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1.
构造应力一直被认为是超压形成的重要机制,但对其研究还处于定性的分析阶段．本文利用以有限元方法为基础的盆地数值模型,在一维的剖面上考虑构造应力强度、构造作用时间及方式、地层的物理成岩特征及其岩石渗透率等因素的变化,对构造应力在地层压力演化中的作用进行了模拟分析．获得了一些构造应力作为超压形成机制的新认识：（1）构造应力在水平方向上增加了地层的压实作用;（2）在极端条件下,构造应力所引起的超压增量可达构造应力的一半;（3）上覆地层因构造应力的作用而发生的更为强烈的压实结果对其下伏地层内压力的演化也很重要,其增加的超压增量可达构造应力的15%～20％． 相似文献
2.
澳大利亚西北大陆架卡拉汶盆地含有丰富的油气资源, 但其地质条件复杂, 普遍存在异常地层高压分布,特别是该区区域盖层-中深层巨厚的Muderong页岩层内存在局部异常高压带,给石油钻井带来巨大困难.本文根据卡拉汶盆地北部地区10余口井的实测地层压力资料、声波测井数据和联井地震剖面, 研究该页岩层内异常压力千赫兹尺度声波响应的衰减特征,及其与地层有效压力之间的关联计算模型.通过联井地震数据的井-震相关性分析进行井-震过渡,研究井旁地震数据在异常高压带的衰减特征,及其与地层有效压力之间的关联计算模型,从而实现井震资料联合进行地层压力地震外推反演.研究表明,Muderong页岩层地层有效压力与井中声波速度/阻抗品质因子和井旁地震阻抗品质因子具有良好的正向相关性,根据二者交汇数据拟合经验公式反算得到的各井有效压力结果基本反映出实测有效压力曲线的变化特征.卡拉汶盆地北部地区地震数据具有良好的井-震相关性,地震资料品质相对可靠,确保了声-压相关分析的井-震过渡.最后,通过地震阻抗品质因子与地层有效压力之间的关联计算模型,进行该区异常地层压力地震外推反演,预测结果与钻井证实的异常压力分布特征基本符合.本研究为卡拉汶盆地中深部区域盖层局部异常高压带的地层压力外推反演提供了一种有效途径. 相似文献
3.
如何在低勘探程度地区提取地层速度一直是地球物理勘探面临的难题,由于低勘探程度地区钻井资料十分稀少,需要借助地震资料才能够实现全区地层速度提取,而地震资料具有一定的频带,直接通过地震资料反演获取的地层速度缺失低频分量,必须进行低频速度补偿.本文提出一种以地震资料为主、测井资料为辅的地层速度提取方法.首先,通过有色反演方法提取地震资料的相对速度分量;然后,利用地震速度谱资料构建低频速度模型,低频速度模型构建受层序地层格架约束;最后,将低频和相对速度分量合成为宽频带的地层速度.应用该方法提取琼东南盆地深水区地层速度,结果表明提取的地震绝对速度精度较高,可作为该地区地层速度提取的一种行之有效的方法.利用该方法获得的高精度地层速度剖面在中央峡谷水道砂体的速度-岩性识别和地层压力预测方面获得良好的应用效果. 相似文献
4.
本文论述用声波时差测井估计异常地层压力的大小,阐述了三个观点:1.估算异常地层压力的一般公式;2.孔隙度随地层埋藏深度的增加按指数规律减小,但是,在异常地层压力井段,孔隙度变化偏离这一规律;3.用声波时差测井孔隙度确定异常地层压力井段的等效深度点,从而用它来估计异常的地层压力。 异常地层压力主要用来发现高压油气层,预测岩石破裂压力强度,合理地、经济地选用钻井泥浆比重,提高钻速,保证安全,特别是用于指导海洋钻井、深井和超深井钻井以及确定完井方法等,均具有十分重要的意义。 文中还列举了应用声波时差测井估计异常地层压力的一个实例。 相似文献
5.
为解决浅地层剖面数据噪声多、分辨率低问题,本文将环形生成对抗网络的方法应用于浅地层剖面资料的去噪,实现智能去噪。首先,选择具有特殊对称生成对抗网络循环机制以及“循环一致性”损失的环形生成对抗性网络,并对其进行结构改进,提升网络学习和训练的性能。然后,基于优化的浅地层剖面样本集训练网络,实现对于浅地层剖面数据随机噪声的去除,提升数据的信噪比。通过对实验和实际资料的试算,以及与传统带通滤波方法的对比,验证本文方法对浅地层剖面数据去噪的有效性和适应性。 相似文献
6.
在海洋工程物探中浅地层剖面调查中,调查船的上下起伏会对地层剖面的采集造成影响,即便是在姿态传感器的补偿下,仍然会存在海底及地层波状起伏的假成像现象.载体搭载的地层剖面系统记录的多为相对于载体的数据,而不是相对于海面的深度.在实际工程作业中,与地层剖面同时采集的多波束数据通常包含有高精度的地形数据,本文研究的目的是通过采集不同水深、不同区块、不同类型的工程物探资料,将测深和剖面探测两种调查方式结合,研究采用多波束地形数据来校正地层剖面的海底,消除涌浪、姿态、位置、滤波等参数引起的成像偏差,精准呈现真实的海底地形,实现高精度的剖面成像,有效提升工程物探资料研究评价的准确性和可靠性,为以后在类似区域进行海底浅层灾害地质研究提供参考和借鉴. 相似文献
7.
页岩气储层孔隙压力是页岩气藏保存条件综合评价过程中的一项重要指标.常规基于欠压实成因的地层孔隙压力预测方法并不适用于存在大量有机质生烃增压过程的页岩气储层.本文在页岩储层岩石物理建模的基础上,通过在模型中添加有机相来间接考虑有机质生烃作用对泥页岩正常压实趋势的影响,结合有效应力原理,形成了面向页岩气储层的孔隙压力预测技术.该技术在四川盆地南部WR区块页岩气藏实际预测结果表明,研究区五峰组-龙马溪组页岩气藏属于典型的超压气藏.在纵向上,五峰-龙马溪组底部的有机碳含量高的优质页岩层段表现为明显的超压特征,压力系数介于1.6～2.1之间.在平面分布上,深凹区压力系数大,西部深凹区保存条件比东部隆起区要好.压力系数预测结果与钻井实测吻合率大于97％,该方法有效提高了钻前地层压力预测精度. 相似文献
8.
《地球物理学进展》2017,(4)
南海琼东南盆地为典型的高温超压盆地,在中深层高温超压地层中发育多个大型勘探目标,是中国南海勘探主战场.琼东南盆地存在多种超压成因,使得不同构造位置的压力结构不同,不同的压力结构其压力成因存在差异,并且压力结构与油气的成藏也具有非常密切的关系,而且地层压力结构与钻井安全息息相关.为了提高压力预测精度和钻井安全,研究琼东南高压盆地压力结构与油气成藏关系是十分有意义的.快速沉积的欠压实泥岩排水不畅是超压的主要成因,同时还存在断裂系统泄压、大型沉积体疏导泄压和侧向砂体传递增压等多种成因.本文首先总结不同位置的压力结构,其次分析不同压力结构的成因,最后在超压与油气聚集分析的基础上,总结超压与油气聚集成藏的关系,分析认为崖城凸起砂体泄压型低压带和大崖城区异常高压带是琼东南盆地最有利的勘探区带. 相似文献
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10.
本文通过对南海东北部陆坡区浅地层剖面资料的处理,结合横跨陆坡区的长地震测线,总结了该区浅层气聚集、海底流体运移、泥火山和冷泉活动在浅地层剖面中的特征,并对剖面中出现的声学空白带现象做了分类.研究认为浊反射、增强反射等现象,反映了该区域存在广泛的浅层气聚集.对声学空白带成因的分析,认为窄空白带很可能对应海底流体运移的通道,而宽空白带则可能由沿地层分布的浅层气引起,同时提出了自生碳酸盐岩体散落分布造成声学空白的可能性.我们在南海东北部陆坡区发现了泥火山,并讨论了其运移通道及对BSR的破坏.同时发现研究区水体中存在声学异常体,推断为冷泉羽状流,指示该区存在活动的冷泉.本文依托大量的浅地层剖面数据,对南海东北部陆坡区的冷泉系统有了较全面的认识,对冷泉系统剖面特征的成因进行了初步探讨,可为南海冷泉系统研究的进一步开展提供有益参考. 相似文献
11.
Estimates of depth, overpressure and amount of exhumation based on sonic data for a sedimentary formation rely on identification of a normal velocity–depth trend for the formation. Such trends describe how sonic velocity increases with depth in relatively homogeneous, brine‐saturated sedimentary formations as porosity is reduced during normal compaction (mechanical and chemical). Compaction is ‘normal’ when the fluid pressure is hydrostatic and the thickness of the overburden has not been reduced by exhumation. We suggest that normal porosity at the surface for a given lithology should be constrained by its critical porosity, i.e. the porosity limit above which a particular sediment exists only as a suspension. Consequently, normal velocity at the surface of unconsolidated sediments saturated with brine approaches the velocity of the sediment in suspension. Furthermore, porosity must approach zero at infinite depth, so the velocity approaches the matrix velocity of the rock and the velocity–depth gradient approaches zero. For sediments with initially good grain contact (when porosity is just below the critical porosity), the velocity gradient decreases with depth. By contrast, initially compliant sediments may have a maximum velocity gradient at some depth if we assume that porosity decreases exponentially with depth. We have used published velocity–porosity–depth relationships to formulate normal velocity–depth trends for consolidated sandstone with varying clay content and for marine shale dominated by smectite/illite. The first relationship is based on a modified Voigt trend (porosity scaled by critical porosity) and the second is based on a modified time‐average equation. Baselines for sandstone and shale in the North Sea agree with the established constraints and the shale trend can be applied to predict overpressure. A normal velocity–depth trend for a formation cannot be expressed from an arbitrary choice of mathematical functions and regression parameters, but should be considered as a physical model linked to the velocity–porosity transforms developed in rock physics. 相似文献
12.
Modern seismic processing techniques developed in recent years have provided the explorationist with more meaningful data than would have been predicted even by optimists. Correct migration of seismic data, relative amplitude preservation of reflections, and seismic trace inversion represent the necessary efforts to ensure that the best possible picture of in situ physical properties of the subsurface section is revealed. Moreover, compacted and over-pressured zones can be predicted from surface data prior to drilling a well through them. The basic tool for predicting overpressured zones from the surface is still the velocity analysis derived from good reflection data with few erratic multiples. The extraction of regional normal compaction trends from the seismic velocities allows one—where velocities deviate from the trend—to locate the top of overpressure. Moreover, the statistical behavior of the ratios of the sonic log vs pore pressure in existing boreholes enables one to convert the deviation from the trend of the seismic velocities into overpressure rates expected at the seismic reflection horizon. This paper presents a field case study showing how the knowledge of well site lithology together with the more detailed information extracted from inverted seismic data enables the prediction to match well conditions with high reliability. 相似文献
13.
Controls on sonic velocity in carbonates 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Compressional and shear-wave velocities (V
p andV
s) of 210 minicores of carbonates from different areas and ages were measured under variable confining and pore-fluid pressures. The lithologies of the samples range from unconsolidated carbonate mud to completely lithified limestones. The velocity measurements enable us to relate velocity variations in carbonates to factors such as mineralogy, porosity, pore types and density and to quantify the velocity effects of compaction and other diagenetic alterations.Pure carbonate rocks show, unlike siliciclastic or shaly sediments, little direct correlation between acoustic properties (V
p andV
s) with age or burial depth of the sediments so that velocity inversions with increasing depth are common. Rather, sonic velocity in carbonates is controlled by the combined effect of depositional lithology and several post-depositional processes, such as cementation or dissolution, which results in fabrics specific to carbonates. These diagenetic fabrics can be directly correlated to the sonic velocity of the rocks.At 8 MPa effective pressureV
p ranges from 1700 to 6500 m/s, andV
s ranges from 800 to 3400 m/s. This range is mainly caused by variations in the amount and type of porosity and not by variations in mineralogy. In general, the measured velocities show a positive correlation with density and an inverse correlation with porosity, but departures from the general trends of correlation can be as high as 2500 m/s. These deviations can be explained by the occurrence of different pore types that form during specific diagenetic phases. Our data set further suggests that commonly used correlations like Gardner's Law (V
p-density) or the time-average-equation (V
p-porosity) should be significantly modified towards higher velocities before being applied to carbonates.The velocity measurements of unconsolidated carbonate mud at different stages of experimental compaction show that the velocity increase due to compaction is lower than the observed velocity increase at decreasing porosities in natural rocks. This discrepancy shows that diagenetic changes that accompany compaction influence velocity more than solely compaction at increasing overburden pressure.The susceptibility of carbonates to diagenetic changes, that occur far more quickly than compaction, causes a special velocity distribution in carbonates and complicates velocity estimations. By assigning characteristic velocity patterns to the observed diagenetic processes, we are able to link sonic velocity to the diagenetic stage of the rock. 相似文献
14.
JEREMY HALL 《Geophysical Prospecting》1970,18(1):134-148
In seismic studies being carried out to elucidate the structure at depth of the Midland Valley rift and the Tertiary igneous province in the West of Scotland, a lack of deep boreholes makes the collection of velocity data imperative for identification of seismic events and for determinations of depth. Three methods are used to investigate the correlation of seismic velocities and geological formations. The results show as strong a dependence of velocity on method of measurement as on lithology and the wide spread of values within a given formation makes the attribution of discrete velocity ranges to specific formations impossible. Changes of velocity are more significant than absolute values. The variations in both are discussed. 相似文献
15.
ABSTRACT A genetic annealing (GAN) algorithm is used to derive an empirical model which predicts compressional-wave velocity values for overpressured siliciclastic rocks. The algorithm involves non-linear random searching and mutation techniques and its annealing component imposes a very strict control over the rate of convergence of the search. This technique provides an alternative to the standard calculations involving the effective stress coefficient ( n ). The pore pressure is introduced into the model as an explicit variable and as part of an overpressure coefficient, ( P p / P c ) − the ratio of pore to confining pressure. Empirical model-derived data and known laboratory data are compared and their differences are shown to be within statistically acceptable error limits. The empirical equation fits all under- and overpressured data simultaneously, irrespective of pore fluid pressure level, with the same parameters. It is used to predict seismic velocities very accurately for extreme levels of overpressure, starting from normally pressured experimental data. The model highlights the effect of pore pressure on the compressional-wave velocity of fully saturated samples with different clay contents. It can be used when the experimental data available are sparse and particularly when a prediction of material behaviour is necessary at specific pore fluid pressure and depth conditions. 相似文献
16.
本文提出了时域多通道相关检测函数并用其计算波形互相关走时差数据,采用双差定位法对2012年9月7日云南彝良地震和余震序列共944个地震进行重定位,得到652个重定位事件,并与目录数据的结果进行了对比.本文采用了多个准则对走时差数据进行筛选,确保定位结果稳定可靠.得到MS5.7主震的震中为27.516°N,103.951°E,震源深度6.9km;MS5.6主震的震中为27.543°N,104.023°E,震源深度7.27km;重定位结果显示,地震序列紧缩为条带状并沿附近断裂走向分布,深度总体分布较重定位前变浅,集中分布在5~8km,地震群出现轻微倾斜.东西向、南北向、深度和发震时刻的平均相对误差分别为55.2 m,43.0 m,186.7 m和0.01s,走时残差16ms.研究表明:互相关数据的结果要优于目录数据;震源深度与速度模型存在较大的相关性;确定彝良—会泽断裂为本次彝良地震序列的发震构造. 相似文献
17.
W. JANKOWSKY 《Geophysical Prospecting》1970,18(1):103-118
Continuous velocity log data from the Upper Cretaceous section of about 65 wells from NW. Germany have been studied in order to find some factors which affect the behaviour of elastic wave velocities in carbonate rocks. It could be assumed for these particular rocks that the velocities they exhibit may be subject predominantly to their state of compaction and their lithology (shale-carbonate ratio). Considering the behaviour of the VL-curve, several types could be distinguished: The basic type r for which the shale-carbonate ratio remains almost invariable over a large depth range (as suggested i.a. by a constant degree of radiation in the accompanying Gamma Ray log) discloses a clear relationship between interval velocity (measured as travel time per meter) and overburden pressure. Velocity profiles of log type r and also “peak” velocities from “pure” limestones, plotted versus depth indicate an increase rate almost identical to that of Jurassic shales. It is shown that the lithologic constant can be extracted from the Velocity Log data and then used for mapping fades changes in an area with sufficient well control. In certain cases it is even possible to determine the rate of uplifting (or the original maximum burial position) for a carbonate rock which has an anomalous high velocity in respect to its present depth. 相似文献
18.
南堡凹陷C油田沙河街组发育一套披覆在潜山之上的生屑云岩储层,为该油田的主力含油层系,生屑云岩分布不稳定,横向变化较大,先期钻探的5口探井有2口落空。基于周边油田分析,古地貌是生屑云岩储层分布的主要因素。受上覆火成岩的影响,该油藏速度横向变化剧烈,古地貌恢复困难,使预测储层分布范围困难较大。考虑到速度横向变化的影响,利用传统的时深转换方法难以准确地计算构造深度进而恢复古地貌。本文从多口已钻井的时深关系精细对比分析出发,明确了该区的速度影响因素主要有压实效应和火成岩厚度,同时基于对传统时深转换方法的适用性分析,提出了一种基于二元回归的时深转换新方法。实际资料应用表明,利用该方法计算的构造深度与实钻结果吻合较好,能够有效恢复古地貌和预测生屑云岩的分布,该时深转换方法对于速度横向变化剧烈的地区有较好的推广应用价值。 相似文献
19.
对地下地质构造进行正确成像是地震勘探的最终目的,由于三维地震资料采集不可能都沿垂直构造走向的方向进行,为地震资料的三维处理带来了许多困难. 本文将三维叠后拉东投影偏移思想应用于三维叠前处理中,提出了三维叠前投影偏移算法. 利用拉东投影变换的原理,将整个三维叠前数据体投影到一系列各方向的径向线上,各方位角的构造都包含在其中某条或多条径向剖面上. 投影完成后,形成一系列的独立的二维叠前测线,可采用二维叠前深度偏移成像方法来实现各径向线的叠前偏移,当各径向剖面偏移完成后,在时间切片上进行反投影,从而最终形成三维叠前深度偏移结果. 实际应用表明,用本方法进行三维叠前深度偏移时,深度偏移剖面对横向分辨率有所提高,对陡地层和小断层的成像效果有所改善. 相似文献
20.
由于重力引起的岩石压实效应,一般来说,地震波传播速度由浅入深整体逐渐增大.梯形坐标系设计可耦合速度由浅入深逐渐增大的变化,该坐标系中均匀网格采样所对应的物理直角坐标系网格由浅入深逐渐增大,也即浅部低速区对应细网格,深部高速区对应粗网格.在梯形坐标系表征波动方程后利用有限差分求解,本文实现一种深度均匀采样、横向采样间隔随深度增加逐渐线性增大的有限差分地震波模拟方法.梯形坐标系波动方程离散后,仍采用常规均匀网格有限差分算法对其求解.由于横向网格大小由浅入深线性增加,本方法可避免不同大小网格区域过渡所产生的虚假反射.梯形坐标系波场模拟浅层精度高,深层横向响应范围广,可有效减少有限差分网格数量.本文提出的方法是在更广义的坐标系下利用有限差分求解波动方程,正交坐标系仅为该梯形坐标系之特例.本文旨在为大速度动态范围深地高效高精度地震波场模拟提供一种思路. 相似文献