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以自主研发的煅烧改性净水厂污泥（C-WTPS）作为污染底泥活性覆盖材料，室内静态模拟实验研究C-WTPS覆盖强度对控制底泥磷释放效果的影响，分析C-WTPS和底泥中不同形态磷含量变化，探讨C-WTPS薄层覆盖对上覆水体中pH、DO和ORP的影响.结果表明，实验历时40天，在底泥TP释放强度为6.25~10.87 mg/（m2·d）时，覆盖强度为0.25、0.50、1.00、1.50和2.00 kg/m2的C-WTPS对TP平均削减率分别为59.68%、75.71%、88.75%、92.42%和96.28%，可见覆盖强度为1.00 kg/m2以上的C-WTPS能控制底泥中90%以上TP释放.C-WTPS吸附的磷主要以无机磷（IP）中的铁铝结合态磷（NAIP）形式存在，有机磷（OP）和钙磷（AP）形式较少.C-WTPS促进了底泥中易释放形态磷迁移到C-WTPS中，并转化较为稳定的形态磷，可见C-WTP覆盖不仅控制了底泥磷释放，而且也削减了底泥磷释放风险.C-WTPS覆盖后，上覆水体中pH开始呈现下降趋势，最终维持在pH=7范围波动；C-WTPS覆盖强度越大，上覆水体pH下降也明显；C-WTPS覆盖改善上覆水体中DO和ORP环境的效果不明显. 相似文献
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以江苏扬州古运河富营养化水体为对象,现场围隔实验研究生物沸石薄层覆盖削减富营养化水体磷负荷可行性,考察生物沸石覆盖削减上覆水、底泥间隙水和底泥中不同形态磷的削减效果,讨论生物沸石覆盖修复过程中不同形态磷转化机制.结果表明,覆盖强度为2 kg/m2的生物沸石覆盖(厚度约2 mm)对上覆水中总磷的削减率为57.41%,对上覆水中正磷酸盐的削减率为60.03%;对底泥间隙水中正磷酸盐的削减率为59.80%;对表层底泥(0~20 cm)中总磷削减率为11.28%,对无机磷削减率为11.82%,对有机磷削减率为11.11%.生物沸石覆盖能将底泥中不稳定的无机磷(可溶性磷、铁结合态磷、铝结合态磷)或少部分较稳定的无机磷(钙结合态磷)转化为稳定的无机磷(包裹磷),说明生物沸石覆盖不仅能削减液相中磷负荷,而且能将固相中不稳定的无机磷转化为稳定的无机磷;可见,生物沸石薄层覆盖能有效削减富营养化水体磷负荷,利用生物沸石薄层覆盖削减富营养化水体磷负荷是可行的,但需要进一步研究富营养化水体底泥生物薄层覆盖修复过程中不同形态无机磷转化机制. 相似文献
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以福建泉州水源地山美水库和惠女水库的表层底泥和上覆水为研究对象,室内静态模拟试验研究了生物沸石薄层覆盖削减水源水库氮负荷的效果及可行性,探讨了上覆水体溶解氧(DO)浓度对削减氮负荷的影响,分析了削减氮负荷的作用机理.结果表明,覆盖强度为1 kg/m~2的生物沸石覆盖(厚度约1 mm)对上覆水中总氮的削减率为58.89%~65.75%,对底泥中总氮的削减率为10.39%~13.08%,对底泥中铵态氮的削减率为32.35%~44.56%,对底泥中有机氮的削减率为8.41%~11.04%;对于以硝态氮为主要形态氮的上覆水体,DO浓度越低,越有利于高效菌脱氮;可见,生物沸石薄层覆盖能有效削减水源水库氮负荷,利用生物沸石薄层覆盖技术削减水源水库氮负荷是可行的,但需要进一步研究水源水库底泥生物沸石薄层覆盖修复过程中氮的迁移转化机制. 相似文献
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长江中下游湖泊沉积物氮磷形态与释放风险关系 总被引：14，自引：2，他引：12
运用聚类分析、主成分分析和相关矩阵的统计分析手段,对长江中下游湖群共18个湖泊的沉积物氮磷释放风险以及湖泊沉积物、间隙水和上覆水中氮磷形态以及其他相关地球化学参数进行分析。草型和藻型湖泊的环境差异是造成氮磷释放风险的主要原因。氮磷释放风险与铁磷、藻类可利用磷、总氮、总磷、上覆水氮磷含量、间隙水氮含量、孔隙度和有机质含量间的关系最为密切。决定磷酸盐释放风险的主要形态磷是藻类可利用磷和铁磷,其他形态磷或者含量较低或者不易被转化释放,对磷酸盐释放风险影响较小。有机磷含量对磷的释放风险没有直接决定作用,但它与有机质含量间呈显著正相关。 相似文献
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南四湖是南水北调东线最大的调蓄湖泊,周期性水位涨落会形成大面积消落带,认知消落带底泥磷形态赋存特征、影响因素及释放潜能,对于保障东线调水水质具有重要的科学意义.本研究分析了南四湖消落带底泥磷形态分布特征,探讨了各形态磷与土地利用、母质类型及底泥理化因素之间的关系,评价了南四湖消落带底泥磷的污染程度并分析了其释放风险.结果发现,消落带底泥中总磷（TP）、无机磷（IP）、NaOH提取态磷（NaOH-P）、HCl提取态磷（HCl-P）和有机磷（OP）含量的平均值分别为745.37、510.51、50.42、460.09和234.86 mg/kg,以HCl-P为主的IP占比较高.南四湖消落带底泥各形态磷含量具有较高的空间异质性,TP、IP、OP、HCl-P和NaOH-P含量的变异系数分别为30.7%、36.9%、29.6%、37.6%和51.2%.自然湿地、乔木林地和水浇地等土地利用方式下的底泥NaOH-P、HCl-P、IP、OP和TP含量差异不显著.土壤类型对消落带底泥OP含量影响明显,但对TP、IP、NaOH-P和HCl-P含量则影响不大.NaOH-P含量与HCl-P含量具有显著正相关,与OP含量则具有极显著正相关.南四湖周边30多km2消落带底泥磷污染程度相对较高,轻度、中度和重度污染底泥分别占5.9%、76.5%和17.6%,部分区域底泥磷释放潜能较高.研究结果可为南四湖消落带内源磷释放控制以及水质保障提供科技支撑. 相似文献
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过氧化钙在处理厌氧底泥中的应用初探 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为改善河道厌氧底质及内源氮、磷等营养盐释放问题,考察对沉水植被恢复的影响,研发可同步解决沉积物供氧和削减内源氮、磷释放的氧缓释材料.实验通过向沉积物-水界面处散点注射不同剂量的过氧化钙(Ca O2),研究界面处溶解氧的动态变化特征及表层沉积物与底层水体之间溶解态氮、磷的交换过程.结果表明:添加Ca O2显著提高了界面处底层上覆水溶解氧浓度,随着Ca O2浓度的增加溶解氧浓度增加,不同处理组之间具有显著差异;Ca O2对沉积物中PO3-4-P释放具有明显的抑制作用,且随Ca O2浓度的增加抑制效果愈加明显,上覆水中可溶性活性磷浓度最大可削减98%.实验开始时,磷释放速率可降至-241.916±22.501 mg/(m2·d),降幅最高可达到144%;Ca O2对沉积物NH+4-N释放的抑制效果不佳,上覆水中NH+4-N浓度随着时间的变化波动性较大,且有逐渐增大的趋势.另外,添加Ca O2会显著提高底层上覆水p H值,不同处理组之间差异显著,但当Ca O2投加量小于0.529 kg/m2时,不会对苦草种子的萌发生长有显著影响,p H值波动在可接受范围内(7.62~10.87).因此,结合污染沉积物的状况,适当地投加Ca O2有望同步解决底质厌氧、内源磷释放及后期沉水植被定植底质生境改善的问题,可推荐为一种黑臭污染底泥治理技术在实际的河道生态工程中应用,其适宜浓度为0.176 kg/m2左右. 相似文献
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湖泊底泥疏浚环境效应：Ⅰ.内源磷释放控制作用 总被引：12，自引：5，他引：7
通过为期一年的疏浚模拟试验,在试验室培养疏浚与对照柱样研究了底泥疏浚对内源磷释放的控制效果,结果发现,疏浚表层30cm能够有效的消减沉积物中不同形态磷含量与孔隙水中PO43-p含量,在一年的试验周期内,疏浚和对照柱沉积物-水界面的PO43-P通量分别为-143.8至14.4与-237.3至3047.6μg(m2·d),疏浚柱沉积物-水界面的磷通量总体上低于未疏浚对照的磷通量,尤其是在温度较高的月份,从2006年3-10月疏浚柱沉积物-水界面磷释放通量显著低于未疏浚对照柱,疏浚沉积物的磷的释放潜力低于未疏浚对照沉积物,研究结果表明,在外源磷得到有效控制的前提下,底泥疏浚是消减研究区内源磷负荷有效的技术手段. 相似文献
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研究南四湖消落带底泥有机磷赋存形态及分布特征,有利于全面揭示湖区各形态磷迁移转化规律,对南四湖富营养化防控及南水北调东线调水水质保障具有重要的科学意义。以南四湖消落带底泥为研究对象,采用改进Hedley连续分级提取法测定底泥中各形态有机磷含量,通过紫外可见分光光谱与三维荧光光谱技术表征底泥有机分子结构特征及稳定性,反映消落带有机磷结构及稳定性差异,运用Pearson相关性分析及主成分分析解析底泥各形态磷与其他理化指标的相关性。研究结果表明,南四湖消落带底泥总磷含量均值为679.90 mg/kg,其中有机磷(OP)占比20.03%~45.69%。各赋存形态有机磷含量及相对比例大小依次为:残渣态有机磷(67.58%)＞钙结合态有机磷(16.61%)＞铁/铝结合态有机磷(7.62%)＞碳酸氢钠提取态有机磷(5.97%)＞水提取态有机磷(2.22%)。南四湖消落带底泥OP含量及形态主要受内源影响,主要来自内源性微生物代谢。南四湖消落带西岸底泥磷释放风险高于东岸和南岸消落带。相关性分析发现,消落带底泥pH与磷含量显著负相关,表明随着底泥碱性的增强可能导致底泥磷向水体中释放的风险更高;底泥有机质与OP显著正相关,表明有机质可能是OP的重要载体;主成分分析发现底泥各形态磷呈正相关性,表明消落带底泥各形态磷具有同源性。研究结果可为南四湖湖区内源磷释放控制及富营养化风险防控提供科学依据。 相似文献
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不同溶解氧水平下湖泊底泥-水界面磷交换影响因素分析 总被引：15，自引：2，他引：13
在实验室控制条件下,研究了玄武湖底泥在饱和溶解氧、75%、50%、25%、0%溶解氧水平下底泥-水界面磷交换,探讨了溶解氧对底泥-水界面磷交换的影响途径.结果表明:(1)上覆水溶解氧与玄武湖底泥溶解性磷酸盐、溶解性总磷释放速率呈开口向上的抛物线关系;(2)上覆水溶解氧水平可以决定磷在底泥-水界面交换中的转换方向,而且还影响间隙水中溶解氧扩散深度,25%、50%、75%和饱和溶解氧水平下溶解氧最大扩散深度分别为0.974cm、1.377cm、1.687cm和1.948cm,溶解氧在间隙水中最大扩散深度影响底泥-水界面的磷交换;(3)溶解氧可通过影响底泥-水界面处电位、藻类聚磷作用以及pH来影响底泥-水界面的磷交换. 相似文献
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通过模拟沙湖沉积物-水系统,以沙湖原水氟离子（F-）浓度为1倍浓度（0.69 mg/L）,设置0.5倍浓度、1倍浓度、1倍浓度灭菌、2倍浓度和4倍浓度共5个实验组,探究不同上覆水F-浓度背景下沙湖沉积物中F-的迁移.结果表明,沉积物F-的释放量随上覆水F-浓度的增加而呈下降的趋势,其中2倍和4倍浓度组的沉积物由释放F-转变为吸附F-.碱性水体有利于沉积物F-的释放,即随着pH增大,F-释放量也会增加.微生物的Beta多样性层次聚类分析表明,F-会抑制Paenisporosarcina与Thiobacillus的相对丰度,但对Fusibacter的生命活动具有促进作用.根据各浓度组间优势菌属相对丰度与环境因子的冗余分析可得,Acinetobacter、Thiobacillus相对丰度与pH呈负相关;Fusibacter相对丰度与F-浓度呈显著正相关,而Thiobacillus的相对丰度则与F-表现出弱负相关.通过对各浓度组中重要离子的分析发现,0.5倍组和4倍组中F-的迁移受Ca2+、HCO3-和SO42-浓度影响较大;相关性分析表明0.5倍浓度组的Ca2+、HCO3-浓度与F-浓度呈极显著正相关,而4倍组中F-浓度和Ca2+、HCO3-浓度呈负相关,SO42-浓度和F-浓度的相关性则是0.5倍组呈负相关,4倍组呈极显著正相关.本文在不同上覆水F-浓度背景下全面探究了沙湖沉积物中F-释放和迁移机理,为沙湖及其他含氟地表水的氟污染防治提供理论支持. 相似文献
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太湖草源性"湖泛"水域沉积物营养盐释放估算 总被引：22，自引：12，他引：10
于太湖草源性"湖泛"暴发期,采集柱状沉积物并应用peeper被动采样装置获得"湖泛"区原位沉积物间隙水.泥水样品分析表明:"湖泛"发生水域表层(0~7 cm)沉积物的含水率、孔隙度和有机质含量均明显高于对照区,其中有机质含量更是对照区样品的4倍左右,沉水植物残体促使表层沉积物物化性质改变的作用明显;"湖泛"发生水域表层沉积物间隙水中铵态氮(NH+4-N)、溶解性反应磷(SRP)及Fe2+含量远高于未发生区,植物残体降解对沉积物厌氧环境的营造显著.运用分子扩散模型对沉积物释放通量估算:"湖泛"发生区沉积物NH+4-N、SRP和Fe2+的释放速率分别是对照区的49.8、15.3和123.1倍.研究认为,草源性"湖泛"水体氮、磷等营养物含量升高的主要原因是沉积物的释放,而"湖泛"所营造的厌氧环境是氮、磷释放急剧增加的主要驱动因素. 相似文献
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An extensive laboratory study was conducted to measure the interfacial tension (IFT) between CO2 and brine consisting in equal molal concentrations of NaCl and CaCl2. The experiments were repeated at various pressures, temperatures and salinities that are representative of conditions prevailing during CO2 storage in deep saline aquifers. The dependence of CO2/brine IFT on pressure and temperature is similar to that previously reported for the systems: CO2/NaCl solution and CO2/CaCl2 solution. CO2/brine IFT increases linearly with water salinity and the magnitude of this increase was found equal to the sum of the individual CO2/NaCl solution and CO2/CaCl2 solution IFT increments, indicating a strong additive effect on IFT when the brine is composed of various salts. 相似文献
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This study investigates the influence of Ca2+ and Mg2+ on the removal of F? by magnesium potassium phosphate (MPP) from water. The kinetic experiments reveal that the F? concentration decreased from 3.5 to 3.31 mg L?1 in a single (F?) system and to 1.45 mg L?1 in a ternary system (F?, Ca2+, and Mg2+) after 1 min, respectively. Thus, the F? removal efficiencies are found to increase by about 53% with the co‐active effect of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the solution. Moreover, Ca2+ and Mg2+ are almost completely removed in the F?, Ca2+, and Mg2+ system. According to the pseudo‐first‐order modeling, the rate constants k for F?, Ca2+, and Mg2+ are 0.00348, 0.0106, and 0.0159 min?1 respectively; thus, Mg2+ > Ca2+ > F?. In the ternary system, the removal efficiencies are 53.29–66.03% for F?, 99.99–100% for Ca2+, and 87.21–95.19% for Mg2+ with initial pH 5–10. The removal efficiencies of F? increases with increases in initial concentrations of F?, Ca2+, and Mg2+. The removal of F? is governed by two routes: 1) adsorption by electrostatic interactions and outer sphere surface complexation; 2) co‐precipitation with Ca3(PO4)2, CaHPO4, Mg3(PO4)2, and Mg(OH)2. 相似文献
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Tolo Harbour has received massive discharges of municipal sewage, agricultural wastes and cottage industrial effluents, via three river systems, in the past two decades before the mid Eighties. The Harbour is almost land locked and poorly flushed. The soft sediment acted as a sink for nutrients and organic pollutants. After a decade of efforts in establishing and enforcing water pollution control legislations and upgrading wastewater treatment facilities, the sediments have turned into sources of nutrients and exert a measurable oxygen demand upon the overlying waters. In vitro measurements showed that the sediments oxygen demand (SOD) was between 17.6 and 54.3 mgo2 · m-2 · h-1. The maximum rates of release of ortho-phosphate phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen were 15.0 and 206.0 mg · m-2 · h-1, respectively. 相似文献
16.
Anita Lakhani Ravindra Singh Parmar Satya Prakash 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2012,169(5-6):859-871
Dew samples were collected between October 2007 and February 2008 from a suburban site in Agra. pH, conductivity, major inorganic ions (F?, Cl?, NO 3 ? , SO 4 2? , Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and NH 4 + ), and some trace metals (Cr, Sn, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, Mn, Fe, Si, Al, V, and Cu) were determined to study the chemistry of dew water. The mean pH was 7.3, and the samples exhibited high ionic concentrations. Dew chemistry suggested both natural and anthropogenic influences, with acidity being neutralized by atmospheric ammonia and soil constituents. Ion deposition flux varied from 0.25 to 3.0?neq?m?2?s?1, with maximum values for Ca2+ followed by NH 4 + , Mg2+, SO 4 2? , Cl?, NO 3 ? , Na+, K+, and F?. Concentrations of trace metals varied from 0.13 to 48?μg?l?1 with maximum concentrations of Si and minimum concentration of Cd. Correlation analysis suggested their contributions from both crustal and anthropogenic sources. 相似文献
17.
The anionic structure of magmatic liquids has been estimated at 1 atm and at pressures corresponding to those of the upper mantle. These estimates are based predominantly on spectroscopic data on binary metal oxide-silica and ternary metal oxide-silica-alumina melts. Structural information on melt compositions in aluminate-silica joins has been used to provide detailed information on the role of Al3+ in natural magma at atmospheric and high pressure.Regardless of pressure, andesitic melts may be described as combinations of chain, sheet, and three-dimensional network units. Nearly all Al3+ in the magmatic liquid resides in the three-dimensional network units. This Al3+ is locally charge-balanced with Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+. In the latter two cases, Al3+ and Si4+ are ordered, whereas for Na+ and K+, Si4+ and Al3+ are randomly mixed. Solution of water in natural magma results in the formation of new nonbridging oxygens in addition to OH groups attached to Si4+ and metal cations.On the basis of determined solution mechanisms of CO2 and H2O in silicate melts, thermodynamic properties of HO+CO2, fluids and hydrous silicate melts and melting phase relations in peridotite-H2O-CO2, systems, it is found that natural andesitic magma in equilibrium with spinel Iherzolite in the upper mantle (10–20 kbar) must contain at least 5–7 wt.% H2O. Andesitic magma with 5–7 wt.% H2O in solution may be described as a mixture of Al-free three-dimensional units, sheets, and chains with a small proportion (less than 10%) of monomers. 相似文献
18.
A.H. Truesdell 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1974,23(3):387-396
Studies of the effect of dissolved salts on the oxygen isotope activity ratio of water have been extended to 275°C. Dehydrated salts were added to water of known isotope composition and the solutions were equilibrated with CO2 which was sampled for analysis. For comparison similar studies were made using pure water. Results on water nearly coincide with earlier calculations. Salt effects diminish with increasing temperature only for solutions of MgCl2 and LiCl. Other salt solutions show complex behavior due to the temperature-dependent formation of ion pairs of changing character. Equilibrium fractionations (103 ln α) between 1 molal solutions and pure water at 25, 100, and 275°C are: NaCl 0.0, ?1.5, +1.0; KCl 0.0, ?1.0, +2.0; LiCl ?1.0, ?0.6, ?0.5; CaCl2 ?0.4, ?1.8, +0.8; MgCl2 ?1.1, ?0.7, ?0.3; MgSO4 ?1.1, +0.1, ?; NaF (0.8 m) 0.0, ?1.5, ?0.3; and NH4Cl (0.55 m) 0.0, ?1.2, ?1.3. These effects are significant in the isotope study of hot saline fluids responsible for ore deposition and of fluids found in certain geothermal systems. Minor modification of published isotope geothermometers may be required. 相似文献
19.
The hydrochemical analyses of twenty-three springs were used to determine the properties and types of groundwater of the Tertiary-Quaternary Aquifer of northern Jordan. The result shows that the geological formation influences the quality of the investigated groundwater more than the anthropogenic factors. The water of the Quaternary-Tertiary aquifer is enriched in Ca++ due to the dissolution of the nearby carbonate rocks. The investigated water has a low EC values with Ca(Na)-HCO3 water type. Most springs belong to this hydrochemical facies except Malka. Groundwater in the Malka wells has high salinity with NaCl waters and a strong Ca(Mg)-HCO3 facies (900 to 1000 mg/l TDS). The area long-term hydrochemical data have been also evaluated; general trend of increase of the analyzed ion was observed. Bicarbonate represents the most abundant anion in the studied water, which exceeds the permissible limits. Nitrates (NO 3 ? ) also exceed the permissible limit and are the most common contaminant in the investigated water. Data on dissolved major and trace elements (K+, Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl?, SO 4 2? , Fe, Zn, Cu and Pb) in the investigated water revealed that the concentrations lie within the natural background range. The positive correlation values between various ions indicate that most of ions come from same lithological sources. According to the residual sodium carbonate, and EC values, the studied springs are suitable for agricultural purposes. 相似文献
20.
The Agua Negra drainage system (30 12′S, 69 50′ W), in the Argentine Andes holds several ice‐ and rock‐glaciers, which are distributed from 4200 up to 6300 m a.s.l. The geochemical study of meltwaters reveals that ice‐glaciers deliver a HCO3?? Ca2+ solution and rock‐glaciers a SO42?? HCO3?? Ca2+ solution. The site is presumably strongly influenced by sublimation and dry deposition. The main processes supplying solutes to meltwater are sulphide oxidation (i.e. abundant hydrothermal manifestations), and hydrolysis and dissolution of carbonates and silicates. Marine aerosols are the main source of NaCl. The fine‐grained products of glacial comminution play a significant role in the control of dissolved minor and trace elements: transition metals (e.g. Mn, Zr, Cu, and Co) appear to be selectively removed from solution, whereas some LIL (large ion lithophile) elements, such as Sr, Cs, and major cations, are more concentrated in the lowermost reach. Daily concentration variation of dissolved rare earth elements (REE) tends to increase with discharge. Through PHREEQC inverse modelling, it is shown that gypsum dissolution (i.e. sulphide oxidation) is the most important geochemical mechanism delivering solutes to the Agua Negra drainage system, particularly in rock‐glaciers. At the lowermost reach, the chemical signature appears to change depending on the relative significance of different meltwater sources: silicate weathering seems to be more important when meltwater has a longer residence time, and calcite and gypsum dissolution is more conspicuous in recently melted waters. A comparison with a non‐glacierized semiarid drainage of comparable size shows that the glacierized basin has a higher specific denudation, but it is mostly accounted for by relatively soluble phases (i.e. gypsum and calcite). Meltwater chemistry in glacierized arid areas appears strongly influenced by sublimation/evaporation, in contrast with its humid counterparts. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献