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1.
太湖大型底栖动物群落结构与水环境生物评价 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
于2014年冬季和夏季调查太湖全湖116个样点的大型底栖动物,分析其群落结构及与环境因子的关系.共记录底栖动物55种,隶属3门7纲18目27科52属,底栖动物的平均密度和生物量分别为405.5 ind./m2和146.6 g/m2.优势度分析表明,河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)、铜锈环棱螺(Bellamya aeruginosa)、霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)、太湖大螯蜚(Grandidierella aihuensis)、寡鳃齿吻沙蚕(Nephtys oligobranchia)和拟背尾水虱属一种(Paranthura sp.)是太湖大型底栖动物的优势种.基于环境因子聚类分析,可将全湖分为3个区:敞水区、水生植被区和富营养区.方差分析表明各湖区间环境因子差异显著.统计分析表明,3个区底栖动物群落结构相似性低,差异显著.典范对应分析表明,水深、总氮、总磷、铵态氮、水生植物、溶解性有机碳和沉积物中值粒径与大型底栖动物群落结构显著相关.K-优势曲线、物种多样性指数显示,从水生植被区→敞水区→富营养区,营养水平增加,底栖动物多样性逐渐降低,生物量逐渐升高.研究结果表明营养水平、底质类型以及水生植被的分布是决定太湖大型底栖动物群落结构及多样性的关键因子. 相似文献
2.
浅水湖泊底栖-敞水生境耦合对富营养化的响应与稳态转换机理:对湖泊修复的启示 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
浅水湖泊中的初级生产者主要由分布在底栖生境中的底栖植物和生活在敞水生境中的浮游植物组成.底栖植物主要包括维管束沉水植物和底栖藻类等,浮游植物则主要为浮游藻类.贫营养浅水湖泊湖水营养盐浓度低,透明度高,底栖植物因能直接从沉积物中获取营养盐,往往是浅水湖泊的优势初级生产者.随着外源营养盐负荷的增加,湖水中的营养盐浓度不断升高,浮游植物受到的营养盐限制作用减小,加上其在光照方面的竞争优势,逐步发展成为湖泊的优势初级生产者,湖泊逐步从底栖植物为优势的清水态转变为浮游植物为主的浑水态,即稳态转换.在稳态转换过程中,浅水湖泊生态系统结构与功能发生了一系列变化,本文综述了浅水湖泊沉积物性质和生物(浮游植物、底栖植物、底栖动物和鱼类等)群落结构的变化,分析了这些变化对底栖植物、浮游植物之间竞争优势和底栖敞水生境间磷交换的影响,探讨了富营养化驱动的底栖敞水生境耦合过程变化和稳态转换机理.了解浅水湖泊底栖敞水生境耦合过程与稳态转换机理对富营养化浅水湖泊修复有重要意义.富营养化浅水湖泊修复实际就是重建其清水态,在制定修复目标时应该关注评价清水态的指标,如透明度、浮游植物生物量、底栖植物的覆盖度或优势度等.在开展湖泊修复技术研发与工程应用时,应该重点关注对底栖敞水生境耦合有重要影响的关键技术,如沉积物磷释放和底栖生物食性鱼类控制以及底栖植物(尤其是沉水植物)恢复等有关技术. 相似文献
3.
太湖康山湾示范区水生植物对水体氮、磷控制的适用性分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
为重建湖泊水生植被,改善太湖局部水域水质,在太湖康山湾示范区两个大型围隔进行了两种类型水生植物重建.通过2010年8月-2011年8月的现场采样及分析测定发现,人工控制条件下,浮叶植物荇菜和菱以及沉水植物马来眼子菜的重建效果较好,在其生长季节具有较高的覆盖度;研究表明,控制风浪及提高透明度是恢复水生植被的前提;植被重建区沉水植物氮、磷含量与浮叶植物差别不大,但浮叶植物重建区水体氮、磷浓度的控制比沉水植物重建区好;从经济及水环境效益角度来看,太湖敞水区的沿岸带由于风浪的控制比较困难,恢复水生植被时,应选择浮叶植物荇菜、菱、沉水植物马来眼子菜等抗风浪能力强的物种.本研究为太湖敞水区沿岸带的生态恢复方案制定提供了理论依据. 相似文献
4.
底栖动物作为湖泊生态修复中常用的淡水生物类群,对维持和稳定湖泊生态系统结构与功能具有重要作用,探明底栖动物群落演变特征对湖泊生态修复实践具有重要的指导意义.本研究于2007—2017年对太湖五里湖底栖动物群落结构开展了11年的长期调查,结合底栖动物历史数据以及水体、沉积物和浮游植物等相关资料的分析,探讨了五里湖底栖动物群落结构演变特征及潜在的影响因素.在综合分析底栖动物及环境因子变化特征的基础上,结合五里湖开发与修复工程的特点和发生时间,发现五里湖底栖动物群落演变过程总体可划分为自然演变、快速退化、生境修复和缓慢恢复4个阶段.在自然演变阶段,生境特征为底栖动物群落演变的直接影响因素,如水深、溶解氧和底质类型等;在快速退化阶段,人类活动干扰(如围湖造田)剧烈成为此阶段底栖动物群落演变的主要影响因素;在生境修复阶段,五里湖内开展的综合整治(包括生态清淤、污水截流、退渔还湖、动力换水、生态修复、湖岸整治和环湖林带建设等工程)等各项生态修复工程成为群落演变的主要影响因素,但在此阶段底栖动物优势种仍为耐污种;自2014年以来进入缓慢恢复期,软体动物投放成为底栖动物群落演变的一个重要影响因素,铜锈环棱螺等软体动物成为优势种.综合以上分析结果及底栖动物在生态修复中的应用实践,今后应加强对底栖动物生态修复投放过程及之后的维护管理等方面的研究. 相似文献
5.
湖滨带是湖泊与陆地生态系统间非常重要的生态过渡带,能够保障周围生态系统结构的完整以及功能的正常发挥.随着湖滨带被持续开发与利用,人为干扰对湖滨带的影响逐渐增强.大型底栖动物是淡水生态系统的重要生物类群之一,也是物质循环和能量流动的主要环节,起着承上启下的关键作用.为了解湖滨带开发利用对大型底栖动物群落结构的影响,2020年8月对洪泽湖湖滨带49个样点的大型底栖动物进行调查.共采集到大型底栖动物49种,隶属3门7纲17目26科44属,各样点大型底栖动物的密度差别较大,介于6.67~1386.67 ind./m2之间,整体上呈现西北高,东南低的趋势.相似性分析结果表明,河口型湖滨带和大堤型湖滨带与其他类型湖滨带差异显著,而围网型、圈圩型和光滩型3种湖滨带类型之间的大型底栖动物群落差异均不显著.相似性百分比分析结果表明,腹足纲的环棱螺属是造成不同湖滨带类型差异的主要物种.典范对应分析结果表明,悬浮物（SS）、溶解态总氮、pH、透明度（SD）、浊度、水生植物盖度和扰动指数对大型底栖动物群落有显著影响.考虑不同湖滨带宽度的开发利用情况,发现湖滨带开发利用200 m范围内,物种-环境解释率最高,说明200 m湖滨带范围内的开发利用情况对大型底栖动物的影响最大,对湖滨带200 m范围内的开发利用应该加强管控.结构方程模型表明湖滨带开发利用主要通过影响水生植物盖度、总氮、硝态氮、叶绿素a、SS、SD等进而影响大型底栖动物,且围网也会直接影响大型底栖动物群落结构. 相似文献
6.
修复对湖北洋澜湖富营养化与生态状况的影响:基于大型无脊椎底栖动物的评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
大型无脊椎底栖动物是水生态系统的重要组成部分,也是评价生态系统状态的重要指标.本文比较了洋澜湖修复示范工程实施水域(修复区)和未实施水域(未修复区)水质和大型无脊椎底栖动物群落差异,并对湖泊生态状态进行了评价.结果表明,治理后修复区总氮、总磷和叶绿素a浓度显著低于未修复区,修复区透明度显著高于未修复区.共发现底栖动物30种,隶属于3门4纲12科,其中修复区29种,未修复区19种.修复区与未修复区软体动物的平均密度分别为369.3和34.7 ind./m2,平均生物量(湿重)分别为102.9和37.2 g/m2.耐污值指数和多度量指数评价结果显示,修复区生态系统状态优于未修复区.结果表明,结合透明度改善、鱼类控制与沉水植物重建等手段为主的湖泊修复能改善水质和生态状态. 相似文献
7.
于2018年68月在长江下游菜子湖流域沿岸带、敞水区、湖口和河道4种典型微生境分别设置样点进行鱼类调查,探讨生境过滤对鱼类物种和功能组成的影响.共采集鱼类5目31属43种,其中沿岸带湖泊定居性、山溪河流性及江湖洄游性鱼类物种数均较低,河道山溪河流性鱼类物种数较高.通过对各微生境间物种组成的差异分析,显示出4种微生境条件下的鱼类群落均有显著差异,且沿岸带、敞水区和河道的代表种分别为、鳙、草鱼、鲢,华鳈、光唇蛇鮈、蛇鮈.通过单因素多元方差分析解析不同生境过滤条件下鱼类物种和功能多样性的差异,发现在物种多样性层面,沿岸带的Richness指数和Shannon-Wiener指数显著低于其他微生境;在功能多样性层面,不仅发现沿岸带显著较低的RaoQ指数,同时发现河道的FDiv指数显著高于其他微生境类型. 相似文献
8.
为了解南四湖大型底栖动物群落结构特征及其与环境因子的关系,于2010年对南四湖15个采样点的底栖动物和生态环境进行4次调查研究.结果表明:共检出底栖动物23种,栖息密度和生物量为311.57 ind./m2和44.39 g/m2;群落物种优势度指数较高,优势种集中于羽摇蚊幼虫(Chironomus plumosus)和霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri),分别占个体总数的77.45%和11.39%;水生植物生物量为1613 g/m2,盖度为33%,存在显著季节变化与空间差异,但底栖动物群落特征与之无显著相关性;南四湖水域主要污染物为氮,其次为磷,最后为高锰酸钾指数;2010年度除底栖动物物种数与水体CODMn含量呈显著负相关以及栖息密度与水体相关加权综合营养状态指数呈显著正相关外,其余底栖动物群落特征与水生植物、水质理化指标及营养状态间均未表现出显著相关性;依据底栖动物Goodnight-Whitley生物指数和水质相关加权综合营养状态指数评价结果,南四湖除局部区域受到严重的外源污染外,总体为清洁-中度营养类型. 相似文献
9.
环太湖地区经济发达,人口密集,近年来面临严重的富营养化、生境退化和外来水生物种入侵等环境问题.为明确环太湖地区河道和湖泊沿岸带水生植物多样性现状,于2018年开展本地和外来水生植物多样性调查.结果表明:(1)在环太湖地区共计进行65个群落样方调查分析,记录到38种水生植物,分属22科29属;(2)环太湖地区31个河道样方中入侵沉水植物水盾草重要值最高,其次为另一种入侵漂浮植物凤眼蓝,在34个湖泊沿岸带样方中凤眼蓝重要值最高;(3)环太湖地区河道和湖泊沿岸带样方生物多样性分别随着水盾草和凤眼蓝盖度的增加而降低,表明外来入侵植物影响水生植物生物多样性.环太湖地区湖泊需加强防范凤眼蓝漂浮生长分布范围扩大和水盾草沿河道入侵太湖湖区.这一地区同时面对水生植物覆盖面积减少和外来植物入侵问题,建议进行全太湖流域水生植物分布区域和生物多样性摸底普查,加强对外来入侵植物传播的监控,建立水生植物自然保护区. 相似文献
10.
长江中下游湖泊大型底栖动物群落结构及多样性 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
2007年10月至2008年4月,对长江中下游地区四种不同类型(草型、天然养殖、施肥养殖以及城市湖泊)的10个湖泊的大型底栖动物群落结构和多样性进行研究,并分析其与水体营养状态之间的关系.研究结果表明,不同类型湖泊底栖动物的密度、生物量、多样性及特征种类均存在显著差异.草型湖泊具有最高的生物量和多样性,但密度最低,其特征种类为腹足纲动物.天然养殖湖泊生物量也较高,物种多样性处于中间水平,特征种类为河蚬、寡鳃齿吻沙蚕及苏氏尾鳃蚓.施肥养殖湖泊和城市湖泊底栖动物密度较高,并呈现出最低的物种多样性,特征种类主要是耐污能力较强的颤蚓类和摇蚊科幼虫.相关性分析表明湖泊营养状态指数与底栖动物密度呈显著正相关,而与生物量呈显著负相关,说明随着营养水平的增加,底栖动物群落逐渐被小个体的耐污种类所主导.Margalef丰富度指数及Pielou均匀度指数与营养状态指数亦呈显著负相关,反映目前长江中下游湖泊随营养水平增加底栖动物群落趋于简单化的演替趋势. 相似文献
11.
Li-Na Du Yan-E Jiang Xiao-Yong Chen Jun-Xing Yang David Aldridge 《Water Resources》2017,44(6):864-874
Persistent economic growth in Chinese southwestern Yunnan Province is setting aquatic ecosystems in its plateau lakes under enormous pressure. While several different systems have previously been used to study these lakes, no existing methodology adequately measures both the chemical and biotic parameters of these water bodies. Here, we present a novel Biotic Monitoring Yunnan Lakes (BMYL) index that provides a general assessment tool for ecological deterioration that is caused by organic pollution. Principal Component Analysis is used to analyze the occurrence of families of macroinvertebrates and chemical properties of the lakes. In brief, families of macroinvertebrates were given a score from 10 to 1 based on sensitivity to organic enrichment and eutrophication. Sampling at each lake yielded an Average Score per Lake (ASPL) which is calculated by dividing the total BMYL by the total number of scoring families. High ASPL values characterize a biologically intact lake containing relatively large numbers of high scoring taxa, while lower ASPL values denote a polluted lake that does not support many high scoring taxa. The results of the BMYL show a notably more accurate characterization of the long-term health of concerned aquatic ecosystems than studies that use abundance levels of species or a simple analysis of chemical parameter. 相似文献
12.
放养河蚌,提高水体透明度以促进沉水植物生长,是湖泊生态修复中的常用手段之一.而小型杂食性鱼类鳑鲏依赖河蚌繁殖,河蚌放养可能会促进鳑鲏种群的发展;而鳑鲏与河蚌交互作用对水生态系统的影响仍研究较少.于2018年11 12月通过原位受控实验,设置对照组、河蚌组、鳑鲏组和河蚌+鳑鲏组,研究了鳑鲏(大鳍鱊Acheilognathus macropterus)与河蚌(背角无齿蚌Sinanodonta woodiana)对水质、浮游生物和底栖生物的影响.结果表明:鳑鲏显著增加了上覆水总氮、总磷、悬浮质和叶绿素a(Chl.a)浓度;但并未显著影响无机悬浮质的浓度,说明鳑鲏对沉积物的扰动作用较弱.此外,鳑鲏显著增加了浮游植物生物量和蓝藻的比例.浮游动物总生物量并未受鳑鲏的影响,但显著增加了浮游动物的丰度,其中以轮虫为主.鳑鲏组的底栖动物总丰度(主要为水丝蚓)显著高于对照组,说明鳑鲏对水丝蚓的摄食压力较低.鳑鲏与河蚌交互作用对总磷、Chl.a、浮游植物和浮游动物丰度具有显著影响:具体表现为河蚌虽然抵消了部分鳑鲏对水质(如氮、磷和悬浮质浓度,以及Chl.a浓度和浮游植物生物量等)的负面影响,但其对浮游动物和水丝蚓生物量的影响不显著.在湖泊生态修复和管理中,需要关注和重视鳑鲏等此类小型杂食性鱼类对水生态系统可能产生的负面影响,通过物理(网簖等)或生物(放养肉食性鱼类)等方式将其控制在较低密度水平,从而降低这些鱼类对水质、浮游生物和底栖生物群落可能产生的负面影响,维持生态修复效果的长效与稳定运行. 相似文献
13.
长江下游湖泊水生植物现状及与水环境因子的关系 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
研究水生植物分布与环境因子的关系可为富营养化湖泊的生态修复提供重要科学依据.通过对长江下游10个不同营养水平湖泊的水生植物群落组成和环境状况进行野外调查,研究了长江下游湖泊主要水生植物分布状况及水环境因子对水生植物分布的影响.调查发现长江下游10个代表性湖泊主要水生植物共计6科7属11种,主要生活型为沉水植物.水生植物群落组成与环境因子的冗余分析结果显示,总氮、pH值和水深是显著影响这些不同营养水平湖泊水生植物分布的主导因子. 相似文献
14.
水生植物在浅水湖泊或河流生态系统中具有非常重要的作用.通过2次野外实地调查,对巢湖流域水生植物物种的区系组成和多样性进行初步分析.结果表明:巢湖流域水生植物共有43科85属123种(含种下分类单位,下同),其中蕨类植物有5科6属6种,被子植物38科77属117种,在被子植物中双子叶植物25科39属63种,单子叶植物13科40属54种.水禾(Hygroryza aristata)为安徽省首次记录;以禾本科(Gramineae)、蓼科(Polygonaceae)和莎草科(Cyperaceae)等为优势科;以蓼属(Polygonum)、眼子菜属(Potamogeton)和菱属(Trapa)等为优势属,属的组成比较分散,寡种属和单种属占总属数的96.5%;以喜旱莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)、芦苇(Phragmites australis)、菹草(Potamogeton crispus)、菱(Trapa sp.)、金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)和黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)等为优势种;从分布区类型看,在科级水平上有6个类型,科的分布区类型以世界广布最多,达55.81%,热带分布的科(11科)多于温带分布的科(8科);在属级水平上有13个类型,属的分布区类型以世界广布最多(36.47%),其次是泛热带分布(20.0%);从不同流域来看,水生植物物种多样性以白石天河流域最高,店埠河南淝河流域最低,这可能与南淝河水质污染比较严重有一定的关系. 相似文献
15.
In this research we evaluate the effects of the method used for estimating the potential surface available for benthic macroinvertebrates in macrophyte and unvegetated habitats on several metrics and habitat preference of aquatic macroinvertebrates in the upper catchment of the Henares River (Guadalajara, Central Spain). Three sampling sites were selected: a well-preserved stream (site A), a stream with no wood riparian vegetation (site B), and a straightened and deforested reach (site C). Two habitats were selected in each site: unvegetated habitat (i.e., substrata without macrophytes) and macrophyte habitat (i.e., substrata covered by macrophytes). In each habitat, six macroinvertebrate samples (including all macrophytes or mineral particles) were collected using a Hess sampler. Diversity and density of major families were referred to the surface of the Hess sampler (=Hess surface method) and to the actual surface of either mineral particles or macrophytes (=actual surface method). In general, for the actual surface method, biomass, richness, dominance, and diversity metrics were higher in the mineral habitat than in the macrophyte habitat. This trend was different for the Hess surface method. In general, densities turned out to be higher in the unvegetated habitat than in the macrophyte habitat when using the actual surface method, but the reverse occurred when using the Hess surface method. This fact is relevant for river biomonitoring, especially when reaches with different dominant substrates (macrophytes vs mineral) are compared using just one of the methods. It is concluded that the macrobenthic metrics and density values are influenced by the method used to estimate the potential available surface for aquatic macroinvertebrates. 相似文献
16.
The evolutions of diatom floras and the total phosphorous (TP) concentrations in the historical period were reconstructed for two lakes, Longgan and Taibai in the middle Yangtze River,based on high resolutional fossil diatom study from two sediment cores and an established regional diatom-TP transfer function. The TP concentration in Longgan Lake changed slightly in the range of 36-62 μg/L and kept its middle trophic level in the past 200 years. The changes of diatom assemblages reflect a macrophyte-dominated history of the lake. During the nineteenth century, the lake TP concentration increased comparatively, corresponding to the increase in abundance of benthic diatoms. The progressive increase of epiphytic diatoms since the onset of the twentieth century indicates the development of aquatic plants, coinciding with the twice drops of water TP level. The TP concentration in Taibai Lake kept a stable status about 50 μg/L before 1953 AD, while diatoms dominated by facultative planktonic Aulacoseira granulata shifted quickly to epiphytic diatom species, indicating a rapid expansion of aquatic vegetation. During 1953-1970 AD, the coverage of aquatic plants decreased greatly inferred by the low abundance of epiphytic diatoms as well as declined planktonic types, and the reconstructed TP concentration shows an obvious rising trend firstly, suggesting the beginning of the lake eutrophication. The lake was in the eutrophic condition after 1970, coinciding with the successive increase of planktonic diatoms. The comparison of the two lakes suggests the internal adjustment and purification function of aquatic plants for nutrients in water. The discrepancy of TP trends in the two lakes after 1960 reflects two different patterns of lake environmental response to human disturbance. Sediments in Taibai Lake clearly recorded the process of lake ecological transformation from the macrophyte-dominated stage to the algae-dominated stage. The limits of TP concentration (68-118 μg/L) in the transitional state can be considered as the critical value between the two stable ecosystems. Further work will be necessary to provide more evidence from the sediments in more eutrophic lakes for the primary inference. The reconstructive TP level and the inference of aquatic plants from fossil diatoms in different lakes, as well as their comparison provide a scientific basis for ecological restoration of eutrophic lakes in research regions. 相似文献
17.
The evolutions of diatom floras and the total phosphorous (TP) concentrations in the historical period were reconstructed for two lakes, Longgan and Taibai in the middle Yangtze River, based on high resolutional fossil diatom study from two sediment cores and an established regional diatom-TP transfer function. The TP concentration in Longgan Lake changed slightly in the range of 36–62 μg/L and kept its middle trophic level in the past 200 years. The changes of diatom assemblages reflect a macrophyte-dominated history of the lake. During the nineteenth century, the lake TP concentration increased comparatively, corresponding to the increase in abundance of benthic diatoms. The progressive increase of epiphytic diatoms since the onset of the twentieth century indicates the development of aquatic plants, coinciding with the twice drops of water TP level. The TP concentration in Taibai Lake kept a stable status about 50 μg/L before 1953 AD, while diatoms dominated by facultative planktonic Aulacoseira granulata shifted quickly to epiphytic diatom species, indicating a rapid expansion of aquatic vegetation. During 1953–1970 AD, the coverage of aquatic plants decreased greatly inferred by the low abundance of epiphytic diatoms as well as declined planktonic types, and the reconstructed TP concentration shows an obvious rising trend firstly, suggesting the beginning of the lake eutrophication. The lake was in the eutrophic condition after 1970, coinciding with the successive increase of planktonic diatoms. The comparison of the two lakes suggests the internal adjustment and purification function of aquatic plants for nutrients in water. The discrepancy of TP trends in the two lakes after 1960 reflects two different patterns of lake environmental response to human disturbance. Sediments in Taibai Lake clearly recorded the process of lake ecological transformation from the macrophyte-dominated stage to the algae-dominated stage. The limits of TP concentration (68–118 μg/L) in the transitional state can be considered as the critical value between the two stable ecosystems. Further work will be necessary to provide more evidence from the sediments in more eutrophic lakes for the primary inference. The reconstructive TP level and the inference of aquatic plants from fossil diatoms in different lakes, as well as their comparison provide a scientific basis for ecological restoration of eutrophic lakes in research regions. 相似文献
18.
《Limnologica》2017
Knowing the aquatic resources, such as emerging insects, that are entering terrestrial systems is important for food web and conservation studies, especially when water availability or quality is limited. Even though studies concerning benthic macroinvertebrates are numerous, insect emergence from lakes is less studied.To understand if water parameters (e.g., water temperature, oxygen concentration etc) determine insect emergence and the possible seasonal differences, we collected emergent insects from three different lakes in South Germany, during three seasons. We searched for common patterns of insect emergence at the three lakes. Moreover, the relative contribution of insects of aquatic origin to aerial flying arthropods was assessed, with collecting aerial flying arthropods at the shore.Chironomidae constituted the highest number of emerged insects in all lakes, however different patterns of emergence occurred in each lake (unimodal vs. bimodal) with different season-dependent times for the emergence peaks (spring, summer, beginning of autumn). Aquatic insects constituted a considerable proportion (at least 17%) of the aerial flying arthropods at the shore. The variation in insect emergence was explained by water temperature, however not by other water parameters or the nutrient values. Seasonal and spatial differences in insect emergence, should be considered when investigating aquatic-terrestrial interactions and designing conservation plans. A total biomass of up to 1.8 g m−2 of emerging insects from the littoral zone of Lake Constance can enter the terrestrial system in a year. We also provide length-dry weight relationships for emerged (adult) Chironomidae. These equations are useful to estimate the dry insect biomass from length data and currently such data lack for adult aquatic insects. 相似文献