾内具有很高的内源磷负荷,这与福保湾水体严重富营养化和藻类暴发关系密切.湖湾沉积磷的垂向分布规律较复杂,但基本上是随深度增加而减小,说明福保湾周边区域近几年人类活动作用加强,褐保湾污染有加重的趋势.在湾内不同区域应用Peeper(渗吸膜式)技术,获得了间隙水中PO43--P的垂向分布特征,PO43--P浓度自上覆水向下层间隙水呈先升后降,反映它们有自间隙水向上覆水扩散的趋势.福保湾间隙水PO43--P浓度同沉积物L-P含量具有显著正相关性(α=0.05),但Fe/Al-P、Ca-P、org-P和TP含量未发现有明显的相关关系.  相似文献   

7.
龚春生  范成新 《湖泊科学》2010,22(3):430-436
在实验室控制条件下,研究了玄武湖底泥在饱和溶解氧、75%、50%、25%、0%溶解氧水平下底泥-水界面磷交换,探讨了溶解氧对底泥-水界面磷交换的影响途径.结果表明:(1)上覆水溶解氧与玄武湖底泥溶解性磷酸盐、溶解性总磷释放速率呈开口向上的抛物线关系;(2)上覆水溶解氧水平可以决定磷在底泥-水界面交换中的转换方向,而且还影响间隙水中溶解氧扩散深度,25%、50%、75%和饱和溶解氧水平下溶解氧最大扩散深度分别为0.974cm、1.377cm、1.687cm和1.948cm,溶解氧在间隙水中最大扩散深度影响底泥-水界面的磷交换;(3)溶解氧可通过影响底泥-水界面处电位、藻类聚磷作用以及pH来影响底泥-水界面的磷交换.  相似文献   

8.
过氧化钙在处理厌氧底泥中的应用初探   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为改善河道厌氧底质及内源氮、磷等营养盐释放问题,考察对沉水植被恢复的影响,研发可同步解决沉积物供氧和削减内源氮、磷释放的氧缓释材料.实验通过向沉积物-水界面处散点注射不同剂量的过氧化钙(Ca O2),研究界面处溶解氧的动态变化特征及表层沉积物与底层水体之间溶解态氮、磷的交换过程.结果表明:添加Ca O2显著提高了界面处底层上覆水溶解氧浓度,随着Ca O2浓度的增加溶解氧浓度增加,不同处理组之间具有显著差异;Ca O2对沉积物中PO3-4-P释放具有明显的抑制作用,且随Ca O2浓度的增加抑制效果愈加明显,上覆水中可溶性活性磷浓度最大可削减98%.实验开始时,磷释放速率可降至-241.916±22.501 mg/(m2·d),降幅最高可达到144%;Ca O2对沉积物NH+4-N释放的抑制效果不佳,上覆水中NH+4-N浓度随着时间的变化波动性较大,且有逐渐增大的趋势.另外,添加Ca O2会显著提高底层上覆水p H值,不同处理组之间差异显著,但当Ca O2投加量小于0.529 kg/m2时,不会对苦草种子的萌发生长有显著影响,p H值波动在可接受范围内(7.62~10.87).因此,结合污染沉积物的状况,适当地投加Ca O2有望同步解决底质厌氧、内源磷释放及后期沉水植被定植底质生境改善的问题,可推荐为一种黑臭污染底泥治理技术在实际的河道生态工程中应用,其适宜浓度为0.176 kg/m2左右.  相似文献   

9.
入湖河口湿地四种植物群落类型的土壤氮素空间分布特征   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
任奎晓  陈开宁  黄蔚  施娴 《湖泊科学》2012,24(6):849-857
对江苏省溧阳市大溪水库的洙漕河河口湿地中香蒲、水蓼、灯心草和芦苇四种植物生物量、氮含量及植物群落的土壤氮素分布特征进行研究,结果表明:四种植物地上生物量、地上组织氮含量、地下生物量、地下组织氮含量存在显著差异;土壤烧失量(LOI)、总氮(TN)、硝态氮(NO3--N)在垂直分布上表现为由表层向下减少的总体分布趋势,铵态氮(NH4+-N)浓度的剖面变化呈现先减少后增加的趋势;四种植物群落土壤氮浓度各不同,但均大于对照,以有机氮为主,说明湿地具有一定的储氮能力;不同的植物群落影响湿地氮素的分布.相关性分析显示,土壤LOI与TN、NO3--N和NH4+-N均存在极显著相关性,无机氮构成比例较小,仅为1.41%,表明土壤中的氮素主要以有机氮的形式存在;土壤氮浓度与植物生物量及组织氮含量相关性不大,说明土壤氮形态浓度不仅受到植物生长的影响,同时也可能受到植物根区环境、微生物数量与活性等的影响.  相似文献   

10.
滇池表层沉积物铵态氮吸附特征   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为研究滇池内源污染特征,2013年利用GIS软件针对滇池全湖布设36个采样点,采集表层沉积物,研究滇池表层沉积物铵态氮(NH_4+-N)吸附特征,同时分析沉积物的理化性质对NH_4+-N吸附特性的影响.结果表明:滇池表层沉积物对NH_4+-N的吸附量在前2 h之内呈增长趋势,吸附速率较大,之后沉积物对NH_4+-N的吸附量不随时间变化而变化,基本达到平衡,最大吸附速率均发生在0~5 min内;不同区域表层沉积物NH_4+-N最大吸附速率平均值表现为:外海南部湖心区外海北部草海,最大吸附量平均值表现为:湖心区外海南部外海北部草海,吸附效率平均值表现为:外海北部草海湖心区外海南部;沉积物对NH4+-N的吸附量与NH_4+-N的初始浓度大致呈线性关系,并且低浓度下表现出很好的吸附/解吸特征;滇池表层沉积物NH_4+-N的吸附解吸平衡浓度(ENC0)高于上覆水中NH_4+-N浓度,表明沉积物中NH_4+-N有向上覆水中释放的风险,沉积物在很长一段时间内起到水体污染"源"的作用;ENC0与沉积物中总氮、NH_4+-N含量呈显著正相关,本底吸附量和有机质总量呈显著负相关,沉积物吸附NH_4+-N主要受有机质的影响.  相似文献   

11.
太湖底泥及其间隙水中氮磷垂直分布及相互关系分析   总被引:97,自引:16,他引:81  
范成新  杨龙元  张路 《湖泊科学》2000,12(4):359-366
对太湖主要湖区柱状样底泥的总氮、总磷含量及其间隙水铵态氮(NH^+4-N)、磷酸根磷(PO^3-4-P)和二价铁Fe(II)含量进行了分析,并对底泥和间隙水中相应物质含量进行了比较,结果表明:太湖近表层10cm内底泥TN、TP赋存含量较之下层高12%-20%左右,间隙水中PO^3+4-P和NH^+4-N含量随浓度增加而大致呈上升趋势,表层未见高浓度层存在,各湖区底泥间隙水中PO^3+4-P和NH^  相似文献   

12.
Fluxes of dissolved inorganic nutrients: NH4+, NO2-, NO3-, PO4(3-) and Si(OH)4 from nearshore sediments of Gazi Bay were measured in situ within mangrove, seagrass and coral reef biotopes using benthic flux bell-jar chambers of cross-sectional area 0.066 m2 and volume 0.0132 m3. The objectives were: (1) to determine the influence of benthic fluxes, fluvial discharge and seasonal variations on the nutrient budget in the Bay waters; (2) to determine the effect of tidal and spatial variations on nutrient loads in the water column and (3) to establish the relative importance of the nutrient sources with regard to total community production of the Bay. The directly measured fluxes ranged from -270 to +148 micromol NH4+-N/m2/h; -60 to +63 micromol NO2(-)-N/m2/h; -79 to +41 micromol NO3(-)-N/m2/h; -79 to +75 micromol PO4(3-)-P/m2/h and +30 to +350 micromol Si(OH)4-Si/m2/h for and respectively. It was established that benthic fluxes are the major sources of dissolved inorganic NH4+, NO2- and Si(OH)4 while fluvial sources are important for NO3- and PO4(3-) into Gazi Bay waters. Seasonal variations had an appreciable effect on the PO4(3-) fluxes, N:Si ratio, river nutrient discharge, plankton productivity and important environmental factors such as salinity and temperature. Tidal and spatial variations had no significant effect on nutrient concentrations and net fluxes within the water column. The results imply that benthic fluxes are largely responsible for the nutrient dynamics of the nearshore coastal ecosystems especially where direct terrestrial inputs do not contribute significantly to the nutrient budget.  相似文献   

13.
好氧和厌氧条件对霞浦湖沉积物-水界面氮磷交换的影响   总被引:55,自引:4,他引:55  
在实验室控制条件下,研究了日本霞浦湾和湖心区底泥中形态氮磷,在好氧和厌氧条件下水土界面交换量变化及差异,结果表明;好氧条件下,NO^-3-N,NO^-2-N,NH^+4,-N,和PO^3-4-P均有释放作用产生,量值多数较小,DTN和DTP则净释放作用接近零;厌氧条件下,NO^-3-N和NO^-2-N呈负释放状态,NH^+4-N和PO^3-4-P的释放速率是好氧条件下的2-8倍。  相似文献   

14.
Iron geochemistry of the sediments and interstitial waters of the Roaring River alluvial fan in the Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado was studied using a chemical equilibria approach. Large concentrations of colloidal Fe in the filterable Fe of the interstitial waters results in considerable overestimation of Fe2 + activity. The overestimation of Fe(II) seriously hampered the usefulness of chemical equilibria approach in the study of Fe geochemistry. Buried soil organic matter and a high water table within the alluvial fan has produced a highly reduced environment which results in elevated colloidal and filterable iron concentrations in the interstitial waters. The source of the iron is probably iron oxides within the buried soil and primary iron-bearing minerals in the sediments. When the iron-rich solutions reach the surface, the water rapidly oxidizes and amorphous ferric hydroxides precipitate. Between 190 to 370 mmol of iron per kg of surficial material were precipitated at the surface within two months. Noticeable decreases in the total amount of C and extractable iron (20 per cent and 30 per cent respectively) in the buried soil were observed during the study period (1985-1987) which implies a significant reduction in iron dissolution and subsequent deposition across the alluvial fan.  相似文献   

15.
An overview of toxicant identification in sediments and dredged materials   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
The identification of toxicants affecting aquatic benthic systems is critical to sound assessment and management of our nation's waterways. Identification of toxicants can be useful in designing effective sediment remediation plans and reasonable options for sediment disposal. Knowledge of which contaminants affect benthic systems allows managers to link pollution to specific dischargers and prevent further release of toxicant(s). In addition, identification of major causes of toxicity in sediments may guide programs such as those developing environmental sediment guidelines and registering pesticides, while knowledge of the causes of toxicity which drive ecological changes such as shifts in benthic community structure would be useful in performing ecological risk assessments. To this end, the US Environmental Protection Agency has developed tools (toxicity identification and evaluation (TIE) methods) that allow investigators to characterize and identify chemicals causing acute toxicity in sediments and dredged materials. To date, most sediment TIEs have been performed on interstitial waters. Preliminary evidence from the use of interstitial water TIEs reveals certain patterns in causes of sediment toxicity. First, among all sediments tested, there is no one predominant cause of toxicity; metals, organics, and ammonia play approximately equal roles in causing toxicity. Second, within a single sediment there are multiple causes of toxicity detected; not just one chemical class is active. Third, the role of ammonia is very prominent in these interstitial waters. Finally, if sediments are divided into marine or freshwater, TIEs perforMed on interstitial waters from freshwater sediments indicate a variety of toxicants in fairly equal proportions, while TIEs performed on interstitial waters from marine sediments have identified only ammonia and organics as toxicants, with metals playing a minor role. Preliminary evidence from whole sediment TIEs indicates that organic compounds play a major role in the toxicity of marine sediments, with almost no evidence for either metal or ammonia toxicity. However, interpretation of these results may be skewed because only a small number of interstitial water (n = 13) and whole sediment (n = 5) TIEs have been completed. These trends may change as more data are collected.  相似文献   

16.
The concentrations and isotopic compositions of strontium in interstitial waters from several DSDP sites, where sediments consist chiefly of carbonate oozes and chalks, are used as indicators of carbonate diagenesis by reference to a recently-produced curve showing detailed variations in the87Sr/86Sr ratio of seawater with time. Carbonate sediments of the Walvis Ridge show increases in interstitial Sr2+ concentrations in the upper carbonate-ooze sections with the highest concentrations near the ooze-chalk boundary where maximum rates of carbonate recrystallization occur. Below this, in situ production of Sr2+ diminishes and there is a diffusive flux of Sr to an underlying sink, presumably volcanogenic sediments or basalts, leading to Sr isotopic disequilibrium between carbonates and interstitial waters. In some other sites, however, there is no apparent Sr sink at depth and isotopic equilibrium is retained. Overall, diffusive smoothing of profiles exerts an important control on the87Sr/86Sr ratios, although lower ratios than contemporaneous seawater values in the carbonate oozes often correlate with zones of Mg2+ loss and reflect a combination of a flux of Sr2+ from the zone of maximum recrystallization rates together with a contribution from the in situ alteration of volcanic matter.  相似文献   

17.
Toxicity Identification Evaluations (TIEs) can be used to determine the specific toxicant(s), including ammonia, causing toxicity observed in marine sediments. Two primary TIE manipulations are available for characterizing and identifying ammonia in marine sediments: Ulva lactuca addition and zeolite addition. In this study, we compared the efficacy of these methods to (1) remove NH(x) and NH(3) from overlying and interstitial waters and (2) reduce toxicity to the amphipod Ampelisca abdita and mysid Americamysis bahia using both spiked and environmentally contaminated sediments. The utility of aeration for removing NH(x) and NH(3) during a marine sediment TIE was also evaluated preliminarily. In general, the U. lactuca and zeolite addition methods performed similarly well at removing spiked NH(x) and NH(3) from overlying and interstitial waters compared to an unmanipulated sediment. Toxicity to the amphipod was reduced approximately the same by both methods. However, toxicity to the mysid was most effectively reduced by the U. lactuca addition indicating this method functions best with epibenthic species exposed to ammonia in the water column. Aeration removed NH(x) and NH(3) from seawater when the pH was adjusted to 10; however, very little ammonia was removed at ambient pHs ( approximately 8.0). This comparison demonstrates both U. lactuca and zeolite addition methods are effective TIE tools for reducing the concentrations and toxicity of ammonia in whole sediment toxicity tests.  相似文献   

18.
The chemical effects of chronic petroleum input into a shallow water marsh were examined by measuring hydrocarbon levels and dissolved organic carbon content of sediments associated with two active oil fields in south Louisiana. Annual levels of total organic carbon in the surface waters of the oil fields were higher by 1 mg C/l. in the salt marsh and 5 mg C/l. in the fresh marsh than the respective controlsites. Average dissolved organic carbon concentrations in the interstitial waters of cores taken within the oil field environments were 105% higher than the control in the salt marsh and 43% higher than the control in the fresh marsh. Significantly lower ratios of C17 to pristane occurred in both oil field sediments; however, average odd-even predominance values were not indicative of petroleum contaminated sediments. The results indicate that microbial processes are responsible for dissolution of petroleum into dissolved organic carbon and that dissolved organic carbon concentrations may be a more significant measure of chronic petroleum input than hydrocarbon distribution.  相似文献   

19.
太湖草源性"湖泛"水域沉积物营养盐释放估算   总被引:22,自引:12,他引:10       下载免费PDF全文
于太湖草源性"湖泛"暴发期,采集柱状沉积物并应用peeper被动采样装置获得"湖泛"区原位沉积物间隙水.泥水样品分析表明:"湖泛"发生水域表层(0~7 cm)沉积物的含水率、孔隙度和有机质含量均明显高于对照区,其中有机质含量更是对照区样品的4倍左右,沉水植物残体促使表层沉积物物化性质改变的作用明显;"湖泛"发生水域表层沉积物间隙水中铵态氮(NH+4-N)、溶解性反应磷(SRP)及Fe2+含量远高于未发生区,植物残体降解对沉积物厌氧环境的营造显著.运用分子扩散模型对沉积物释放通量估算:"湖泛"发生区沉积物NH+4-N、SRP和Fe2+的释放速率分别是对照区的49.8、15.3和123.1倍.研究认为,草源性"湖泛"水体氮、磷等营养物含量升高的主要原因是沉积物的释放,而"湖泛"所营造的厌氧环境是氮、磷释放急剧增加的主要驱动因素.  相似文献   

20.
湖泊底泥疏浚环境效应:Ⅱ.内源氮释放控制作用   总被引:16,自引:5,他引:11  
通过为期一年的疏浚模拟试验,在试验室培养疏浚与对照柱样研究了底泥疏浚对内源氮释放的控制效果.研究结果发现,疏浚表层30cm能够有效的消减沉积物中有机质含量与孔隙水中NH4+含量.在一年的试验周期内,疏浚和对照柱沉积物-水界面的NH4+通量分别为5.3至18.6mg/(m2·d)与-9.4至67.5mg/(m2·d),疏浚柱沉积物-水界面的NH4+通量总体上低于未疏浚对照的通量,尤其是在温度较高的月份,从2006年5-12月疏浚柱沉积物-水界面NH4+释放通量显著低于未疏浚对照柱,疏浚沉积物的NH4+的释放潜力低于未疏浚对照沉积物.研究结果表明,在外源得到有效控制的前提下,底泥疏浚是消减研究区内源氮负荷有效的技术手段.  相似文献   

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