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1.
大气对流层对雷达信号的传播延迟是制约重复轨道InSAR高精度测量应用的重要因素之一.本文描述了MERIS水汽数据用于ASAR干涉图大气改正的方法；并以美国南加州地区为例，选取4对ENVISAT ASAR数据进行了大气改正的研究.结果显示对这4幅干涉图，经过MERIS水汽数据改正后InSAR与GPS差异的RMS分别〖JP2〗降低了41.7%，65.2%，19.3%和39.4%.平均改善程度达41.4%.更重要的是，经过MERIS水汽改正后，从2005~2007年〖JP〗干涉图和2004~2007年干涉图中，能清楚地识别出三处形变最明显的区域：Long Beach-Santa Ana 盆地、Pomona-Ontario和San Bernardino，其形变速率从-8 mm/a到-28 mm/a，大部分在-20 mm/a左右，与这些地区2003年以前的历史形变速率基本一致.因此，采用无云条件下的MERIS水蒸汽数据改正同步获取的ASAR干涉图，可以显著地降低大气水汽对干涉图相位的影响，从而更真实地反映地表形变等地球物理信号. 相似文献
2.
水汽延迟是InSAR技术的重要误差源,已成为高精度差分干涉测量的主要限制.本文比较分析了GPS与MERIS可降水量反演结果以及水汽变化量探测结果,研究发现两者探测到的水汽含量和水汽变化量均存在较好一致性.在此基础上,以南加州地区为例验证了差分MERIS PWV用于同步ASAR干涉图水汽改正的可行性,经过水汽改正干涉图质量提高了约23%,并进一步对比了InSAR形变监测结果与GPS探测到的形变,比较结果表明,消除水汽影响后干涉图形变结果可靠性提高了19%. 相似文献
3.
介绍了差分干涉测量的原理、差分干涉数据对的选取方法,以及三轨法差分干涉测量数据处理的流程.利用星载合成孔径雷达差分干涉(D-InSAR)测量技术和ENVISAT ASAR雷达数据对2003年12月26日伊朗Bam 6.5级地震引起的地表形变场进行了测量试验,成功地获取了Bam地震的蝴蝶状的同震形变场生成了地表形变的等值线图,并且根据相干图确定了地震造成破坏最严重的区域的位置、分布及面积.试验证明D-InSAR技术是地表形变测量和地震研究的一个强大和有效的工具. 相似文献
4.
5.
GPS数据用于改正InSAR中大气延迟误差的方法受GPS站点密度的限制，只利用有限的几个站点所观测到的大气数据来生成干涉图的大气改正图，往往达不到很好的效果.本文研究利用GPS与MODIS数据的联合使用来生成大气改正图，首先用GPS数据对MODIS水汽产品进行分块校准，并且对MODIS水汽数据进行了空间结构函数分析，得到研究区域内水汽场的空间分布规律.然后把这种区域水汽场的空间分布信息结合到Kriging内插法中生成更为合理的水汽图.通过上海地区ENVISAT ASAR数据的实验发现，这种加以改正的GPS和MODIS数据联合改正法不仅可以对长波大气信号有明显的消弱，还能消弱一些短波的大气信号，特别是一些幅度较强的短波信号；经过GPS+MODIS算法改正后，短波信号占优和长波信号占优的两幅差分大气延迟图的整体RMS分别降低了32.74%和38.82%，去除幅度较大.与GPS+ATM(大气传输模型)算法比较，我们发现，在上海地区有限的数据条件下（即研究区域内只有6个GPS点），GPS+MODIS法在大气去除效果或者说大气信号重现能力方面优于GPS+ATM算法.GPS+MODIS算法在捕获短波大气信号方面要比GPS+ATM更有优势，因此也可以改正短波大气误差. 相似文献
6.
雷达差分干涉测量技术及其应用研究--以1997年西藏玛尼7.9级地震区域形变测量为例 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
雷达差分干涉测量是一种最新的大地形变测量遥感技术方法,本文对差分干涉技术的原理及具体实现进行了深入研究,并讨论了差分干涉测量结果的误差.利用欧洲空间局1996年4月15日获取的ERS-1数据和4月16日获取的ERS-2数据,以及1997年12月2日获取的ERS-2数据,应用差分干涉测量技术对发生于1997年11月8日的西藏玛尼地震进行了提取区域形变场的应用研究,从得到的变化检测条纹图中可识别出地表破裂带,还可定量推算震中周围和两条断裂带附近的变形情况,差分干涉测量结果与地面调查符合得很好. 相似文献
7.
雷达差分干涉测量是一种最新的大地形变测量遥感技术方法，本文对差分干涉技术的原理及具体实现进行了深入研究，并讨论了差分干涉测量结果的误差。利用欧洲空间局1996年4月15日获取的ERS-1数据和4月16日获取的ERS-2数据，以及1997年12月2日获取的ERS-2数据，应用差分干涉测量技术对发生于1997年11月8日的西藏玛尼地震进行了提取区域形变场的应用研究，从得到的变化检测条纹图中可识别出地表破裂带，还可定量推算震中周围和两条断裂带附近的变形情况，差分干涉测量结果与地面调查符合得很好。 相似文献
8.
永久散射体干涉测量技术可以克服常规干涉方法在区域地表形变测量中的雷达信号失相关和大气延迟影响. 本文对基于永久散射体的干涉处理全过程进行了分析, 基于差分相位的两个主要特性: 沉降信号时序相关、地形相位与空间基线成比例, 提出构建PS网络, 并采用间接观测平差法估计沉降速度网和高程修正网的全局最优解. 实验选取上海地区近10年间的ERS-1/2卫星C波段SAR数据进行干涉处理, 在永久散射体上分离形变信号、高程修正和大气分量, 并最终提取上海地区高分辨率地面沉降速度场, PS结果与地面精密观测成果吻合较好. 相似文献
9.
利用GPS数据改正InSAR大气影响中，GPS站网的低空间密度是限制改正精度的一个主要因素.文中引入大气传输模型（ATM）来考虑大气状态在时间上的演化，并兼顾了风向的估计，把GPS-ZWD（GPS湿延迟）时间序列观测值转换为空间上分布比较稠密的GPS-ZWD网络，然后利用该稠密网络在空间上内插产生水汽延迟图，来更好地模拟InSAR影像获取时刻的水汽场，提高大气改正精度.实验结果表明，在研究地区有限的数据条件下（即只有6个GPS点的情况下），GPS+ATM算法在重现大气信号能力方面比单纯的使用影像获取时刻的GPS-ZWD数据要强，并且其对长波的大气误差去除更明显；用来做实验的三幅差分干涉图中，GPS+ATM算法对两幅以长波信号为主的干涉图中的大气影响分别降低了21.7%和22.6%，比仅使用SAR过境时刻GPS-ZWD数据时的结果分别改进了4.5%和8.7%.而对以短波信号为主的干涉图没有明显提高. 相似文献
10.
时序雷达干涉图中的永久散射体(PS)可看作“天然GPS点”, 以构成网络用于监测长期的地表形变. 本文提出采用邻接矩阵拓扑模型对基于Delaunay剖分算法生成的PS网络进行基线识别, 并采用时序相干最大化算法求解PS基线的线性形变速度增量和高程误差增量. 该数据模型和计算方法被应用于探测香港地区2006~2007年间的区域地表沉降. 实验研究采用由Envisat卫星ASAR传感器对该地区成像所获取的时序SAR影像作为数据源, 并联合该地区12个GPS连续运行参考站的观测数据予以大气修正和地面控制. 实验结果表明, 该模型和方法应用于地表形变测量是有效的和可靠的, PS网络方法探测地面沉降的精度约为±2.0 mm/a. 相似文献
11.
Lei Wu Changbin Li Liuming Wang Zhibin He Yuan Zhang Wanrui Wang Linshan Yang Jianmei Wei Xuhong Xie 《水文研究》2020,34(16):3524-3538
For a better understanding of the precipitable water in the arid northwestern China (NWC), we surveyed the water vapour variability on both sides of the alpine range crests based on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission monthly precipitation data (TRMM 3B43). There were 12 target zones and 23 subzones in six mountain systems representatively selected according to alpine hydrogeomorphology. They were used for comparative analyses in time and space. Comparisons between the two sides of the range crests revealed that there is more precipitable water on the south slopes of the Qilian, Altun, Kunlun, and Altai Mountains, on the north slope of the Tian Mountains, and on the east slope of Helan Mountains. High correlations were detected between precipitable water for both sides of the range crests in target zones, while low correlations were found among precipitable water separately averaged in the Kunlun, Tian, and Qilian Mountains including both sides of the range crests. The proportion of precipitable water during the rainy season gradually increased from west to east along the mountains. Temporally, precipitation presented synchronous increases or decreases on the two sides of the range crests in most of the target zones during the time period from 1998 to 2016, and an overall increase in alpine annual precipitable water was found in the area, except for the decrease in the Altun and western Tian Mountains. The summer decay dominated the decrease in these two target zones, while strengthened conveyance was observed in other seasons, especially in spring and autumn, which compensated for, and led to, total increases in precipitable water in most of the target zones. All of the above findings were indicative of differences in vapour transport from outside areas into diverse alpine systems in the arid NWC, which could be schematically evidenced by the spatial patterns of monthly and annual water vapour conveyance retrieved from the TRMM precipitation data. 相似文献
12.
Akihiro Ueta Atsuko Sugimoto Yoshihiro Iijima Hironori Yabuki Trofim C. Maximov Tatiana A. Velivetskaya Alexander V. Ignatiev 《水文研究》2013,27(16):2295-2305
Deciduous forest covers vast areas of permafrost under severe dry climate in eastern Siberia. Understanding the water cycle in this forest ecosystem is quite important for climate projection. In this study, diurnal variations in isotopic compositions of atmospheric water vapour were observed in eastern Siberia with isotope analyses of precipitation, sap water of larch trees, soil water, and water in surface organic layer during the late summer periods of 2006, 2007, and 2008. In these years, the soil moisture content was considerably high due to unusually large amounts of summer rainfall and winter snowfall. The observed sap water δ18O ranged from ?17.9‰ to ?13.3‰, which was close to that of summer precipitation and soil water in the shallow layer, and represents that of transpired water vapour. On sunny days, as the air temperature and mixing ratio rose from predawn to morning, the atmospheric water vapour δ18O increased by 1‰ to 5‰ and then decreased by about 2‰ from morning to afternoon with the mixing ratio. On cloudy days, by contrast, the afternoon decrease in δ18O and the mixing ratio was not observed. These results show that water vapour that transpired from plants, with higher δ18O than the atmospheric water vapour, contributes to the increase in δ18O in the morning, whereas water vapour in the free atmosphere, with lower δ18O, contributes to the decrease in the afternoon on sunny days. The observed results reveal the significance of transpired water vapour, with relatively high δ18O, in the water cycle on a short diurnal time scale and confirm the importance of the recycling of precipitation through transpiration in continental forest environments such as the eastern Siberian taiga. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
13.
Stable water isotope ratios are measured as a tracer of environmental processes in materials such as leaves, soils, and lakes. Water in these archives may experience evaporation, which increases the abundance of heavy isotopologues proportionally to the gradients in humidity and isotope ratio between the evaporating water and the surrounding atmosphere. The isotope ratio of the atmosphere has been difficult to measure until recently, and measurements remain scarce. As a result, several assumptions have been adopted to estimate isotope ratios of atmospheric water vapour. Perhaps the most commonly employed assumption in terrestrial environments is that water vapour is in isotopic equilibrium with precipitation. We evaluate this assumption using an eight‐member ensemble of general circulation model (GCM) simulations that include explicit calculation of isotope ratios in precipitation and vapour. We find that across the model ensemble, water vapour is typically less depleted in heavy isotopologues than expected if it were in equilibrium with annual precipitation. Atmospheric vapour likely possesses higher‐than‐expected isotope ratios because precipitation isotope ratios are determined by atmospheric conditions that favour condensation, which do not reflect atmospheric mixing and advection processes outside of precipitation events. The effect of this deviation on theoretical estimates of isotope ratios of evaporating waters scales with relative humidity. As a result, the equilibrium assumption gives relatively accurate estimates of the isotope ratios of evaporating waters in low latitudes but performs increasingly poorly at increasing latitudes. Future studies of evaporative water pools should include measurements of atmospheric isotope ratios or constrain potential bias with isotope‐enabled GCM simulations. 相似文献
14.
Long streamflow series and precipitation data are analysed in this study with aim to investigate changing properties of precipitation and associated impacts on hydrological processes of the Poyang Lake basin. Underlying causes behind the precipitation variations are also explored based on the analysis of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) reanalysis data. Besides, water intrusion from the Yangtze River to the Poyang Lake basin is studied. The results indicate that (1) seasonal transitions of precipitation are observed, showing increasing precipitation in winter, slight increase and even decrease of precipitation in summer; (2) analysis of water vapour circulation indicates decreasing/increasing water vapour flux in summer/winter; in winter, water vapour flux tends to be from the Pacific. Altered water vapour flux is the major cause behind the altered precipitation changes across the Poyang Lake basin and (3) occurrence of water intrusion from the Yangtze River to the Poyang Lake basin is heavily influenced by hydrological processes of the Poyang Lake basin. Effects of the hydrological processes from the middle Yangtze River on the occurrence of water intrusion events are not significant. The results of this study indicate that floods and droughts should share the same concerns from the scholars and policy makers. Besides, the altered hydrological circulation and associated seasonal transition of precipitation drive us to face new challenges in terms of conservations of wetlands and ecological environment under the changing climate. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
15.
R. Mook 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1978,117(4):573-582
For the site of the astronomical observatory operated by The University of Tromsø in Skibotn, Northern Norway, the distribution of very small amounts of atmospheric water vapour is estimated from aerological data. For 5 winter months through a period of 11 years, during at least 6 per cent of the time, the precipitable water is likely not to exceed 3.0 mm, i.e. observations at wavelengths as long as 25 and a little short of 1 mm are possible. For a mountain site at 1250 m altitude, the corresponding amount is estimated to be 1.8 mm. The small amounts considered, were observed in the subsidence of tropospheric ridges. The Skibotn site is compared with other sites for infrared measurements in the Subtropics and in the Arctic. 相似文献
16.
Niels C. Munksgaard Costijn Zwart Jordahna Haig Lucas A. Cernusak Michael I. Bird 《水文研究》2020,34(1):111-124
High-frequency stable isotope data are useful for validating atmospheric moisture circulation models and provide improved understanding of the mechanisms controlling isotopic compositions in tropical rainfall. Here, we present a near-continuous 6-month record of O- and H-isotope compositions in both water vapour and daily rainfall from Northeast Australia measured by laser spectroscopy. The data set spans both wet and dry seasons to help address a significant data and knowledge gap in the southern hemisphere tropics. We interpret the isotopic records for water vapour and rainfall in the context of contemporaneous meteorological observations. Surface air moisture provided near-continuous tracking of the links between isotopic variations and meteorological events on local to regional spatial scales. Power spectrum analysis of the isotopic variation showed a range of significant periodicities, from hourly to monthly scales, and cross-wavelet analysis identified significant regions of common power for hourly averaged water vapour isotopic composition and relative humidity, wind direction, and solar radiation. Relative humidity had the greatest subdiurnal influence on isotopic composition. On longer timescales (weeks to months), isotope variability was strongly correlated with both wind direction and relative humidity. The high-frequency records showed diurnal isotopic variations in O- and H-isotope compositions due to local dew formation and, for deuterium excess, as a result of evapotranspiration. Several significant negative isotope anomalies on a daily scale were associated with the activity of regional mesoscale convective systems and the occurrence of two tropical cyclones. Calculated air parcel back trajectories identified the predominant moisture transport paths from the Southwest Pacific Ocean, whereas moisture transport from northerly directions occurred mainly during the wet season monsoonal airflow. Water vapour isotope compositions reflected the same meteorological events as recorded in rainfall isotopes but provided much more detailed and continuous information on atmospheric moisture cycling than the intermittent isotopic record provided by rainfall. Improved global coverage of stable isotope data for atmospheric water vapour is likely to improve simulations of future changes to climate drivers of the hydrological cycle. 相似文献
17.
Intercomparison of soil pore water extraction methods for stable isotope analysis 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1 
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下载免费PDF全文 Measurements of δ2H and δ18O composition of pore waters in saturated and unsaturated soil samples are routinely performed in hydrological studies. A variety of in‐situ and lab‐based pore water extraction methods for the analysis of the stable isotopes of water now exist. While some have been used for decades (e.g. cryogenic vacuum extraction) others are relatively new, such as direct vapour equilibration or the microwave extraction technique. Despite their broad range of application, a formal and comprehensive intercomparison of soil water extraction methods for stable isotope analysis is lacking and long overdue. Here we present an intercomparison among five commonly used lab‐based pore water extraction techniques (high pressure mechanical squeezing, centrifugation, direct vapour equilibration, microwave extraction, and cryogenic extraction). We applied these extraction methods to two physicochemically different soil types that were dried and rewetted with water of known isotopic composition at three different water contents. Our results showed that the extraction approach can have a significant effect on pore water isotopic composition as all methods exhibited significant deviations from the spiked reference water, depending secondarily on the soil type and soil water content. Most pronounced, cryogenic water extraction showed large deviations from the spiked reference water, whereas mechanical squeezing and centrifugation provided results closest to the spiked water for both soil types. We also compared results for each extraction method – where liquid water was obtained – on both an OA‐ICOS and IRMS. Differences between these two analytical instruments were negligible for these organic compound‐free waters. We suggest that users of soil water extraction approaches carefully choose an extraction technique that is suitable for the specific research question, adapted to the dominant soil type and water content of the study. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
18.
According to the precipitation and δ18O data obtained during the GEWEX Asian Monsoon Experiment–Tibet Intensive Observation Period, based on the knowledge that δ18O is lower in precipitation formed from ocean air mass vapour than that from local evaporation vapour, the water vapour sources can be identified from the δ18O values in precipitation. We attempt to give the identification criterion of δ18O values in precipitation. The threshold values chosen to distinguish between ocean and local sources are δ18O < ?20‰ and δ18O > ?13‰ respectively. According to this criterion, the proportion of local evaporation‐formed precipitation and ocean air‐mass‐formed precipitation in total precipitation was estimated. The average value of precipitation at three sites (NODA, Amdo and AQB) is 249·76 mm. Among this, precipitation formed directly by the ocean air mass vapour is 80·08 mm at most. Precipitation formed by water vapour evaporated from local places is 117·05 mm at least. That is to say that precipitation formed directly by the ocean air mass vapour accounts for 32·06% of the total precipitation at most. Precipitation formed by water vapour evaporated from local places accounts for 46·86% of the total precipitation at least. At least 21·8% of the total precipitation came from water vapour that was evaporated on the way and transported by the monsoon circulation. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
19.
Stephen B. Shaw 《水文研究》2017,31(21):3729-3739
There remains continued use of non‐linear, logistic regression models for predicting water temperature from air temperature. A dominant feature of these non‐linear models is an upper bound on river water temperature. This upper bound is often attributed to a large increase in evaporative cooling at high air temperatures, but the exact conditions under which such an increase may occur have not been thoroughly explored. To better understand the appropriateness of the non‐linear model for predicting river water temperatures, it is essential to understand the physical basis for the upper bound and when it should and should not be included in the statistical model. This paper applies and validates an energy balance model against 8 river systems spread across different climate regions of the United States. The energy balance model is then used to develop a diagram relating vapour pressure deficit and air temperature to water temperature. With knowledge of present or future vapour pressure deficit (difference between saturation and actual vapour content in the atmosphere) conditions in a given climate, the diagram can be used to predict the likelihood of an upper bound in the air–water temperature relationship. This investigation offers a fundamental physical explanation of the most appropriate form of statistical models that should be used for predicting future water temperature from air temperature in different geographic regions with different climate conditions. In general, climatic regions that have only a slight increase in vapour pressure deficit with increasing air temperature (typically humid regions) would not be expected to have an upper bound. Conversely, climatic regions in which vapour pressure deficit sharply increases with increasing air temperature (typically arid regions) would be expected to have an upper bound. 相似文献
20.
Water vapour transport of the pre-monsoon period and the general performance of the Indian summer monsoon 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
S. N. Bavadekar 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1982,120(1):67-78
The advective monthly mean transfer of water vapour in the layer below 700 mbar is investigated for India for the years 1962 to 1972 and for the months January to September. The average zonal and meridional components of the transfer of water vapour for India are obtained. They are further averaged for different combinations of the pre-monsoon months from January to May and are correlated with the summer monsoon rainfall. The correlation coefficients for zonal transfer of water vapour are either negative or small positive for different combinations of the months mentioned above. The correlation coefficients for the meridional transfer of water vapour are positive. The maximum value is 0.74 for the March to May combination and is statistically significant at the 1% level.An extensive investigation is, therefore, made for the March to May averages of water vapour transfer for four broad regions of India. The parameters of water vapour transfer for these regions are compared with the threshold values and the prediction category, normal or drought, for the subsequent summer monsoon season is determined for all years. The correlation coefficient between the index of drought, as determined from parameters of water vapour transport and rainfall departure, is statistically significant at the 2% level. 相似文献