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1.
长白山天池火山玻璃和长石微观特征研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
研究了长白山天池火山1000年和5000年前2次大喷发产生的浮岩和火山灰的微观特征,通过TEM-EDX和SEM-EDX分析了浮岩中的火山玻璃和长石晶屑的表面特征及风化层厚度。5000年前大喷发浮岩中的火山玻璃风化层平均厚度3·74μm,1000年前大喷发为0·98μm;5000年前大喷发浮岩中的长石表面风化溶蚀度大于1000年前大喷发物中的长石;两次大喷发浮岩中的火山玻璃风化层化学组成与火山玻璃相比富Al和Fe而Si减少。综合上述特征认为,天池火山喷发物中矿物的微观特征的差异与火山喷发年代和喷发环境有关。因此,系统研究天池火山喷发物的微观特征是十分必要的,并且具有一定的应用价值  相似文献   

2.
长白山天池火山喷发的气候效应   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
约发生于1000年前的长白山天池火山喷发对全球气候产生过非常显著的影响,本文用一二维能量平衡模式模拟了天地火山的那次喷发对全球气候的影响。结果表明:天池火山喷发形成的平流层气溶胶可维持3年长的时间,并对到达地表的太阳辐射有非常明显的削弱。引起的北半球平均最大降温可达0.85℃。天池火山大喷发对全球气候影响的时间超过6年。  相似文献   

3.
长白山天池火山位于中国和朝鲜两国边境线上, 借助国际合作, 对分布于中朝两国境内的天池火山喷发物进行了较系统的野外考查, 选择层序完整的火山喷发物剖面, 对天池火山进行整体研究. 在此基础上, 系统测定了天池火山历史时期大喷发从早期到晚期喷出的气体成分和含量, 进而探讨了该火山气体对环境的影响及其造成的火山灾害, 并利用天池火山气体成分和含量开展了该火山未来喷发危险性及其潜在火山灾害预测研究, 这一方法对进一步开展我国大陆活火山的喷发预测及其火山灾害防御研究具有重要意义.  相似文献   

4.
长白山天池火山于公元1215年发生一次大规模爆炸式喷发。本文讨论了这次喷发形成的空降堆积物的特征。在此基础上确定喷发型式为布里尼式;当时对流层风向为西北风,风速为30m/s ̄40m/s;平流层风向为西风;喷发物的喷出口速率大于200m/s;火山喷发柱最大高度达29km。  相似文献   

5.
S.  R.  McNutt  刘巍 《世界地震译丛》2006,(3):1-29
火山能够产生大量地震信号,这些信号与地震断层产生的地震信号不同。几乎在每一次有记录的火山喷发之前,火山下面或附近的地震活动性会增强,并伴有不同程度的地震活动。因此,地震学已成为火山喷发预报和监测的最有力的手段之一。目前,尽管在不同火山建立的监测站的数量和质量有很大差异,但世界上近200座火山均已采用地震方法监测,这表明在历史上曾发生过喷发的538座火山中有约1/3的火山采用了地震监测。近几十年来,每年会发生55~70次火山喷发(Simkin,1993)。火山的喷发引起了人们的广泛关注,其中一半以上都有地震监测设施。  相似文献   

6.
论新托尔巴奇克火山对五大连池近代火山研究的借鉴意义   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
新托尔巴奇克火山是世界上著名的大裂隙喷发火山,前苏联火山学家对这次喷发有准确预报,而且从喷发的第一天起就做了详细观测记录,取得了丰富的观测研究成果,本文从火山锥体的形成,喷发区特征和监测预报三个方面论述这些成果对研究我国五大连池近代火山的借鉴意义。  相似文献   

7.
1980年圣海伦斯火山爆发对之后30年火山学研究的启示   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
1980年5月18日,圣海伦斯火山发生了一次大规模喷发,这一事件令科学家和大众惊叹不已。巨大的山体滑坡、气浪以及随之而来的柱状喷发(高达25km,持续时间长达9hr)等影像记录震惊全世界,同时也激起了人们对此次火山喷发事件研究的兴趣(图1)。  相似文献   

8.
在回顾总结了国外火山碎屑流灾害分析模型研究历史的基础上,本文选取了Flow3D模型对我国东北地区长白山天池火山未来大喷发可能产生的火山碎屑流进行了灾害区域划分。以长白山天池火山现代地形为依据,设定了11条未来爆炸式火山喷发时产生的火山碎屑流的可能流动线路。模拟结果表明,在喷发柱高度为10km的情况下,灾害区划最大半径为13.7km;在喷发柱高度为20km的情况下,灾害区划最大半径为35.4km;在喷发柱高度为30km的情况下,灾害区划最大半径为57.8km。在此基础上,得出了长白山天池火山未来发生中规模、大规模和超大规模火山喷发时火山碎屑流的覆盖范围,完成了我国第一幅长白山天池火山碎屑流灾害区划图。  相似文献   

9.
云南腾冲马鞍山最后一次喷发的热释光年龄   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
尹功明  李盛华 《地震研究》2000,23(4):388-391
云南腾冲火山区是我国少数几个近代有火山活动的地区之一,它由多座第四纪火山组成。其中马鞍山是规模较大,可能喷发较晚的一处火山。从马鞍山火山锥附近采集了2个火山岩样品,进行了热释光测年分析。热释光年龄表明马鞍山最后一次大规模的火山喷发发生在全新世,可能距今约2500~3500年。  相似文献   

10.
长白山天池火山减灾对策初探   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
国内外专家学者认为,长白山天池火山是一座具潜在灾害性喷发危险的活火山,因此制定火山减灾对策理应提到议事日程。针对天池火山研究现状和火山灾害特点,制定了火山活动各阶段的减灾对策。中长期阶段应加强火山监测与研究和火山知识宣传工作,采取必要的工程防护措施,重大工程进行火山安全性评价,制定火山喷发应急预案;短期阶段请求国际火山流动监测台网给予支援;临近喷发阶段重点是有组织的撤离;喷发及其后阶段应及时救灾抢险,对火山喷发趋势进行科学判定,合理地重建家园。  相似文献   

11.
阪神·淡路大震灾后 ,日本着手对原有的地震观测体制作彻底改革 ,多项全国性配置地震计的计划同时开始启动。地震引起的地面晃动的程度不尽相同 ,无感微小地震引发的晃动仅有 0 .0 0 1 μm,频率为1 0 Hz;巨大地震引起的地面晃动的幅度高达 2~ 3 m,周期也有几十秒。虽说都称之为地震计 ,但由于地震动的振幅和频率涉及的范围太大 ,所以应针对观测对象选用不同类型的地震计。下面介绍不同类型的观测网。1 强震观测网 ( K- NET)无论大地有多大的晃动都能将其准确记录下来的地震计称之为强震计。它构造坚实 ,信号明确 ,通常设置在地表 ,对了…  相似文献   

12.
Sun, climate, hunger, and mass migration   总被引:9,自引:1,他引:8  
Paleoclimatic studies indicate four epochs of global cooling during the last 4 000 years, i. e. during the few centuries before and after 2000 BC, 800 BC, 400 AD, and 1 600 AD; the quasiperiodicity corresponds to cyclic variation of solar activity. Global temperature changes influenced regional precipitation patterns: Northern Europe was wetter while the middle- and low-latitude lands were more arid during colder epochs. Both sets of cold climatical conditions were unfavorable for agricultural production. Historical records show that large demographic movements in history took place because of crop failures and mass starvation, rather than escaping from war zones. The “wandering” of the Germanic tribes during the first two or three centuries of the Christian Era is one example. Whereas the accelerated release of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels is ultimately to cause global warming, historical evidence indicates, however, that global warming has been on the whole a blessing to mankind. Global cooling, on the other hand, has curtailed agricultural production and has led to famines and mass migrations of people. Perhaps the most important task at the present is not so much computer-modelling of greenhouse effect on global climate, but water-management and agricultural researches to insure food-supply for an everincreasing world population.  相似文献   

13.
Sediment samples from the Gomti River basin were investigated to determine and evaluate trace metal concentrations,their biological effect,and potential ecological and human health risks for adults and children.The mean concentrations of trace metals were organized in the descending order of mercury(Hg)(0.08 mg/kg)>chromium(Cr)(0.06 mg/kg)>lead(Pb)(0.05 mg/kg)>arsenic(As)(0.02 mg/kg)>cadmium(Cd)(0.01 mg/kg).The current study illustrated that metals were attributed to the area from natural sources and different anthropogenic sources especially from industries.However,the concentration levels were lower than the sediment quality guidelines(SQGs)based on the effect-range classifications of threshold effect concentration(TEC)and probable effect concentration(PEC).Therefore,the concentration of the elements showed no adverse biological effects on aquatic organisms.The evaluated potential ecological risk index also revealed the low toxicity to the aquatic environment.Moreover,the applied sediment quality indices,geo-accumulation index(Igeo),contamination factor(CF),and contamination severity index(CSI)suggested that the contamination levels of the elements were in the acceptable range,and the contamination had not notably impacted on the sediment quality.The risk index(HI)concerning age groups was significantly less than the threshold limit of 1 indicating that the contamination had no non-carcinogenic risk effect.The total carcinogenic risk(TCR)was less than a risk value of 1×104.Hence,the current study suggests that immediate remediation is not required due to an absence of alarming conditions in the study area.Proper monitoring of the attribution of the metal elements should be done for the betterment of human and environmental health。  相似文献   

14.
山西高平地震   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1  
阐述了发生在山西高平的地震和对高平有影响的地震,分析了高平市的地震灾害,通过分析得出高平地震与晋获断裂带活动有关的结论。  相似文献   

15.
16.
In this study, we have checked the location and focal depth of the Yecheng earthquake (m b = 6.0, maximum intensity VII) of February 14, 1980. The result shows that this is an intermediate event with a focal depth of 90 km. The microepicenter is located at 36. 4°N, 76, 9°E, while the macroepicenter is at 37.3°N, 76.9°E, 90 km to the north of the microepicenter. This is the first destructive intermediate event in China which led to a damage as severe as of intensity VII. The focal mechanism of the event is determined to be of thrust type. Combined with the analysis of seismological and geological data in surrounding area, the possible relation between the event and plate movement has been discussed. The result in this paper indicates that in some particular place, the destructive effect of intermediate event should be considered in seismic hazard assessment.  相似文献   

17.
The size, shape, and magmatic history of the most recently discovered shield volcano in the Hawaiian Islands, Mahukona, have been controversial. Mahukona corresponds to what was thought to be a gap in the paired sequence (Loa and Kea trends) of younger Hawaiian volcanoes (<4?Ma). Here, we present the results of marine expeditions to Mahukona where new bathymetry, sidescan sonar, gravity data, and lava samples were collected to address these controversies. Modeling of bathymetric and gravity data indicate that Mahukona is one of the smallest Hawaiian volcanoes (~6,000?km3) and that its magmatic system was not focused in a long-lived central reservoir like most other Hawaiian volcanoes. This lack of a long-lived magmatic reservoir is reflected by the absence of a central residual gravity high and the random distribution of cones on Mahukona Volcano. Our reconstructed subsidence history for Mahukona suggests it grew to at least ~270?m below sea level but probably did not form an island. New 40Ar–39Ar plateau ages range from 350 to 654?ka providing temporal constraints for Mahukona’s post-shield and shield stages of volcanism, which ended prematurely. Mahukona post-shield lavas have high 3He/4He ratios (16–21?Ra), which have not been observed in post-shield lavas from other Hawaiian volcanoes. Lava compositions range widely at Mahukona, including Pb isotopic values that straddle the boundary between Kea and Loa sequences of volcanoes. The compositional diversity of Mahukona lavas may be related to its relatively small size (less extensive melting) and the absence of a central magma reservoir where magmas would have been homogenized.  相似文献   

18.
This study addresses the changes in dissolved major and trace element concentrations along the Orinoco River, including the mixing zone between the Orinoco and Apure Rivers. Water samples from the Apure and Orinoco Rivers were collected monthly in four sectors over a period of 15 months. Auxiliary parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, and temperature), total suspended sediments, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and major (Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Si) and trace (Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Cr) element concentrations were measured in all sectors. The relative contribution of both rivers after the Apure–Orinoco confluence was determined using Ca as a tracer. Moreover, a mixing model was developed to determine whether dissolved species exhibit a conservative behavior during mixing. The results indicate that DOC is removed from waters during the Apure–Orinoco mixing, probably due to absorption of DOC on mineral phases supplied by the Apure River. Dissolved Na, Ca, and Mg behave conservatively during the mixing processes, and their concentrations are controlled by a dilution process. The anomaly in the temporal pattern of K in the Orinoco is caused by the input of biogenic K originating from the Apure River during the high‐water stage. The loss of dissolved Si during the low‐water stage can be explained by the uptake of Si by diatoms. Dissolved Mn, Zn, Al, and Fe showed a non‐conservative behavior during the Apure–Orinoco mixing. The removal of Mn and Zn from the dissolved phase can be explained by the formation of Mn‐oxyhydroxides and the scavenging of Zn onto Mn oxides. Dissolved Fe is controlled by redox processes, although the removals of Fe and Al due to the preferential adsorption of large organometallic complexes by mineral surfaces after the Apure–Orinoco confluence can affect the mobility of both elements during transport. The conservative behavior shown by Cu and Cr can be related to the tendency of both elements to be complexed with small organic colloids, which are not preferentially adsorbed by clays.  相似文献   

19.
Transitional, entraining, cloudy, and coastal boundary layers   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
Atmospheric boundary layers are marvelously varied and complex. Recent research has examined some of that variety. Boundary layers over land undergo drastic changes throughout the day as the sun rises and sets, and as clouds form and dissipate. Air is entrained at the top of the boundary layer at varying rates. As air moves over the coast, the boundary layer reacts to changes in surface forcing. All of these changes affect pollutant transport and weather formation. In this paper, research attempting to understand transitional, cloud-topped, and coastal boundary layers, and boundary-layer top entrainment, is reviewed.  相似文献   

20.
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