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1.
A demonstration plant for biological heterotrophic water treatment of nitrate polluted groundwater has been operated in Coswig near Dresden since 1989. In this NEBIO tube reactor process the denitrification is achieved in a downstream fluidized bed with continuous regeneration of sintered polystyrene particles as inert carrier material. A nutrient consisting of ethanol and phosphate is dosed in the reactor influent. In the subsequent treatment stages the denitrified water is aerated, filtered through a multilayer and GAC filter, and is finally disinfected with chlorine gas. The influence of changing raw water quality (oxygen content, pH value) on the process performance was examined. Increasing oxygen concentration lowers the nitrate reduction potential and rises the consumptive ratio ΔC/ΔNO3. The technology shows a high removal performance of 270 g NO3 m?3 h?1 in the range of pH 6.2 to pH 7.3 which is typical for natural groundwaters. The degradation of nitrate is increasingly inhibited for pH values beyond 7.6. Nitrite production occurs significantly in high pH ranges. The results lead to further insight in the stoichiometry of heterotrophic denitrification. By expressing the stoichiometric equations for nitrate and oxygen respiration as functions of oxygen and pH value it could be shown that the influent water quality has strong effects on the consumption of ethanol. A kinetic model was developed to predict the reactor performance under changing raw water conditions. A two stage kinetic model was designed, regarding two main effects: biochemical degradation of oxygen, nitrate and ethanol and distribution of active biomass due to hydraulic properties of the tube reactor. This model may be helpful for reactor design for sites of various ground water qualities.  相似文献   

2.
Soil denitrification in reservoir shoreline wetlands is an important process for removing excess inorganic nitrogen from upland runoff and controlling eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems. As yet, little is known about the influence of vegetation characteristics on the soil denitrification potential in reservoir shoreline wetlands, although vegetation can affect both denitrifying bacteria and soil properties. In this study, we measured the spatial variability of denitrification enzyme activity (DEA) using acetylene block method in shoreline wetlands of the Danjiangkou Reservoir, a water source of the South‐to‐North Water Transfer Project in China. Results indicated that DEA ranged from 0.001 to 2.449 µg N (N2O) g?1 h?1, with a mean of 0.384 µg N (N2O) g?1 h?1. DEA varied significantly among five representative plant communities and the highest DEA (0.248–2.449 µg N (N2O) g?1 h?1) was observed in the Polygonum hydropiper community. Plant biomass and vegetation cover were significantly and positively related to DEA and together explained 44.2% of the total variance. These results suggest that vegetation characteristics should also be considered in assessing soil denitrification capacity and restoring shoreline wetlands for nitrogen pollution removal in the Danjiangkou Reservoir after dam heightening.  相似文献   

3.
A combination of denitrification and pesticide sorption with the biodegradable polymer poly(?‐caprolactone) (PCL) was examined. The function of PCL is to act as carbon source and carrier for the bacteria and simultaneously as sorbent for the pesticide endosulfan. In a short‐term examination (1 month) the addition of the pesticide endosulfan to a continuous‐flow fixed‐bed reactor resulted in an inhibition of biomass production without reduction of the denitrification performance. However in a long‐term semi‐batch reactor test (6 months) biomass production and partly denitrification rates were affected. No significant differences in microbial composition between the reactors were observed. Regardless of the type of reactor or presence of endosulfan, Acidovorax facilis was the main constituent.  相似文献   

4.
Research on the sediment‐surface water transition zone in three study site regions, different in hydrological conditions, was conducted to estimate to which extent nitrate in surface water can contribute to riverbed sediment oxidation and thus prevent release of sediment phosphorus to surface water. Consequently, the Du tch Flow Model (DUFLOW) based water quality model “Spreewald” and results from the emission model “ Mo delling N utrient E missions in Ri ver S ystems” (MONERIS) were used to estimate to which extent wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) could contribute to the NO3– concentration in surface waters if they were operated without denitrification. It is demonstrated that an effective phosphorus retention in sediments by means of surface water NO3– is possible only under specific conditions, i. e. (i) a sufficient supply of surface water to the sediment by advective fluxes, (ii) a sufficient amount of sediment iron to provide phosphorus binding sites in the case of sediment oxidation, (iii) a redox system not leading to a rapid NO3– and FeOOH depletion and to phosphorus release from organic pools by high microbial activities. Model results show that in‐stream denitrification processes counteract a significant increase of NO3– surface water concentrations from WWTPs operated without denitrification during summer, when eutrophication risk through phosphorus is highest. The increase of NO3– surface water concentrations in winter due to decreased denitrification in the surface water is of minor relevance for phosphorus release from sediments.  相似文献   

5.
This study was designed to improve our understanding of, and mechanistically simulate, nitrate (NO3) dynamics in a steep 9.8 ha rural headwater catchment, including its production in soil and delivery to a stream via surface and subsurface processes. A two‐dimensional modelling approach was evaluated for (1) integrating these processes at a hillslope scale annually and within storms, (2) estimating denitrification, and (3) running virtual experiments to generate insights and hypotheses about using trees in streamside management zones (SMZs) to mitigate NO3 delivery to streams. Total flow was mathematically separated into quick‐ and slow‐flow components; the latter was routed through the HYDRUS software with a nitrogen module designed for constructed wetlands. Flow was monitored for two years. High surface‐soil NO3 concentrations started to be delivered to the stream via preferential subsurface flow within two days of the storm commencing. Groundwater NO3‐N concentrations decreased from 1.0 to less than 0.1 mg l?1 from up‐slope to down‐slope water tables, respectively, which was attributed to denitrification. Measurements were consistent with the flushing of NO3 mainly laterally from surface soil during and following each storm. The model accurately accounted for NO3 turnover, leading to the hypotheses that denitrification was a minor flux (<3 kg N ha?1) compared to uptake (98?127 kg N ha?1), and that SMZ trees would reduce denitrification if they lowered the water table. This research provides an example of the measurement and modelling of NO3 dynamics at a small‐catchment scale with high spatial and temporal resolution. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

6.
Stringent effluent limitations for nitrogen necessitate an accurate interpretation of the design and operation conditions of biological nitrogen removal systems. In this study, the effects of the nature of the organic substrate on biomass adaptation and response to different C/N ratios in terms of denitrification efficiency were investigated. A relatively high chemical oxygen demand (COD)utilized/NOx–Nreduced ratio of 8.1 was obtained when an excess amount of readily biodegradable carbon was supplied, which is suggested as the conversion of substrate surplus into storage polymers. An anoxic yield of 0.64 g cell COD/g COD for a four‐compound substrate mixture (acetate, propionate, ethanol and glucose), 0.63 g cell COD/g COD for a two‐compound substrate mixture (acetate and propionate), and 0.5 g cell COD/g COD for methanol were calculated. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis showed that the β‐subclass of proteobacteria was dominant in the seed and in cultures adapted to both the four‐compound and the two‐compound substrate mixture, whereas in the methanol‐adapted culture significant amounts of β‐proteobacteria were detected. The biocommunity composition, the type of organic compound and the COD/NO3–N ratio strongly influence the nitrate reduction and carbon utilization profiles. Methanol has been shown to select for a denitrifying population consisting of Paracoccus and Hyphomicrobium vulgare genera, when used as only external carbon source.  相似文献   

7.
Streams are significant locations for nitrate (NO3 ?) processing within landscapes. This is especially important in dry climates given the limited water availability for biological processes elsewhere. In arid and semiarid regions, many streams are naturally saline. Elevated salinity can constrain the structure and function of aquatic organisms, which is expected to increase worldwide being associated to global warming. We investigated whole-reach NO3 ? uptake and denitrification in nine semiarid streams of variable water salinity (i.e. from freshwater to hyposaline) to test if NO3 ? processing would decrease with increasing salinity. We used pulse additions and Tracer Addition for Spiraling Curve Characterization (TASCC) to measure whole-reach uptake of added NO3 ?, and the acetylene block technique to measure sediment denitrification. TASCC results showed that only five of nine streams were able to retain added NO3 ?. Of these five retentive streams, four were saline; however, salinity did not control significantly the variation in whole-reach NO3 ? uptake observed across streams. Other measured environmental variables such as streambed NH4 + and organic carbon availability were better at explaining this variation. Denitrification was detected in all streams except one and its variation across streams was also independent of salinity. Although denitrification rates tended to be high, their contribution to whole-reach NO3 ? uptake was insignificant (≤2.16 %). Alternative pathways, heterotrophic assimilation and/or dissimilatory NO3 ? reduction to NH4 +, were probably responsible for most whole-reach NO3 ? uptake. Together, our results highlight that the function of streams in controlling external NO3 ? inputs is highly variable and salinity does not apparently constrain this role.  相似文献   

8.
Wetland ecosystems maintain and improve water quality through the process of denitrification, an increasingly important ecosystem service due to global N pollution. Invasive plants have the potential to disrupt denitrification by altering the environmental conditions that facilitate this process. Great Lakes coastal wetlands are experiencing widespread invasion by highly productive hybrid cattail with largely uncertain biogeochemical effects. Through field and controlled mesocosm studies, we sought to determine the effects of cattail invasion through time on denitrification rates and associated environmental factors in a Great Lakes coastal wetland. In the field, we found that cattail density correlated with increased denitrification and a suite of environmental and plant community characteristics and denitrification rates were positively correlated with NH4 +, sediment organic matter, reduced water levels, and cattail stand age. Through our controlled mesocosm study, we documented conditions 1- and 5-year following invasion and found that denitrification rates and soil organic matter increased in year 5, and cattail and year-since-invasion altered plant communities and soil NH4 +. Only a weak correlation between denitrification rates and cattail treatments was noted, however, owing to high replicate variability. Our results indicate that with increasing cattail residence time, one ecosystem service, biodiversity, was negatively impacted, while two other services, denitrification and sediment carbon accumulation, were enhanced. Thus, this highly invaded wetland still provides valuable services to aquatic ecosystems and to society. A holistic perspective is therefore critical when evaluating invasive species impacts in which negative impacts are weighed against other ecosystem services, which may be stimulated.  相似文献   

9.
Groundwater that bypasses the riparian zone by travelling along deep flow paths may deliver high concentrations of fertilizer‐derived NO3? to streams, or it may be impacted by the NO3? removal process of denitrification in streambed sediments. In a study of a small agricultural catchment on the Atlantic coastal plain of Virginia's eastern shore, we used seepage meters deployed in the streambed to measure specific discharge of groundwater and its solute concentrations for various locations and dates. We used values of Cl? concentration to discriminate between bypass water recharged distal to the stream and that contained high NO3? but low Cl? concentrations and riparian‐influenced water recharged proximal to the stream that contained low NO3? and high Cl? concentrations. The travel time required for bypass water to transit the 30‐cm‐thick, microbially active denitrifying zone in the streambed determined the extent of NO3? removal, and hydraulic conductivity determined travel time through the streambed sediments. At all travel times greater than 2 days, NO3? removal was virtually complete. Comparison of the timescales for reaction and transport through the streambed sediments in this system confirmed that the predominant control on nitrate flux was travel time rather than denitrification rate coefficients. We conclude that extensive denitrification can occur in groundwater that bypasses the riparian zone, but a residence time in biologically active streambed sediments sufficient to remove a large fraction of the NO3? is only achieved in relatively low‐conductivity porous media. Instead of viewing them as separate, the streambed and riparian zone should be considered an integrated NO3? removal unit. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

10.
Alan R. Hill 《水文研究》2012,26(20):3135-3146
The effect of preferential flow in soil pipes on nitrate retention in riparian zones is poorly understood. The characteristics of soil pipes and their influence on patterns of groundwater transport and nitrate dynamics were studied along four transects in a 1‐ to >3‐m deep layer of peat and marl overlying an oxic sand aquifer in a riparian zone in southern Ontario, Canada. The peat‐marl deposit, which consisted of several horizontal layers with large differences in bulk density, contained soil pipes that were generally 0.1 to 0.2 m in diameter and often extended vertically for 1 to >2 m. Springs that produced overland flow across the riparian area occurred at some sites where pipes extended to the peat surface. Concentrations of NO3?–N (20–30 mg L?1) and dissolved oxygen (DO) (4–6 mg L?1) observed in peat pipe systems and surface springs were similar to values in the underlying sand aquifer, indicating that preferential flow transported groundwater with limited nitrate depletion. Low NO3?–N concentrations of <5 mg L?1 and enriched δ15N values indicated that denitrification was restricted to small areas of the peat where pipes were absent. Groundwater DO concentrations declined rapidly to <2 mg L?1 in the peat matrix adjacent to pipes, whereas high NO3?–N concentrations of >15 mg L?1 extended over a larger zone. Low dissolved organic carbon values at these locations suggest that supplies of organic carbon were not sufficient to support high rates of denitrification, despite low DO conditions. These data indicate that it is important to develop a greater understanding of pipes in peat deposits, which function as sites where the transport of large fluxes of water with low biogeochemical reaction rates can limit the nitrate removal capacity of riparian zones. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

11.
It have been measured the denitrification rates (DR) of sediment in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, by N2 production method. Triplicate samples of sediment core were collected at two GLERL long-term monitoring sites of the Bay in July and August of 1995. The DR are 48.81 -24.99 and 32.81-40.51 micromol N2 -2h-1 in the Inner and Outer regions of Saginaw Bay, respectively.The characters of DR in Saginaw Bay were studied also in this paper. The DR were influenced by the interactions between the Saginaw River as a main pollution source and the Lake Huron as a reservoir of high quality water. The impacts of zebra mussels (Dreissena Polymorpha) on denitrification in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, were discussed, Significant differences in NH4+ exchange fluxes were detected in the inner and outer bays. The molar ratios of N2:TIN were similar at both sampling sites. Measured DR were positively correlated to O2 consumption rates in the headspace. Additionally, a negative correlation between NH4+ and NO3- concentrations in the overlying water was found.  相似文献   

12.
A single bioaugmentation reactor and a side-stream gaslift membrane bioreactor combined with bioaugmentation are conducted to treat real wastewater from a centralized piggery slaughterhouse in Vietnam. The bioaugmented reactor is inoculated with heterotrophic microorganisms (Bacillus sp.) isolated from piggery slaughterhouse wastewater. The results of a single bioaugmentation experiment show high removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD) (84.8%–97.5%) and total nitrogen (TN) (69.9%–87.2%) at loading rates of 1.28–3.89 and 0.14–0.37 kg m−3 d−1, respectively. The combined system demonstrates a significantly higher TN removal efficiency (89.0%–96.1%) (p < 0.001), more stable flux (36.0–38.4 L m−2 h−1), and transmembrane pressure (0.95–1.05 bar), and better capacity of separation of solid–liquid phases compared to the single bioaugmentation. High COD and TN removal efficiency is possibly due to assimilation and simultaneous nitrification and denitrification processes. The results of this study also indicate the feasibility and propitious efficiency of the bioaugmented gaslift membrane bioreactor for piggery slaughterhouse wastewater treatment.  相似文献   

13.
Karst spring measurements assess biogeochemical processes occurring within groundwater contributing areas to springs (springsheds) but can only provide aggregated information. To better understand spatially distributed processes that comprise these aggregated measures, we investigated aquifer denitrification evidence in groundwater wells (n = 16) distributed throughout a springshed in the Upper Floridan aquifer in northern Florida. Aquifer geochemistry, nitrate isotopes, and dissolved gases were compared against similar measurements at the spring outlet to evaluate spatial heterogeneity of denitrification evidence in relation to land surface–aquifer connectivity. Sample locations spanned spatial variation in recharge processes (i.e., diffuse vs. focused recharge) and proximity to sources of denitrification reactants (e.g., wetlands). Although no distinct spatial pattern in denitrification was uncovered, excess dissolved N2 gas measurements were only above detection in the unconfined springshed, with some evidence of a wetland proximity effect. Measured oxidation–reduction potential and dissolved oxygen poorly predicted denitrification, indicating that measured denitrification may be occurring upgradient from sampled wells. Despite dramatic spatial chemical heterogeneity across wells, mean values for recharge nitrate concentrations (0.02 to 5.56 mg N L?1) and excess N2 from aquifer denitrification (below detection to 1.37 mg N L?1) corresponded reasonably with mean spring outlet measurements for initial nitrate (0.78 to 1.36 mg N L?1) and excess N2 (0.15 to 1.04 mg N L?1). Congruence between groundwater and spring measurements indicates that combining sampling at the spring outlet and across the springshed is useful for understanding spatial aquifer denitrification. However, this approach would be improved with a high‐density sampling network with transects of wells along distinct groundwater flow paths.  相似文献   

14.
Nutrient dynamics in karst agroecosystems remain poorly understood, in part due to limited long‐term nested datasets that can discriminate upland and in‐stream processes. We present a 10‐year dataset from a karst watershed in the Inner‐Bluegrass Region of central Kentucky, consisting of nitrate (nitrate‐N [NO3?]), dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP), total organic carbon (TOC), and total ammoniacal‐N (TAN) measurements at nested spring and stream sites as well as flowrate at the watershed outlet. Hydrograph separation techniques were coupled with multiple linear regression and Empirical Mode Decomposition time‐series analysis to determine significance of seasonal processes and to generate continuous estimates of nutrient pathway loadings. Further, we used model results of benthic algae growth and decomposition dynamics from a nearby watershed to assess if transient storage in algal biomass could explain differences in spring and downstream watershed nutrient loading. Results highlight statistically significant seasonality for all nutrients at stream sites, but only for NO3? at springs with longitudinal variability showing significant decreases occurring from spring to stream sites for NO3? and DRP, and significant increases for TOC and TAN. Pathway loading analysis highlighted the importance of slow flow pathways to source approximately 70% of DRP and 80% of NO3?. Results for in‐stream dynamics suggest that benthic autotroph dynamics can explain summer deviations for TOC, TAN, and DRP but not NO3?. Regarding upland dynamics, our findings agree well with existing perceptions in karst for N pathways and upland source seasonality but deviate from perceptions that karst conduits are retentive of P, reflecting the limited buffering capacity of the soil profile and conduit sediments in the Inner‐Bluegrass. Regarding in‐stream fate, our findings highlighted the significance of seasonally driven nutrient processing in the bedrock‐controlled streambed to influence nutrient fluxes at the watershed outlet. Contrary to existing perceptions, we found high N attenuation and an unexplained NO3? sink in the bedrock stream, leading us to postulate that floating macrophytes facilitate high rates of denitrification.  相似文献   

15.
A start‐up study for biohydrogen production from palm oil mill effluent (POME) is carried out in a pilot‐scale up‐flow anaerobic sludge blanket fixed‐film reactor (UASFF). A substrate with a chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 30 g L?1 is used, starting with molasses solution for 30 days and followed by a 10% v/v increment of POME/molasses ratio. At 100% POME, a hydrogen content of 80%, hydrogen production rate of 36 L H2 per day, and maximum COD removal of 48.7% are achieved. Bio‐kinetic coefficients of Monod, first‐order, Grau second‐order, and Stover‐Kincannon kinetic models are calculated to describe the performance of the system. The steady‐state data with 100% POME shows that Monod and Stover‐Kincannon models with bio‐kinetic coefficients of half‐velocity constant (Ks) of 6000 mg COD L?1, microbial decay rate (Kd) of 0.0015 per day, growth yield constant (Y) of 0.786 mg volatile suspended solids (VSS)/mg COD, specific biomass growth rate (μmax) of 0.568 per day, and substrate consumption rate of (Umax) 3.98 g/L day could be considered as superior models with correlation coefficients (R2) of 0.918 and 0.989, respectively, compared to first‐order and Grau's second‐order models with coefficients of K1 1.08 per day, R2 0.739, and K2s 1.69 per day, a = 7.0 per day, b = 0.847.  相似文献   

16.
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17.
Biological Degradation of 2,4-Dinitrotoluene in a Continuous Bioreactor and Kinetic Studies Experimental results on the aerobic biological degradation with complete mineralization of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) are presented. A culture of Pseudomonas sp. DNT from Spain and Nishino was used. The degradation was examined with batch cultures for the determination of kinetic and stoichiometric coefficients. Further experiments were carried out with a continuous culture in a fixed-bed reactor with recirculation in order to obtain high degradation rates. The reactor was packed with ceramic Raschig rings (55 mL) and had a liquid reaction volume of 160 mL. The minimal salt media from Spanggord et al. with and without (NH4)2S)4 as nitrogen source was used as substrate. 2,4-DNT was the sole source of carbon and energy. From batch experiments a yield coefficient YB/S = (0.30 ± 0.05) g g?1 was calculated from a mass balance of the elements. This result was confirmed by calculations using literature data. Fitting the experimental data to the Monod equation, μmax = 0.1 h?1 and KS = 0.01…0.03 mmol L?1 were obtained. It was demonstrated by batch experiments that 2,4-DNT is not only used as the source of carbon and energy but also as the nitrogen source. In the fixed-bed reactor, a degradation of 92…97% was reached with a maximal 2,4-DNT load of 95 mg L?1 h?1. The rate of continuous degradation could be described by a pseudo-first-order reaction (k = 9.73 h?1). The complete mineralization of 2,4-DNT was verified by the measurement of DOC and the formed nitrite and nitrate. The formed nitrite was nitrified simultaneously. It was demonstrated by these experiments that large scale biological treatment of industrial effluent containing 2,4-DNT may be successful.  相似文献   

18.
Monitoring of a well‐defined septic system groundwater plume and groundwater discharging to two urban streams located in southern Ontario, Canada, provided evidence of natural attenuation of background low level (ng/L) perchlorate (ClO4?) under denitrifying conditions in the field. The septic system site at Long Point contains ClO4? from a mix of waste water, atmospheric deposition, and periodic use of fireworks, while the nitrate plume indicates active denitrification. Plume nitrate (NO3?‐N) concentrations of up to 103 mg/L declined with depth and downgradient of the tile bed due to denitrification and anammox activity, and the plume was almost completely denitrified beyond 35 m from the tile bed. The ClO4? natural attenuation occurs at the site only when NO3?‐N concentrations are <0.3 mg/L, after which ClO4? concentrations decline abruptly from 187 ± 202 to 11 ± 15 ng/L. A similar pattern between NO3?‐N and ClO4? was found in groundwater discharging to the two urban streams. These findings suggest that natural attenuation (i.e., biodegradation) of ClO4? may be commonplace in denitrified aquifers with appropriate electron donors present, and thus, should be considered as a remediation option for ClO4? contaminated groundwater.  相似文献   

19.
We performed a field experiment in a tropical humic coastal lagoon to evaluate periphyton biomass accrual and metabolism on three different substrates (1) plastic ribbons, (2) green and (3) senescent leaves of the emergent macrophyte Typha domingensis) over 30 days. The contribution of autotrophic biomass decreased as total biomass increased over the time. Mean periphytic ash free dry weight ranged from 0.8 to 5.6 mg cm−2, but periphyton chlorophyll a concentrations presented shorter amplitudes, which oscillated from 0.12 to 0.44 μg cm−2 throughout the experiment. Periphyton metabolism was overall heterotrophic on all substrates, especially on senescent leaves. Our data show that substrate type influenced both biomass accrual and periphyton net productivity and respiration rates throughout periphyton development and highlighted the dominance of heterotrophic metabolism. The periphyton respiration may be subsidized by both water- and substrate-derived allochthonous energy pathways, shedding light on the role of periphytic assemblages to the carbon cycling, as a source of CO2 to the system.  相似文献   

20.
The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of sludge digester effluent as feeding solution to enrich anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) bacteria. The performance of the two parallel pilot scale‐upflow packed bed anammox reactors (UPBAn1 and UPBAn2) are examined in terms of the enrichment of anammox bacteria. The control experiment is set up conducting synthetic wastewater as feeding solution in the UPBAn1 reactor whereas, the sludge digester effluent is fed to the nitritation reactor and then the partially nitrated digester effluent to the UPBAn2 reactor. Anammox activities are evaluated by mass balances based on ammonium (NH4+), nitrite (NO2?), and nitrate (NO3?) analysis and NRR. Microbial community of anammox bacteria is analyzed using real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results demonstrate that UPBAn 1 and UPBAn2 reactors are successfully enriched on days 64 and 40 with NRRs of 19.54 and 19.43 g N m?3 per day, respectively. This study reveals that both synthetic wastewater and digester effluent are suitable for the enrichment of anammox bacteria; however, digester effluent as feeding solution for enrichment of anammox bacteria based on the ease of process control and process stability is more advisable.  相似文献   

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