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从探地雷达GPR(Ground Penetrating Radar)在土壤污染探测中的应用、污染土壤介电常数模型的演化和土壤介电常数求取三方面综述了目前国内外学者利用探地雷达技术开展的土壤污染探测研究.研究认为以土壤介电常数为纽带,采用适宜的方法从雷达回波信号求得介电常数,基于合理的土壤介电常数模型,通过神经网络技术,可驯化建立介电常数和污染土壤多个参数之间联系,从而实现污染土壤中多种污染物含量的监测. 相似文献
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探地雷达(GPR)是浅表地球物理科学技术中的一项重要手段.其重要性体现在它的应用广泛性和有效性.在工程检测、环境保护、文物考古、灾害救援、反恐安检、资源勘探、水文水利等科学技术领域中探地雷达都在发挥着其他手段无法取代的重要作用.关于探地雷达发展历史、基本系统及原理、信号处理与成像等方面的综述性文章已经很多.本文将重点评述作为浅表地球物理观测技术重要手段的探地雷达在几个基础地学与工程技术领域中的应用.这些方面包括沙漠中高大沙丘的内部结构与形成机理,永久冻土的现状探测与演化预测,民用基础设施(公路、桥梁、大坝、堤防)内部或地基内空洞及软弱带的检测,以及地震灾害现场生命探测与救援.本文还将用一定篇幅评述探地雷达技术的变异形式(如钻孔雷达、探月雷达).评述将结合观测实例,尤其是在中国大陆的实例.最后将就探地雷达技术现存的问题及发展方向提出个人见解.需要强调的是,尽管本文以探地雷达的科研应用为主题,浅表地球物理科技成果在各个领域的成功应用绝对不可能倚赖任何单一手段或方法.所有成功的实例都证明一定要强调某一方法为主,其他手段为辅,多手段、多方法的有效配合,才有可能最大程度的减小探测结果的非唯一性,提高准确度和精确度. 相似文献
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为探明路基中隐藏病害的类型和空间位置,应用探地雷达方法对公路路基质量进行了无损检测.在地层介质强衰减和噪声干扰作用下,探地雷达信号存在信噪比低、深部复杂目标体难以识别的问题.针对探地雷达路基实测信号非线性和非平稳的特点,采用信号均衡和希尔伯特-黄变换相结合的方法,首先对数据进行均衡处理以突出深层弱信号,在此基础上对单道信号进行经验模态分解以获得固有模态函数,通过希尔伯特变换对固有模态函数的瞬态属性特征进行分析,进而将希尔伯特-黄变换应用于整个探地雷达的数据剖面,最后通过综合对比瞬时振幅剖面和瞬时相位剖面对探测结果进行了分析和解释.结果 表明,信号均衡可以有效缓解深部信号衰减问题,基于希尔伯特.黄变换可以从多属性参数角度对探地雷达信号进行处理与解释,可以较好的识别异常体的位置和属性信息,提高了探地雷达解释结果的可靠性. 相似文献
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《地球物理学进展》2017,(5)
快速、准确地获得土壤含水量信息对农业、水文地质、工程地质和环境科学都具有十分重要的意义.作为中尺度的非侵入型的探测土壤含水量的方法,探地雷达方法受到越来越多的重视,具有广阔的应用前景.本文基于速度分析原理和混合介质介电模型,建立了一套计算土壤含水量的探地雷达数据处理和分析流程.利用提出的数据处理和分析流程对多层水平介质模型的正演模拟数据进行了处理和分析,获得的结果说明了应用此套流程对探地雷达共中心点(CMP)数据估计土壤含水量是适用可行的.然后应用此流程对蒙古国乌兰巴托市水源区域采集的CMP数据进行了处理和分析,并与观测井的信息进行对比,获得了该区域准确的地下水位和土壤含水量信息.正演模拟数据和实测数据处理分析结果验证了探地雷达方法测量土壤含水量的有效性和可靠性. 相似文献
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为探究通过电磁波属性信息反演复垦土壤含水率的可行性,本文以安徽省淮南市平圩复垦农田土壤为研究对象,使用探地雷达(GPR)系统采集电磁波数据,运用FIR(Finite Impulse Response)滤波、Hilbert变换等信号处理方法,揭示雷达电磁波与含水率的响应机制.结果 表明:探地雷达电磁波振幅属性与含水率之间存在明显响应特征,相比较之,指数回归所构建的振幅包络平均值(Average Envelope Amplitude,AEA)模型对土灰混合体含水率的预测效果最好,决定系数R2达到0.83,均方根误差RMSE为1.48％;而对覆土土壤而言,采用多项式回归所构建的AEA模型对含水率的预测效果更好,R2达到0.9,RMSE为0.83％;AEA法在耕层厚度范围内电磁波振幅属性与含水率响应程度强烈,在此范围外随土层厚度的增加响应程度愈低.表明基于GPR的粉煤灰充填复垦土壤耕层含水率反演方法可行,研究成果可为探地雷达在土地复垦质量评价方面提供技术支撑. 相似文献
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机载探地雷达可能解决危险环境或广域条件下的近地表探测问题,用于解决环境、生态或军事方面的问题.然而由于种种原因,该技术的发展却显得比较慢.为了推进该技术的发展,本文介绍了目前世界范围内机载探地雷达的进展,并利用时间域有限差分法对一些典型模型进行数值模拟,并用特定的偏移成像方法对模拟结果进行成像.目前存在的机载探地雷达主要有三种类型:第一种为将常规探地雷达天线悬挂在直升飞机上,第二种为针对机载探地雷达开发的雷达系统,第三种为具有探地能力的合成孔径雷达.数值模拟结果表明,不管是水平地面的情况下,还是起伏界面的情况下,机载探地雷达都能清楚探测一定深度范围内的地下目标.可见,机载探地雷达是存满希望的一种方法. 相似文献
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由于融土和冻土之间存在明显的电性差异,使探地雷达成为研究多年冻土的有效手段之一.本文结合工程实例,对探地雷达在青藏高原多年冻土工程地质勘察中的应用效果进行了现场试验研究.分析了探地雷达探测多年冻土的物理前提条件,总结了多年冻土主要地质要素的雷达图像特征和探地雷达在多年冻土工程地质勘察中的实际应用效果.研究表明融土与冻土的雷达图像特征存在明显差异:融土雷达反射波为低频强宽振幅的稀疏波,波形较杂乱;冻土反射波为高频低振幅细密波,波形较为规则;探地雷达可较为准确地划分地层、识别多年冻土上限、确定多年冻土分布范围,但尚不能有效确定多年冻土的含冰量;另外,探地雷达对细颗粒土的探测效果要明显好于粗颗粒土.文章还指出了现场探测和图像解译分析中需要注意的事项和下一步需要研究解决的问题,建议在开展现场探测工作之前先在有钻探资料或天然地质剖面处进行对比试验,搞清测区内主要地层的物性参数,掌握有效波和干扰波的分布规律,从而提高雷达探测结果的准确性和可靠性. 相似文献
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A one-dimensional earthquake ground motion simulation with frequency-dependent dynamic soil parameters, which include shear wave velocity and quality factor, is performed within the frequency band between 10−2 and 30 Hz. For the simulation, the general frequency-dependent dynamic soil properties are obtained by using a new non-resonance technique on various soils. Comparisons between transfer functions involving frequency-dependent and -independent dynamic soil parameters indicate that soil amplification throughout the considered frequency range is sensitive to the values of the dynamic soil parameters, in particular to the quality factor. Simplification of frequency-dependent dynamic soil parameters into constants, which prevail as a convenient practice, incurs large amplitude distortion. This study therefore demonstrates that the dynamic properties of soils play an important role in the near surface earthquake ground motion analyses and need to be used in the same way as how they were measured. 相似文献
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Modelling the impacts of spatial heterogeneity in soil hydraulic properties on hydrological process in the upper reach of the Heihe River in the Qilian Mountains,Northwest China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1 
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下载免费PDF全文 Spatial heterogeneity of soil has great impacts on dynamic processes of the hydrological systems. However, it is challenging and expensive to obtain spatial distribution of soil hydraulic properties, which often requires extensive soil sampling and observations and intensive laboratory analyses, especially in high elevation, hard to access mountainous areas. This study evaluates the impacts of soil heterogeneity on hydrological process in a high elevation, topographically complex watershed in Northwest China. Two approaches were used to derive the spatial heterogeneity of soil properties in the study watershed: (1) the spatial clustering method, Full‐Order‐CLK was used to determine five soil heterogeneous clusters (configurations 97, 80, 60, 40 and 20) through large number of soil sampling and in situ observations, and (2) the average values of soil hydraulic properties for each soil type were derived from the coarse provincial soil data sets (Gansu Soil Handbook at 1 : 1 000 000 scale). Subsequently, Soil and Water Assessment Tool model was used to quantify the impact of the spatial heterogeneity of soil hydraulic properties on hydrological process in the study watershed. Results show the simulations by Soil and Water Assessment Tool with the spatially clustered soil hydraulic information from the field sampling data had much better representation of the soil heterogeneity and had more accurate performance than the model using the average soil property values for each soil type derived from the coarse soil data sets. Thus, incorporating detailed field sampling, soil heterogeneity data greatly improve performance in hydrological modelling. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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In order to evaluate the relationship between the apparent complexity of hillslope soil moisture and the emergent patterns of catchment hydrological behaviour and water quality, we need fine‐resolution catchment‐wide data on soil moisture characteristics. This study proposes a methodology whereby vegetation patterns obtained from high‐resolution orthorectified aerial photographs are used as an indicator of soil moisture characteristics. This enables us to examine a set of hypotheses regarding what drives the spatial patterns of soil moisture at the catchment scale (material properties or topography). We find that the pattern of Juncus effusus vegetation is controlled largely by topography and mediated by the catchment's material properties. Characterizing topography using the topographic index adds value to the soil moisture predictions relative to slope or upslope contributing area (UCA). However, these predictions depart from the observed soil moisture patterns at very steep slopes or low UCAs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Lorena M. Zavala Antonio Jordán Juan Gil Nicolás Bellinfante Colin Pain 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2009,34(11):1522-1532
This paper describes the changes in soil water repellency and soil hydrological and erosional responses to rainfall at small‐plot scale, arising from a prescribed fire immediately following burning and one year later in a Mediterranean heathland in the area of the Strait of Gibraltar (southern Spain). Very little research has been carried out about the modifications on the ground surface after fire immediately after burning. A prescribed fire was conducted to study short‐term changes of the ground surface immediately and one year following burning. After a prescribed fire, a homogeneous charred litter layer and ash‐bed covered the mineral soil surface. This cover stayed stable on the soil surface during a period of seven days, until strong winds redistributed litter and ashes. The hydrophobicity of the exposed surface (litter and ashes) decreased considerably in relation with the litter layer properties before the fire. Ponding, runoff coefficients and soil loss were determined using simulated rainfall over the litter layer, the ash‐bed and the bare soil. Significant differences were not detected between pre‐ and post‐fire soil loss rates while a charred litter and thick ash layer were present on the ground surface. Runoff and erosion rates increased and time to ponding and runoff decreased when the charred litter and ash layers were artificially removed and the bare soil was exposed. Although wildfires will increase soil erodibility, the trends observed in this study suggest that this increased susceptibility to erosion from rainsplash processes may be limited to some degree while an intact ash and charred litter layer is still present. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Anita Bernatek-Jakiel Jiří Bruthans Jan Vojtíšek Mateusz Stolarczyk Tomasz Zaleski 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(13):3185-3201
Soil piping is a widespread land degradation process that may lead to gully formation. However, the processes involved in sediment detachment from soil pipe walls have not been well studied, although their recognition is a crucial step to protect soils from piping erosion. This study aims to recognize the factors affecting cohesion and to identify the mechanisms which are likely to be responsible for the disintegration of soil. The study has been conducted in mid-altitude mountains under a temperate climate (the Bieszczady Mountains, the Carpathians, SE Poland). The research was based on the detailed field and laboratory analyses of morphology, and the physical and chemical properties of soil profiles with and without soil pipes. Moreover, experiments with flooding the undisturbed soil samples using different solutions (deionized water, ammonium oxalate, dithionate citrate, 35% hydrochloric acid and 30% hydrogen peroxide) were conducted in order to check the role of air slaking, the removal of soil organic carbon (SOC), and Fe and Al oxides on sediment detachment. The obtained results have confirmed that soil pipes develop in quite cohesive soils (silt loams), which allow the formation and maintenance of pipes with a diameter up to 30 cm. Soil cohesion, and thus susceptibility to piping, are impacted by the content of major oxides, soil particle size distribution, biological activity and porosity. The tested soils affected by piping erosion have a lower content of Al2O3 and Fe2O3, and free Fe (Fe(DCB)), lower clay content, higher biological activity (more roots and animal burrows), higher porosity, and more and larger pores than the profile without soil pipes. The experiments have indicated that especially SOC along with Fe and Al oxides are an important cohesion source in the study area. This suggests that the removal of SOC, and Fe and Al oxides may weaken and disintegrate aggregates in soil pipes. Further study of soil leaching and tensile strength will broaden understanding of which chemical processes control where pipes will develop in other cohesive piping-prone soils. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Deep soil water dynamics in an undisturbed primary forest in central Amazonia: Differences between normal years and the 2005 drought 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Elisângela Broedel Javier Tomasella Luiz Antônio Cândido Celso von Randow 《水文研究》2017,31(9):1749-1759
Understanding how Amazonian rainforests deal with extended droughts is critical in the face of changing climate. This research analyze the physical properties and the soil water dynamics of a deep soil profile in an area of primary forest in central Amazonia to elucidate these processes under drought and nondrought conditions. Physical soil properties derived from soil cores exhibited a distinctive layer between 480 and 880 cm deep, characterized by higher microporosity and low plant water availability. In situ soil moisture measurements collected during the period from January 2003 through February 2006 and for depths ranging from 10 to 1,430 cm suggest that, in the study site, the top 480 cm of the soil profile satisfied most of the transpirational demands in normal climatological years. However, during exceptionally dry periods, such as the 2005 drought, root uptake occurs below 480 cm. As concluded by previous studies, most of the uptake is concentrated in the first meter of the soil profile: More than 40% of the total demand for transpiration is supplied by the top meter of soil. Because deep root uptake occurred at greater depths than normal during the 2005 drought, our results suggest that this is a fundamental mechanism to cope with prolonged droughts. 相似文献
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Recent research has indicated the large spatial and temporal variation in soil erosion resistance against concentrated flow (SER). This study analyzes this variability in relation to rill and gully initiation locations on slopes and the downslope eroded volumes. The soil erodibility (Kc) and critical flow shear stress (τcr), were estimated from topsoil properties and correlated to eroded rill and gully volumes and their initiation points on slopes in the Belgian loess belt. Therefore, concentrated flow paths and topsoil properties were measured in their vicinity. The results show that rill and gully initiation points, and hence the lengths of concentrated flow paths, depend on τcr, which is controlled by soil surface conditions and can be predicted from saturated soil shear strength. Soil erosion control measures that increase soil shear strength (e.g. thalweg compaction), can therefore decrease rill and gully lengths. Once a rill or an ephemeral gully is initiated, its cross‐section was found to depend on Kc, which can be estimated from the soil water content, dry bulk density, and the dry density of roots and crop residues incorporated in the topsoil. 74% of the variation in the channel cross‐sectional area measured in the study area could be predicted from the combined effect of flow intensity and these three soil properties, whereas flow intensity alone could only account for 31% of the variation. Soil conservation measures affecting one of the soil properties that control Kc (e.g. double drilling of the thalweg, conservation tillage) can therefore decrease the cross‐sections of the concentrated flow paths. These findings also indicate that rill and gully initiation points are not only topographically controlled but also depend on the SER, which in turn determines the dimensions of these concentrated flow paths. Hence, knowledge of the variability in SER is indispensable. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Spatial information on soil properties is an important input to hydrological models. In current hydrological modelling practices, soil property information is often derived from soil category maps by the linking method in which a representative soil property value is linked to each soil polygon. Limited by the area‐class nature of soil category maps, the derived soil property variation is discontinuous and less detailed than high resolution digital terrain or remote sensing data. This research proposed dmSoil, a data‐mining‐based approach to derive continuous and spatially detailed soil property information from soil category maps. First, the soil–environment relationships are extracted through data mining of a soil map. The similarity of the soil at each location to different soil types in the soil map is then estimated using the mined relationships. Prediction of soil property values at each location is made by combining the similarities of the soil at that location to different soil types and the representative soil property values of these soil types. The new approach was applied in the Raffelson Watershed and Pleasant Valley in the Driftless Area of Wisconsin, United States to map soil A horizon texture (in both areas) and depth to soil C horizon (in Pleasant Valley). The property maps from the dmSoil approach capture the spatial gradation and details of soil properties better than those from the linking method. The new approach also shows consistent accuracy improvement at validation points. In addition to the improved performances, the inputs for the dmSoil approach are easy to prepare, and the approach itself is simple to deploy. It provides an effective way to derive better soil property information from soil category maps for hydrological modelling. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Assessment of soil factors controlling ephemeral gully erosion on agricultural fields 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Paul Ollobarren Del Barrio Miguel A. Campo‐Bescós Rafael Giménez Javier Casalí 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2018,43(9):1993-2008
The soil factor is crucial in controlling and properly modeling the initiation and development of ephemeral gullies (EGs). Usually, EG initiation has been related to various soil properties (i.e. sealing, critical shear stress, moisture, texture, etc.); meanwhile, the total growth of each EG (erosion rate) has been linked with proper soil erodibility. But, despite the studies to determine the influence of soil erodibility on (ephemeral) gully erosion, a universal approach is still lacking. This is due to the complex relationship and interactions between soil properties and the erosive process. A feasible soil characterization of EG erosion prediction on a large scale should be based on simple, quick and inexpensive tests to perform. The objective of this study was to identify and assess the soil properties – easily and quickly to determine – which best reflect soil erodibility on EG erosion. Forty‐nine different physical–chemical soil properties that may participate in establishing soil erodibility were determined on agricultural soils affected by the formation of EGs in Spain and Italy. Experiments were conducted in the laboratory and in the field (in the vicinity of the erosion paths). Because of its importance in controlling EG erosion, five variables related to antecedent moisture prior to the event that generated the gullies and two properties related to landscape topography were obtained for each situation. The most relevant variables were detected using multivariate analysis. The results defined 13 key variables: water content before the initiation of EGs, organic matter content, cation exchange capacity, relative sealing index, two granulometric and organic matter indices, seal permeability, aggregates stability (three index), crust penetration resistance, shear strength and an erodibility index obtained from the Jet Test erosion apparatus. The latter is proposed as a useful technique to evaluate and predict soil loss caused by EG erosion. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Jean Poesen 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2018,43(1):64-84
Soil erosion is a geomorphological and, at the same time, a land degradation process that may cause environmental and property damage, loss of livelihoods and services as well as social and economic disruption. Erosion not only lowers soil quality on‐site, but causes also significant sediment‐related problems off‐site. Given the large number of research papers on this topic, one might therefore conclude that we know now almost everything about soil erosion and its control so that little new knowledge can be added. This conclusion can be refuted by pointing to some major research gaps. There is a need for more research attention to (1) improved understanding of both natural and anthropogenic soil erosion processes and their interactions, (2) scaling up soil erosion processes and rates in space and time, and (3) innovative techniques and strategies to prevent soil erosion or reduce erosion rates. This is illustrated with various case studies from around the world. If future research addresses these research gaps, we will (1) better understand processes and their interactions operating at a range of spatial and temporal scales, predict their rates as well as their on‐site and off‐site impacts, which is academically spoken rewarding but also crucial for better targeting erosion control measures, and (2) we will be in a better position to select the most appropriate and effective soil erosion control techniques and strategies which are highly necessary for a sustainable use of soils in the Anthropocene. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献