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1.
刘健  陈星  于革  王苏民 《湖泊科学》2002,14(2):98-105
利用最新的太阳辐射变化资料和火山灰记录通过气候模式的模拟试验来探讨小冰期气候的形成因子 ,并揭示其动力学机制 .模拟结果较好地反映了在太阳辐射和火山灰作用下典型小冰期东亚地区的温度和降水变化 .主要结论是 :在小冰期典型强迫条件下 ,欧亚大陆年平均温度普遍降低 ,且具有明显的区域差异 ,高纬度降温幅度大于低纬度 ,冬季降温幅度大于夏季 .我国长江流域以北的广大地区的降温幅度在 0 .2 - 0 .4℃之间 .不同季风区对火山灰和太阳辐射变化具有不同的响应 .东南季风控制的地区 (如我国的华东、华南地区 )降水明显减少 ,年平均减少幅度在 0 .5 - 1.5mm/d之间 ,西风和西南季风控制的广大地区降水几乎持平或略增 ,最大年均增幅小于0 .5mm/d .这与历史证据和自然记录资料是一致的  相似文献   

2.
小冰期气候变化主控因子的模拟试验   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
刘健  陈星  于革  王苏民 《湖泊科学》2003,15(4):297-304
小冰期是距今最近,特征最明显的寒冷气候事件,对于研究世纪尺度气候变化具有重要意义. 过去的研究结果认为,太阳活动和火山活动的变化是小冰期气候变化的主要原因. 本文应用AGCM SSiB模式分别试验了植被、太阳辐射和火山活动变化对小冰期温度、降水的影响,发现下垫面植被变化对小冰期温度变化影响的量级与太阳辐射和火山活动变化的作用相当,对降水的影响甚至超过太阳活动和火山活动变化的作用,说明对于世纪尺度的气候变化而言,下垫面植被的反馈作用不可忽略. 这对于深入理解小冰期气候变化的机理具有启迪作用,同时也为世纪尺度气候变化研究与气候情景预测提供了新的思路和方法.  相似文献   

3.
中国东部季风区过去千年降水变化特征已有大量研究并取得重要进展,但多数研究集中在中国北方和中部地区,南方地区重建记录相对较少.本文对浙江雁荡山雁湖沉积物的总有机碳、色度和粒度等多指标进行分析,重点探讨小冰期以来研究区域的降水变化,结果显示:1)1400-1600 AD,湖区集水发育,研究区气候偏湿润;2)1600-1650 AD,降水量减少,气候偏干旱;3)1650-1750 AD,气候偏湿润;4)1750-2000 AD,研究区气候处于干旱状态,其中1500-1650 AD期间的干湿变化与历史文献记录的雁湖水位有良好的对应关系.在年代误差范围内,雁湖沉积物与浙江天目山泥炭、福建仙山泥炭以及湖光岩玛珥湖沉积物等记录的干湿变化同步,指示了小冰期期间中国东南地区气候波动的一致性.另外,中国东部南、北地区古气候记录反映的降水变化趋势相反,表明在百年时间尺度上,中国东部南北地区降水存在着"南涝北旱"和"北涝南旱"的空间特征.通过与太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)的对比,显示PDO对中国东部地区小冰期期间出现的南-北"偶极型"空间降水特征可能具有重要影响.  相似文献   

4.
刘健  陈星 《湖泊科学》2002,14(2):97-106
利用最新的太阳辐射变化资料和山灰记录通过气候模式的模拟试验来探讨小冰期气候的形成因子，并揭示其动力学机制，模拟结果较好地反映了在太阳辐射和火山灰作用下典型小冰不亚地区的温度和降水变化，主要结论是：在小冰期典型强迫条件下，欧亚大陆年平均温度普遍降低，且具有明显的区域差异，高纬度降温幅度大于低纬度，冬季降温幅度大于夏季，我国长江流域以北的广大地区的降温幅度在0．2－0．4℃之间，不同季风区对火山灰和太阳辐射变化具有不同的响应，东南季风控制的地区（如我国的华东、华南地区）降水明显减少，年平均减少幅度在0．5－1．5mm/d之间，西风和西南季风控制的广大地区降水几乎持平或略增，最大年均增幅小于0．5mm/d，这与历史证据和自然记录资料是一致的。  相似文献   

5.
青海湖流域近六百年来的气候变化与湖水位下降原因   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4  
根据青海湖流域及其邻近地区树木年轮资料重建的历史时期气候资料序列,给出了流域近六百年来的主要冷、暖、干、湿期,并对器测时期的气候变化趋势作了分析。指出,近百年来气候暖干化是造成湖水位下降的主要原因;对于湖水位年际变化与前期降水影响系统、不同气候类型以及地面气象要素的关系作了统计分析。  相似文献   

6.
近5ka温度的金川泥炭δ~(18)O记录   总被引：45，自引：1，他引：45  
根据吉林金川泥炭纤维素20a分辨率的氧同位素组成时间序列及其与有关文献资料对比,论述了中国东部过去5000a历史时期温度的变化过程,提供了大暖期、新冰期、中世纪温暖期和小冰期在该区存在的δ~(18)O证据;揭示了在约4590～3600 aBP期间存在1次大幅度自然升温过程,并讨论了此气候自然变暖对干旱、陆地植被和文明发展的影响.  相似文献   

7.
新疆博斯腾湖记录的亚洲内陆干旱区小冰期湿润气候研究   总被引：10，自引：1，他引：10  
利用中国内陆干旱区最大淡水湖泊博斯腾湖中心的钻孔岩芯, 在137Cs, 210Pb和AMS 14C测年基础上, 对湖泊岩芯孢粉组合、碳酸盐含量和粒度等多指标进行了分析. 结果发现, 近1000年来, 内陆干旱区气候变化经历了3个主要阶段, 1000~1500 AD干旱、1500~1900 AD湿润和1900 AD以来的再次变干, 近千年来在几百年尺度上的气候变化组合以暖干和冷湿为主. 在公元1500~1900年的小冰期期间, 多种代用指标均出现显著变化, 孢粉蒿藜比显著增大, 碳酸盐含量明显降低, 而粒度明显偏粗, 说明博斯腾湖流域降水增加, 气候比今湿润, 这与近百年来全球变暖条件下内陆干旱区出现的暖干气候形成显著对照. 亚洲内陆冰芯、湖泊、河流、树轮、沙漠等记录均记录了西风环流显著影响区较为湿润的小冰期气候, 出现明显的冷湿气候组合, 博斯腾湖岩芯记录的湿润小冰期气候具有代表性. 西风环流影响区湿润小冰期气候可能是全球性普遍降温导致有效湿度增加和因北大西洋涛动负异常而导致的西风影响区降水增加两个因素共同作用的结果.  相似文献   

8.
青藏高原北部马兰冰芯记录的近千年来气候环境变化   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
根据青藏高原北部可可西里马兰冰芯记录, 重建了该地区1129A.D.以来的气候环境变化. 马兰冰芯中δ18O记录表明, 近千年来该地区暖季气温呈上升趋势, 20世纪升温在其自然变化范围之内, “中世纪暖期”和“小冰期”在该冰芯记录中均有表现. 在该冰芯记录时段内, 最暖的世纪是17世纪, 最暖的年代是1610 s. 马兰冰芯中污化层厚度比率是沙尘天气发生频率的良好指标, 据此建立了该地区近870 a来沙尘天气发生频率的变化过程, 并发现该冰芯记录的沙尘天气发生频率变化与气温变化之间在101~102 a时间尺度上存在显著的负相关关系. 通过对青藏高原北部相关冰芯、树轮等记录的综合分析, 揭示出温湿气候时期沙尘天气发生频率较低, 而冷干气候时期沙尘天气发生频率较高. 近200 a来沙尘天气发生频率呈现明显减少趋势.  相似文献   

9.
2004年12月26日印尼地震海啸与全球低温   总被引：6，自引：4，他引：6       下载免费PDF全文
气候潮汐循环说和海震调温说，阐明了冷气候、强潮汐和强震相互对应的物理机制，对2000年地球进入拉马德雷冷位相后的气候预测有重大科学意义.中国连续18年暖冬的终结是2000年地球进入拉马德雷冷位相和印尼发生地震海啸的合理结果.规律表明，在拉马德雷冷位相时期，全球强震、低温、飓风伴随拉尼娜、全球性流感伴随厄尔尼诺将越来越强烈.在20世纪50~70年代，强沙尘暴年与流感爆发年一一对应，沙尘暴可能传播禽流感。  相似文献   

10.
先前对气候变化与鼠疫关系的研究,主要是针对短期气候变化对鼠疫传播的实时影响.此外,科学家们对于气候变化如何影响鼠疫传播仍然存有分歧,主要原因是相关研究的时空跨度过小,影响了气候变化与鼠疫传播动态关系研究的全面性.通过整合前工业时期欧洲414年的鼠疫爆发记录和相应的欧洲大陆和国家的气候数据,采用普通最小二乘回归分析与小波一致性分析,本研究发现,在以下各个层面上,包括气候及大规模气候现象、欧洲大陆及国家尺度、年际及数年际尺度和线性及非线性统计方法,只有少量证据支持气候和大规模气候现象与鼠疫传播存在显著相关性.上述的"零结果"并不否定先前有关气候和大规模气候现象与鼠疫传播关系的研究结论,但本文认为,在解释历史上和预测当代全球气候变化背景下的鼠疫传播时,需要全面考虑研究本身的时空跨度、研究方法的稳健性和研究地区的地理背景等因素.  相似文献   

11.
Because of the different geochemical behaviour of rubidium and strontium in earth surface processes, variations of the Rb/Sr ratios in lake sediments were used as a geochemical proxy of chemical weathering and past climate in a single watershed. Low magnetic susceptibility, low CaCO3, low Sr concentration and, hence, high Rb/Sr ratio in the lake sediments indicate weak chemical weathering under a cold but wet climate during the Little Ice Age (LIA) in the closed Daihai Lake watershed. The concordant change in both Sr and CaCO3 concentrations with δ18O values in the Dunde ice core suggests that weak chemical weathering during the wet LIA was controlled by air temperature. After the LIA, however, precipitation played a dominant role in chemical weathering. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

12.
The last 2000 years are an important time span both for IGBP-PAGES and CLIVAR of WCRP. One of the main aims of these projects is to obtain high-resolution records of global change, such as that stored in ice cores, tree rings, speleothems, corals, lakes, marine records, etc., and then use these data to make sound estimates for future global change. To accomplish these projects, we first need to obtain high-resolution geological records and proxies for climatic/environ- mental changes. …  相似文献   

13.
Despite many studies on reconstructing the climate changes over the last millennium in China,the cause of the China’s climate change remains unclear.We used the UVic Earth System Climate Model(UVic Model),an Earth system model of intermediate complexity,to investigate the contributions of climate forcings(e.g.solar insolation variability,anomalous volcanic aerosols,greenhouse gas,solar orbital change,land cover changes,and anthropogenic sulfate aerosols) to surface air temperature over East China in the past millennium.The simulation of the UVic Model could reproduce the three main characteristic periods(e.g.the Medieval Warm Period(MWP),the Little Ice Age(LIA),and the 20th Century Warming Period(20CWP)) of the northern hemisphere and East China,which were consistent with the corresponding reconstructed air temperatures at century scales.The simulation result reflected that the air temperature anomalies of East China were larger than those of the global air temperature during the MWP and the first half of 20CWP and were lower than those during the LIA.The surface air temperature of East China over the past millennium has been divided into three periods in the MWP,four in the LIA,and one in the 20CWP.The MWP of East China was caused primarily by solar insolation and secondarily by volcanic aerosols.The variation of the LIA was dominated by the individual sizes of the contribution of solar insolation variability,greenhouse gas,and volcano aerosols.Greenhouse gas and volcano aerosols were the main forcings of the third and fourth periods of the LIA,respectively.We examined the nonlinear responses among the natural and anthropogenic forcings in terms of surface air temperature over East China.The nonlinear responses between the solar orbit change and anomalous volcano aerosols and those between the greenhouse gases and land cover change(or anthropogenic sulfate aerosols) all contributed approximately 0.2℃ by the end of 20th century.However,the output of the energy-moisture balance atmospheric model from UVic showed no obvious nonlinear responses between anthropogenic and natural forcings.The nonlinear responses among all the climate forcings(both anthropogenic and natural forcings) contributed to a temperature increase of approximately 0.27℃ at the end of the 20th century,accounting for approximately half of the warming during this period;the remainder was due to the climate forcings themselves.  相似文献   

14.
Holocene glaciers have contributed to an abundance of unstable sediments in mountainous environments. In permafrost environments, these sediments can contain ground ice and are subject to rapid geomorphic activity and evolution under condition of a warming climate. To understand the influence of ground ice distribution on this activity since the Little Ice Age (LIA), we have investigated the Pierre Ronde and Rognes proglacial areas, two cirque glacier systems located in the periglacial belt of the Mont Blanc massif. For the first time, electrical resistivity tomography, temperature data loggers and differential global positioning systems (dGPS) are combined with historical documents and glaciological data analysis to produce a complete study of evolution in time and space of these small landsystems since the LIA. This approach allows to explain spatial heterogeneity of current internal structure and dynamics. The studied sites are a complex assemblage of debris‐covered glacier, ice‐rich frozen debris and unfrozen debris. Ground ice distribution is related to former glacier thermal regime, isolating effect of debris cover, water supply to specific zones, and topography. In relation with this internal structure, present dynamics are dominated by rapid ice melt in the debris‐covered upper slopes, slow creep processes in marginal glacigenic rock glaciers, and weak, superficial reworking in deglaciated moraines. Since the LIA, geomorphic activity is mainly spatially restricted within the proglacial areas. Sediment exportation has occurred in a limited part of the former Rognes Glacier and through water pocket outburst flood and debris flows in Pierre Ronde. Both sites contributed little sediment supply to the downslope geomorphic system, rather by episodic events than by constant supply. In that way, during Holocene and even in a paraglacial context as the recent deglaciation, proglacial areas of cirque glaciers act mostly as sediment sinks, when active geomorphic processes are unable to evacuate sediment downslope, especially because of the slope angle weakness. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

15.
Short sediment cores retrieved from Bosten Lake, the largest inland freshwater lake in China, were used to explore humidity and precipitation variations in arid central Asia during the past millennium. The chronology of the cores was established using 137Cs, 210Pb and AMS 14C dating re- sults. Multi-proxy high-resolution analysis, including pollen ratios of Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae (A/C), carbonate content and grain size, indicates that the climate during the past millennium can be divided into three stages: a dry climate between 1000―1500 AD, a humid climate during the Little Ice Age (LIA) (c. 1500―1900 AD), and a warm dry period after 1900 AD. On centennial timescales, the climate change in northwestern China during the past 1000 years is characterized by oscillations between warm-dry and cold-humid climate conditions. All the proxies changed significantly and indi- cate increased precipitation during the LIA, including increased pollen A/C ratios and pollen concen- trations, decreased carbonate content and increased grain size. The humid period during the LIA re- corded by the Bosten Lake sediments is representative of arid central Asia and is supported by nu- merous records from other sites. During the LIA, the water runoff into the Keriya River and Tarim River in the Tarim Basin increased, while the ice accumulation in the Guliya ice core increased. Additionally, the lake levels of the Aral and Caspian Sea also rose, while tree-ring analysis indicates that precipita- tion increased. We hypothesize that both the lower temperature within China and the negative anomalies of North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) during this period may have contributed to the humid climate within this area during LIA.  相似文献   

16.
Proglacial stream development was studied in coastal British Columbia and Washington, focusing on reaches exposed by post‐Little Ice Age (LIA) glacier retreat, to address three principal questions: (i) Does the legacy of LIA glaciation influence the evolution of channel morphology? (ii) How long does it take for riparian forest to establish following glacier retreat? (iii) Can newly exposed proglacial streams provide suitable fish habitat? Channel morphologies were identified by field surveys of 69 reaches in 10 catchments. Riparian forest development and potential fish habitat were characterized in those reaches and an additional 22 catchments using GIS analysis. The landscape template imposed by the Quaternary glaciation appears to override most of the modern effects of the LIA in controlling channel‐reach morphology. Binary logistic regression analysis identified elevation and time since deglaciation as primary controls on the presence of riparian forest. At higher elevations, establishment of morphologically functional riparian forest could take several centuries, prolonged by channel instability associated with post‐LIA sediment inputs. Of the recently deglaciated streams included in this analysis, the majority (86%) of the total length was of suitable gradient for fish and could be accessed either by downstream populations or from adjacent lakes. Predicted maximum weekly average stream temperature (MWAT) indicated that the post‐LIA study streams were thermally suitable for cold‐water fish. A future scenario of glacier loss would cause a 14% decline in accessible cold‐water thermal habitat in post‐LIA streams. Decreased summer flows due to glacier retreat could further limit usable habitat by reducing stream depths and wetted perimeters. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

17.
研究季风区历史时期湖泊环境演化的意义   总被引：11，自引：3，他引：8  
本文首先讨论了历史时期季风区湖泊环境演化研究在古全球变化研究中的地位及其意义,着重强调人与自然相互作用研究以及进行定量研究是该领域的关键所在。综合中国近年来在湖泊沉积与古全球变化研究中取得的成果,提出在该领域研究的一些新的认识与亟待解决的问题。  相似文献   

18.
The study evaluates relationships between the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index and winter temperatures (including indices of extremes) over Europe in an ensemble of transient simulations of current global climate models (GCMs). We focus on identification of areas in which the NAO index is linked to winter temperatures and temperature extremes in simulations of the recent climate (1961–2000), and evaluate how these relationships change in climate change scenarios for the late 21st century (2071–2100). Most GCMs are able to reproduce main features of the observed links. The NAO index is more important for cold than warm extremes, which is also reproduced by the GCMs. However, all GCMs underestimate the magnitude of the NAO influence on cold extremes when averaged over northern and western Europe. For future scenarios, the links between the NAO and temperatures are mostly analogous to those in the recent climate, except for one GCM (CM3) in which the influence of the NAO on temperature almost disappears over whole Europe. This suggests that future scenarios from this particular GCM should be evaluated with caution. The NAO index is found to represent a useful covariate that explains an important fraction of variability of cold extremes in winter, and its incorporation into extreme value models for daily temperatures (and their possible changes under climate change) may improve performance of these models and reliability of estimates of extremes and their uncertainty.  相似文献   

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