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据美国国家海洋与大气管理局太平洋海底环境实验室主任E．Bernard说，印度尼西亚苏门答腊北部以西近海12月26日M9．0级地震随后的毁灭性海啸“据我们所知是第一次全球性的海啸。” 相似文献
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2022年1月8日1时45分在青海省海北藏族州门源县（37.77°N,101.26°E）发生M6.9地震,震源深度10 km,此次地震波及到甘肃省河西走廊地区。地震发生后,国务院抗震救灾指挥部办公室、应急管理部立即启动国家地震灾害三级应急响应。应急管理部、中国地震局连夜派出工作组赴现场协助地方开展灾害调查、地震趋势研判、烈度评定等工作。青海省和甘肃省立即启动联防联控机制,迅速开展地震灾害应急处置工作。本文就此次地震的应急响应、灾情调查和烈度评定情况进行详细梳理,为今后高效应对此类大震提供经验积累和科学参考。 相似文献
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印尼8.7级地震海啸灾害及应急救援 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文介绍了2004年12月26日发生在印度尼西亚苏门答腊岛近海的8．7级地震后引发的大规模海啸对东南亚国家造成的灾难的情况、各受灾国的应急响应、国际救援及中国国际救援队前往印尼班达亚齐开展救援行动的情况。 相似文献
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2012年10月22日,6名意大利科学家和1名政府官员因为2009年的拉奎拉地震事件被裁定犯有过失杀人罪并被判入狱,这一判决震惊了全世界的科学界。在秋季会议(指2012年12月在美国旧金山举行的AGU秋季会议,译者注)日程中新增加了一个特别会议,由国家海洋和大气管理局国家气候数据中心的John Bates和布里斯托尔大学 相似文献
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南海东南边缘的马尼拉海沟是国际上公认具有发生破坏性地震海啸条件的危险地区,由于南海没有大面积的岛屿阻隔海啸传播,如果在马尼拉海沟发生大地震引发海啸,那么将对广东省漫长的海岸线造成严重破坏。广东省南海地震海啸监测预警系统建设在广东省地震速报系统和国家地震自动速报备份系统的基础上,由地震速报、震源机制快速计算、海啸数值模拟计算等模块组成,对南海地震海啸进行实时监测,提供海啸波浪到达海岸线的估计时刻和最大海浪高度,提供预警信息等社会公共服务。 相似文献
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香港海啸监测及警报系统的发展 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
地震监测、海啸数值模拟和海平面监测是监测和预报海啸的主要工具。为了有效监测南海北部可能发生的地震海啸,香港天文台（HKO）正在香港筹建一个宽频地震站,同时通过太平洋海啸警报及减灾系统（PTWS）的框架取得美国加州综合地震网（CISN）显示系统的实时地震信息,并通过世界气象组织（WM0）的全球通信系统（GTS）接收南海和西北太平洋的验潮站和海啸浮标数据以监测海面的波动情况。香港天文台通过联合国教科文组织（UNESCO）政府间海洋学委员会（IOC）取得海啸漫滩模式交换计划（TIME）下的海啸数值模式,把香港本地的高分辨率水深和地形数据融合在模式之内,并利用这个模式计算南海多处地区在不同地震情景下的海啸传播,为海啸预报提供重要的参考数据。 相似文献
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2004年12月26日印度洋海啸明确证实仅靠历史记录难以显示海啸的危险性。长期地质记录为评估海啸危险提供了更多信息。海啸遗留的沉积证据有助于评估过去洪水的水位深度和速度,估计源头位置,以及帮助了解海啸是如何影响滨海地区的生态和地貌。过去的沉积可以估计历史海啸的次数和重复周期。这些信息对于减轻未来海啸的影响和减少其带来的可能损失具有指导作用。古海啸研究引起了地震地质、古生物学、古生态学、地貌学、海洋物理学、地球物理学、海洋地质学、沉积学、地球化学、地震学、海岸工程学和社会学领域的科学家的兴趣,并可能导致不曾… 相似文献
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Pedro J. M. Costa César Andrade Maria C. Freitas Maria A. Oliveira Carlos M. da Silva Rachid Omira Rui Taborda Maria A. Baptista Alastair G. Dawson 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2011,36(15):2054-2068
A remarkable accumulation of marine boulders located above the present spring tide level has occurred in two coastal lowlands of the Algarve (Portugal). The size‐interval of the particles studied here is seldom reported in the literature in association with extreme events of coastal inundation, thus making this study of relevance to many other coasts worldwide. The spreads of boulders extend several hundred meters inland and well beyond the present landward limit of storm activity. The marine origin of the boulders is demonstrated by well‐developed macro‐bioerosion sculpturing and in situ skeletal remains of endolithic shallow marine bivalves. The good state preservation of the fossils within the boulders indicates that abrasion during transport and redeposition was not significant. We envisage boulder deposition as having taken place during the Lisbon tsunami of ad 1755 through the simultaneous landward entrainment of coarse particles from nearshore followed by rapid shoreward suspended‐dominated transport and non‐graded redeposition that excluded significant sorting by weight or boulder dimensions. We use numerical hydrodynamic modeling of tsunami (and storm) waves to test the observational data on boulder dimensions (density, size, distribution) on the most likely processes of sediment deposition. This work demonstrates the effectiveness of the study of boulder deposits in tsunami reconstruction. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Field survey of the 1994 Mindoro Island,Philippines tsunami 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Fumihiko Imamura Costas E. Synolakis Edison Gica Vasily Titov Eddie Listanco Ho Jun Lee 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1995,144(3-4):875-890
This is a report of the field survey of the November 15, 1994 Mindoro Island, Philippines, tsunami generated by an earthquake (M=7.0) with a strike-slip motion. We will report runup heights from 54 locations on Luzon, Mindoro and other smaller islands in the Cape Verde passage between Mindoro and Luzon. Most of the damage was concentrated along the northern coast of Mindoro. Runup height distribution ranged 3–4 m at the most severely damaged areas and 2–4 in neighboring areas. The tsunami-affected area was limited to within 10 km of the epicenter. The largest recorded runup value of 7.3 m was measured on the southwestern coast of Baco Island while a runup of 6.1 m was detected on its northern coastline. The earthquake and tsunami killed 62 people, injured 248 and destroyed 800 houses. As observed in other recent tsunami disasters, most of the casualties were children. Nearly all eyewitnesses interviewed described the first wave as a leading-depression wave. Eyewitnesses reported that the main direction of tsunami propagation was SW in Subaang Bay, SE in Wawa and Calapan, NE on Baco Island and N on Verde Island, suggesting that the tsunami source area was in the southern Pass of Verde Island and that the wave propagated rapidly in all directions. The fault plane extended offshore to the N of Mindoro Island, with its rupture originating S of Verde Island and propagating almost directly south to the inland of Mindoro, thereby accounting for the relatively limited damage area observed on the N of Mindoro. 相似文献
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Numerical identification of tsunami boulders and estimation of local tsunami size at Ibaruma reef of Ishigaki Island,Japan 
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下载免费PDF全文 Tsunami boulders deposited along the coast constitute important geological evidence for paleotsunami activity. However, boulders can also be deposited by large storm waves. Although several sedimentological and theoretical methods have been proposed to differentiate tsunami and storm wave affected boulders, no appropriate numerical method exists for their differentiation. Therefore, we developed a new numerical scheme to differentiate tsunami and storm wave boulders for coastal boulders on Ishigaki Island, Japan. In this area, tsunami and storm waves have emplaced numerous boulders on the reef and the coast. By conducting numerical calculations of storm waves in this region, we estimated the size of a storm wave that can explain the maximum clast size distribution of boulders on the reef. Consequently, we showed that a wave with a combination of 8 m in initial wave height and 10 s period can satisfy the above conditions when we assume mean sea level. In contrast to the boulders on the reef, all boulders deposited along the shore are heavier than the calculated possible maximum clast size distribution by the storm wave. Therefore, we confirmed these boulders as being of tsunami origin. Results of previous studies showed that they were most likely deposited or reworked by the 1771 Meiwa tsunami. Then, using the tsunami boulders, we numerically estimated the wave period and amplitude of the 1771 Meiwa tsunami, which should have had a 4–5 min period and 5.6–5.9, 6.3–7.0 m amplitude, respectively. Using the proposed scheme, it is possible to differentiate tsunami and storm wave boulders and estimate the size of past storm waves and tsunami waves, although it is noteworthy that there are exceptions for which the scheme cannot be applied. 相似文献
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Quadtree-adaptive tsunami modelling 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Stéphane Popinet 《Ocean Dynamics》2011,61(9):1261-1285
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A fault plane model and a finite element hydrodynamic model are applied to the simulation of the Hokkaido Nansei-Oki tsunami of July 12, 1993. The joint performance of the models is assessed based on the overall ability to reproduce observed tsunami waveforms and to preserve mass and energy during tsunami propagation. While a number of observed characteristics of the waveforms are satisfactorily reproduced (in particular, amplitudes and arrival times at tidal gauges relatively close to the source, and general patterns of energy concentration), others are only marginally so (notably, wave periods at the same gauges, and wave heights along Okushiri); differences between observations and simulations are traceable to both the fault plane and the hydrodynamic models. Nonnegligible losses of energy occur throughout the simulated tsunami propagation. These losses seem to be due to a combination of factors, including numerical damping and possible deficiencies of the shallow water equations in preserving energy. 相似文献
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Sediments deposited by the AD 869 Jogan tsunami offer an opportunity to test the reliability of optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of relatively old historical tsunami deposits. We collected a geoslicer sample from sand deposited on the Sendai Plain, northeastern Japan, by the Jogan tsunami and applied quartz OSL dating to it. We then compared the OSL ages with the known age of the tsunami event. In ascending order, the sedimentary sequence in the geoslicer sample consists of the beach–dune sand, lower peat, Jogan tsunami deposit, upper peat, pre-2011 paddy soil, and the 2011 tsunami deposit. To obtain equivalent dose (De,bulk), a standard single-aliquot renegerative-dose (SAR) protocol was applied to large aliquots of the 180–250 μm fraction of two samples from the beach–dune sand, and four samples from differing levels of the Jogan tsunami deposit. The OSL decay curves were dominated by the medium component; thus, for two samples from the Jogan deposit the fast-component OSL signal was isolated and used to determine the equivalent dose (De,fast). Using De,bulk, OSL ages of the tsunami deposit were underestimated by ∼40%, and even the beach–dune sand was dated younger than AD 869. In contrast, De,fast provided a robust age estimate with only slight underestimation. A pulse annealing test showed that the bulk and medium-component OSL signals were thermally unstable. The medium component in the natural OSL was clearly truncated in comparison to the regenerated OSL; the medium component is thus considered to be the main cause of the underestimated ages. Similar effects of a dominant medium-component OSL have been reported in tectonically active regions, which are also prone to tsunamis. The effect of this dominance should be carefully considered in quartz OSL dating of tsunami deposits. 相似文献
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Mechanism of tsunami earthquakes 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Hiroo Kanamori 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》1972,6(5):346-359
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Ihab Sraj Kyle T. Mandli Omar M. Knio Clint N. Dawson Ibrahim Hoteit 《Ocean Dynamics》2017,67(12):1535-1551
An efficient method for inferring Manning’s n coefficients using water surface elevation data was presented in Sraj et al. (Ocean Modell 83:82–97 2014a) focusing on a test case based on data collected during the Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. Polynomial chaos (PC) expansions were used to build an inexpensive surrogate for the numerical model GeoClaw, which were then used to perform a sensitivity analysis in addition to the inversion. In this paper, a new analysis is performed with the goal of inferring the fault slip distribution of the Tōhoku earthquake using a similar problem setup. The same approach to constructing the PC surrogate did not lead to a converging expansion; however, an alternative approach based on basis pursuit denoising was found to be suitable. Our result shows that the fault slip distribution can be inferred using water surface elevation data whereas the inferred values minimize the error between observations and the numerical model. The numerical approach and the resulting inversion are presented in this work. 相似文献