首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 250 毫秒
1.
本文阐述了独联体乌克兰地盾中部克里沃罗日铁矿盆地上超深井岩心标本的温压实验,(1)研究岩石弹性纵波速度(Vp)和横波速率(Vs)及其各向异性系数,杨氏模量(E)剪切模量(G),压缩率(β)泊松系数(σ)与流体静压力,正常温压和高温高压的关系。(2)研究了岩石导热率(λ)和导温率(α)和热容量(c)与温压的关系;(3)随着压力的增大,岩石弹性波速度及其各向异性分别是增大和减小的,在不同方向上弹性汉事  相似文献   

2.
中国东部夏季持续性降水日变化在淮河南北的差异分析   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
本文利用1961-2006年我国285站观测的逐时降水数据,分析了中国东部不同地区夏季平均降水日变化随降水持续时间的变化特征. 虽然整个东部地区都表现为短时降水峰值较一致地出现在下午17时左右,持续较长时间降水在清晨前后发生峰值降水,但持续性降水日变化的平均峰值时间以淮河为界存在显著南北差异. 北部地区的持续性降水峰值主要出现在02-06时前后;南部地区的持续性降水峰值时间出现在06-10时. 无论是降水强度或频次的日变化峰值的南北差异均较明显,但降水强度差异更为突出,且主要表现在持续性强降水中. 进一步分析发现:一方面北部地区持续性强降水开始时间较南部地区更早;另一方面,北部地区降水从开始到峰值经历的时间更短. 最后,对持续性强降水峰值时间南北差异的可能原因进行了初步讨论.  相似文献   

3.
晋锐  李新 《中国科学D辑》2009,(9):1220-1231
以考虑了土壤冻融过程的一维水-热-盐分耦合模型SHAW为冻土活动层数据同化系统的动力学约束框架,通过集合卡尔曼滤波算法同化土壤水分和温度的站点观测数据以及被动微波辐射计SSM/I19GHz亮温观测数据,以改善冻土活动层水热状态变量的估计精度,实现模型模拟和观测信息的融合。冬季活动层冻结,同化的关键变量为土壤温度;而夏季同化的关键变量为土壤水分。通过单点同化试验表明,该同化系统能显著改善土壤表层水分和温度的估计精度;同时,在同化过程中给定合理的模型误差协方差项,可将表层优化后的信息迅速传递给深层土壤,达到改善整个土壤廓线状态变量估计的目的。同化结果表明,相对于SHAW模拟结果,同化4cm土壤温度观测后,各层土壤温度RMSE平均减小0.96℃,而同化4cm土壤水分观测数据后,各层土壤水分RMSE平均减小0.020m^3·m^-3;同化SSM/I 19GHz亮温后,各层土壤温度RMSE平均减小0.76℃,各层土壤水分RMSE平均减小0.018m^3·m^-3。  相似文献   

4.
地表土壤热通量是地表能量平衡的重要组成部分,对地表蒸散发的估算至关重要.利用土壤温湿度廓线观测资料基于热扩散方程计算地表土壤热通量,并通过冻土融化前后土壤液态水含量变化估算土壤含冰量,分析了土壤含冰量对土壤热通量的影响,旨在分析黑河流域典型下垫面(高山草地、农田和森林)地表土壤热通量的时空变化特征.研究结果表明:(1)黑河流域不同下垫面的地表土壤热通量有明显的日变化差异,日最大值时刻提前净辐射通量几分钟至几小时不等,这与土壤质地、湿度、热属性和植被覆盖度有关;(2)净辐射通量有显著的季节变化,一般夏季达最大值,冬季最小,地表土壤热通量也有明显的季节变化,但并不总是与净辐射通量变化保持一致,春季达最大值,夏季由于植被覆盖的原因反而降低;(3)地表土壤热通量占净辐射通量的比例因季节及下垫面不同而有差异,1月份月平均比值分别为:阿柔25.6%、盈科22.9%和关滩4.3%,7月份月平均比值分别为:阿柔2.3%、盈科1.6%和关滩0.3%;(4)冬季考虑了冰的热容量使得土壤热容量增加,土壤热存储增加,从而由热扩散方程计算的地表土壤热通量增加,使得能量平衡闭合率提高了4.3%.  相似文献   

5.
青藏高原植被变化与地表热源及中国降水关系的初步分析   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
利用设在青藏高原的5个自动气象站(AWS)近地层梯度观测资料、归一化植被指数(GIMMS NDVI)和中国624个台站月降水资料,初步分析了青藏高原植被变化与地表热源及中国降水的关系.结果表明:青藏高原植被与地表热源之间存在明显的正相关关系.高原西部感热与NDVI的正相关关系较高原东部显著,而高原东部地表潜热与NDVI的正相关关系则好于高原西部.植被改善后,各季节地表热源以增加为主,尤其夏季,热源增量最大;冬、春季感热对地表热源增量贡献较大,潜热贡献相对较小;夏、秋季感热与潜热对地表热源增量贡献同等重要.青藏高原植被与中国夏季降水相关系数从南到北,呈“+-+”带状分布.植被变化引起的高原地表加热异常可能是影响中国夏季降水的重要因子之一.  相似文献   

6.
给定1948~1999年逐月变化的全球观测的海表温度分布,使用全球大气环流模式(CCM3/NCAR)模拟了大气对海表温度变化的响应,利用SVD和合成检验方法,分析了El Nino发展阶段夏季、成熟阶段冬季以及衰亡阶段夏季东亚大气环流的年际异常型.结果表明:El Nino发展阶段夏季,中国东北、朝鲜半岛以及日本海附近为高度负异常中心,西太平洋副高偏弱、偏东,东亚夏季风增强;El Nino成熟阶段冬季,东亚大槽加强,东亚北部冬季风加强;El Nino衰亡阶段夏季,西太平洋副高偏强、偏南、西伸,东亚夏季风减弱;El Nino事件在其衰亡阶段夏季与东亚大气环流异常的关系最紧密,其次是成熟阶段冬季,最后是发展阶段夏季.模拟的El Nino演变不同阶段东亚大气环流年际异常型易于解释以往研究中观测分析揭示的由El Nino造成的我国东部气温和降水异常型.  相似文献   

7.
基于一个海-气耦合模式FOAM(the Fast Ocean Atmosphere Model)在轨道强迫下对过去6 ka气候变化的瞬变模拟结果,本文分析了中全新世以来东亚地区夏季气温对日射变化的响应特征.研究发现,东亚地区夏季气温对日射响应具有时空不一致性:相对于现代,6 kaB.P.时北半球夏季日射偏强,东亚地区地面气温却未普遍偏高,而是约以35°N为界,北方显著偏暖,南方气温变化不明显甚至有微弱冷却.自6 ka B.P.至今,东亚40°N以北的中、高纬陆地夏季气温大致呈线性降低趋势,以南的低纬陆地夏季气温则呈量级较小的“U”型变化,即气温在约3 kaB.P.附近达最低值,前3 ka为降温趋势,后3 ka为升温趋势.这与一些地质记录反映的气温变化相一致.中全新世以来东亚夏季气温演变的时空不一致性,可能源自因海陆热力惯性不同所引起的气温对日射响应的差异.热容量较小的东亚高纬大陆夏季气温主要响应7月份日射;而热容量较大的海洋对日射的响应通常会滞后约2个月,其夏季气温主要响应5月份日射.受海洋影响,南方陆地夏季气温对日射响应呈现出与海洋相似的特点.在岁差周期上,5、6、7月份日射间的相位差相对于较长轨道时间尺度较不明显,但在相对较短的近6千年时期内,它们相继出现波谷而呈显著趋势差异,从而导致了中全新世以来东亚夏季气温变化的时空差异.正如有学者所指出的,夏季气温变化对应的可能并非同季节日射强迫,考察轨道强迫的气候响应时,如何选择日射标尺至关重要,否则可能混淆“因果”.  相似文献   

8.
利用通海地磁台(L=1.03)1999年SMALL磁通门磁力仪记录资料,对Pc3脉动出现率的统计结果表明,日出现频次有两个峰值,即清晨06:00-07:00LT(地方时)出现频次最高,午后14:00~15:00LT为次峰值。Pc3脉动月出现频率最高的是4月和12月,其次是8月和9月;最少的是6月和7月。按季节统计结果为春秋季出现频次最高,冬季次之,夏季最低。  相似文献   

9.
青藏高原季节冻融过程与东亚大气环流关系的研究   总被引:34,自引:1,他引:34       下载免费PDF全文
利用青藏高原46个气象站的最大冻土深度观测资料、中国160个气象站降水资料和NCAR/NCEP资料,对青藏高原冻土的季节性冻融过程进行合成分析,发现青藏高原土壤的季节冻融过程对青藏高原上空及东亚大气环流有显著的影响,在高原最大冻土深度较小的年份中,7月份,南亚高压强且偏西,500hPa印度低压强,西太平洋副热带高压弱且偏东,高原南部的东风较强;最大冻土深度较大的年份,南亚高压弱且偏东,印度低压弱,西太平洋副热带高压强且偏西. 在不同的冻融年份,850hPa上纬向风的差异显著区反映了西南季风的活动. 最大冻土深度与中国夏季(7月份)降水有3条显著相关带,雨带的分布与中国夏季平均雨带相吻合. 由此,青藏高原季节冻融过程引起的水热变化是影响东亚气候的一个重要外源.  相似文献   

10.
本文利用CSR发布的GRACE RL06时变重力场模型,结合两种水文模式、卫星测高、降雨和蒸散等多源数据,从多个角度综合系统地分析维多利亚湖流域2003-01—2017-06的陆地水储量变化.比较了正向建模方法和单一尺度因子对泄漏误差的改正效果,经对比采用正向建模方法在此流域效果更好.基于多源数据得出以下三点与此前研究不同的结论:(1)GRACE RL06版本数据探测到流域内的水储量在2003-01—2017-06呈增加趋势,球谐位系数和Mascon产品得到的变化速率分别为14.9 mm·a^-1和16.7 mm·a^-1,观测误差小于RL05版本的结果,RL05版本低估了流域水储量的变化速率;(2)2013-01—2016-02期间GRACE和测高探测到湖泊水量增长,而水文模式探测到流域内水储量减少,推测这一现象由大坝蓄水造成;(3)受El Nino事件影响,2016-03—2017-06流域降雨减少,流域水储量减少,GRACE球谐位系数和Mascon探测到的变化速率分别为-100.3 mm·a^-1和-129.7 mm·a^-1.本文结果表明卫星观测数据可为在缺乏直接观测数据的情况下分析人类活动和自然变化对区域水储量的影响提供一种可行的途径,这也为研究我国湖泊流域水储量变化提供参考.  相似文献   

11.
本文针对模式发展的需要, 在Farouki土壤热传导率参数化方案的基础上, 综合Johansen和Côté的参数化方案, 发展了一个用于青藏高原中部的土壤热传导率参数化方案, 用“全球协调加强观测计划之亚澳季风青藏高原试验计划(CAMP/Tibet)”中那曲布交(BJ)站实际资料对该方案进行了检验, 并将它用于公共陆面模式(CoLM)中, 对青藏高原那曲地区进行了单点数值模拟试验. 结果表明: 在未冻结及冻结土壤中, 新方案比Farouki方案计算的土壤热传导率小, 更接近实测值. 加入新方案的CoLM模式对土壤温度模拟的准确性比原模式有一定的提高.  相似文献   

12.
本文利用1948-2010年Global Land Data Assimilation System(GLDAS)NOAH陆面模式资料、GPCC月平均降水资料和NCAR/NCEP全球月平均再分析资料,采用滤波、距平合成和线性相关等方法,分析了El Niño成熟位相冬季欧亚大陆积雪异常的分布特征,研究了关键区积雪融化对后期春、夏季土壤湿度、土壤温度以及大气环流与降水的影响,揭示了El Niño事件通过关键区积雪储存其强迫信号并影响东亚夏季气候异常的机制和过程.主要结论如下:El Niño成熟阶段冬季伊朗高原、巴尔喀什湖东北部和青藏高原南麓区域是雪深异常的三个关键区,这些区域的雪深、雪融和土壤湿度有明显的正相关;这三个关键区雪深异常通过春季融雪将冬季El Niño信号传递给春、夏季局地土壤湿度,通过减少感热通量和增加潜热通量对大气环流产生影响;春末夏初伊朗高原土壤湿度异常对东亚夏季气候异常的影响最大,其引起的降水异常与El Niño次年夏季降水异常分布基本一致,春夏季青藏高原南麓和巴尔喀什湖附近土壤湿度也都明显增加,均会对中国华北降水增加有显著正贡献.总之,在利用El Niño事件研究和预测东亚夏季气候异常时,还应考虑关键区雪深异常对El Niño信号的存储和调制作用.  相似文献   

13.
The Tibetan Plateau, the Roof of the World, is the highest plateau with a mean elevation of 4000 m. It is characterized by high levels of solar radiation, low air temperature and low air pressure compared to other regions around the world. The alpine grassland, a typical ecosystem in the Tibetan Plateau, is distributed across regions over the elevation of 4500 m. Few studies for carbon flux in alpine grassland on the Tibetan Plateau were conducted due to rigorous natural conditions. A study of soil respiration under alpine grassland ecosystem on the Tibetan Plateau from October 1999 to October 2001 was conducted at Pangkog County, Tibetan Plateau (31.23°N, 90.01°E, elevation 4800 m). The measurements were taken using a static closed chamber technique, usually every two weeks during the summer and at other times at monthly intervals. The obvious diurnal variation of CO2 emissions from soil with higher emission during daytime and lower emission during nighttime was discovered. Diurnal CO2 flux fluctuated from minimum at 05:00 to maximum at 14:00 in local time. Seasonal CO2 fluxes increased in summer and decreased in winter, representing a great variation of seasonal soil respiration. The mean soil CO2 fluxes in the alpine grassland ecosystem were 21.39 mgCO2 · m-2 · h-1, with an average annual amount of soil respiration of 187.46 gCO2 · m-2 · a-1. Net ecosystem productivity is also estimated, which indicated that the alpine grassland ecosystem is a carbon sink.  相似文献   

14.
王静  祁莉  何金海  吴志伟 《地球物理学报》2016,59(11):3985-3995
土壤湿度作为陆面过程的重要因子,对局地及邻近地区的大气环流和天气气候有重要影响.青藏高原的土壤湿度观测站点稀少,时间较短,鉴于此,本文使用经过部分观测站点检验的卫星反演数据,研究了春季高原土壤湿度的年际变化与后期夏季我国东部降水的联系和可能机理.结果表明:在全球变暖的背景下,高原土壤湿度总体呈现出显著增加的趋势,去除该线性趋势后,我们定义了一个高原土壤湿度指数TPSMI来定量表征高原土壤湿度的年际变化特征,发现表层、中层、深层的土壤湿度年际变率趋于一致,且春季土壤湿度与夏季土壤湿度显著相关(相关系数可达0.56).当TPSMI偏大时,即高原东部土壤湿度偏大,而西部偏小时,夏季在高原东部(西部)存在一个潜热(感热)热源,二者共同作用下,在对流层中高层从高原西部经我国大陆直至东北地区激发出一个气旋—反气旋—气旋波列,该波列呈相当正压结构,有利于东北冷涡的加强及冷空气向南爆发;与此同时,南亚高压加强东伸,西太副高西伸加强,低空南方暖湿气流与北方干冷气流在长江流域汇合,伴随着上升运动加强,从而有利于夏季长江流域降水增多;反之,当TPSMI偏小时,夏季长江流域降水减少.  相似文献   

15.
The high soil organic carbon(SOC) content in alpine meadow can significantly change soil hydrothermal properties and further affect the soil temperature and moisture as well as the surface water and energy budget. Therefore, this study first introduces a parameterization scheme to describe the effect of SOC content on soil hydraulic and thermal parameters in a land surface model(LSM), and then the SOC content is estimated by minimizing the difference between observed and simulated surface-layer soil moisture. The accuracy of the estimated SOC content was evaluated using in situ observation data at a soil moisture and temperature-measuring network in Naqu, central Tibetan Plateau. Sensitivity experiments show that the optimum time window for stabilizing the estimation results cannot be shorter than three years. In the experimental area, the estimated SOC content can generally reflect the spatial distribution of the measurements, with a root mean square error of 0.099 m^3 m-3, a mean bias of 0.043 m^3 m-3, and a correlation coefficient of 0.695. The estimated SOC content is not sensitive to the temporal frequency of the soil moisture data input. Even if the temporal frequency is as low as that of current soil moisture products derived from passive microwave satellites, the estimation result is still stable. Therefore, by combining a high-quality satellite soil moisture product and a parameter optimization method, it is possible to obtain grid-scale effective parameter values, such as SOC content,for an LSM and improve the simulation ability of the LSM.  相似文献   

16.
Simulations of LGM climate of East Asia by regional climate model   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
ClimateconditionsintheLastGlacialMaximum(LGM)wereremarkablydifferentfromthepresentones.LGMglobalmeantemperaturewas5℃-10℃dropbutprecipitationdecreasescommonly.LGMhasbecomethekeyphasetoreconstructtheearthenvironmentalfield,retrieveextremecoldclimatecondit…  相似文献   

17.
青藏高原地区高精度的土壤水分反演对高原能水循环、全球大气循环研究有着极大的影响.因此,获取青藏高原土壤水分时空布信息是一个迫切需要解决的问题.温度植被干旱指数(TVDI),是基于光学与热红外遥感通道数据反演土壤水分的重要方法,但在研究区域较大、地表覆盖格局差异显著时,TVDI模型反演精度会受到地表温度(Ts)等因素的影响.被动微波AMSR-E数据精确记录了像元内的土壤水分信息,但空间分辨率低.本文利用同时期的MODIS与被动微波数据,发展了针对青藏高原地区高精度土壤水分反演算法.首先,在TVDI模型中,利用修正型土壤调整植被指数(MSAVI)代替归一化植被指数(NDVI),以改进NDVI易饱和的缺点;其次,利用ASTER GDEM数据,对地形高程和纬度差异引起的地表温度变化进行了校正;然后,通过神经网络训练建立基于TVDI、被动微波以及辅助气象数据的土壤水分反演模型,并应用该模型反演了青藏高原地区三个观测网(CAMP/Tibet、玛曲和那曲)的土壤水分;最后,利用实测土壤水分数据对反演结果进行验证,结果表明该模型的精度均方根误差(RMSE)数值可达到0.031~0.041 m~3·m~(-3).本文还应用该算法反演了青藏高原连续的土壤水分的空间分布,并比较了土壤水分的变化趋势与实测降水变化趋势,结果表明二者变化量的正负关系一致.  相似文献   

18.
Manabu  Abe  Tetsuzo  Yasunari  Akio  Kitoh 《Island Arc》2005,14(4):378-388
Abstract   The relationship between the altitude of the Tibetan Plateau and climate change in central Asia was investigated through a numeric experiment using the Meteorological Research Institute (MRI) coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation model I (MRI-CGCM1). The results suggest that summer precipitation in central Asia decreased significantly as the Tibetan Plateau rose in height. Spring precipitation, however, increased during initial growth stages when the plateau height was up to 40% of its present-day height, and then decreased with further plateau growth. During the Tibetan Plateau uplift, the difference between precipitation and evaporation was minimal during spring. When the plateau attained a height exceeding 60% of its present height, relatively low precipitation but high evaporation in spring led to a lower amount of ground moisture. In the case of the high plateau, sensible heat flux during summer and fall largely exceeded latent heat flux. Change was particularly significant for cases when the plateau reached 40–60% of its present-day height. The duration of the predominant sensible heat flux became longer with the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. The period in which latent heat exceeded sensible heat seems to have been restricted to winter and early spring. The numeric experiments suggest that a significant drying of central Asia corresponded to the period in which the Tibetan Plateau exceeded approximately half its present-day height.  相似文献   

19.
ABSTRACT

Soil infiltration processes were evaluated under field conditions by double-ring infiltrometers with different underlying surfaces in permafrost regions of the Tibetan Plateau. The results show that initial infiltration rates, stable soil infiltration rates and cumulative soil infiltration are strongly dependent on the underlying surface types, with the highest initial and stable soil infiltration rates in the alpine desert steppe, and the lowest in alpine meadow. The effects of soil moisture and texture on infiltration processes were also assessed. Within the same underlying surfaces, the values of infiltration parameters increased with the amount of vegetation cover, while soil moisture and soil infiltration rates displayed opposing trends, with fitting slopes of ?0.03 and ?0.01 for the initial and stable soil infiltration rates, respectively. The accuracies of the five models in simulating soil infiltration rates and seven models in predicting cumulative infiltration rates were evaluated against data generated from field experiments at four sites. Based on a comparative analysis, the Horton model provided the most complete understanding of the underlying surface effects on soil infiltration processes. Altogether, these findings show that different underlying surfaces can alter soil infiltration processes. This study provides a useful reference for understanding the parameterization of land surface processes for simulating changes in hydrological processes under global warming conditions in the permafrost region on the Tibetan Plateau.  相似文献   

20.
Surface soil heat flux(G0) is an indispensable component of the surface energy balance and plays an important role in the estimation of surface evapotranspiration(ET). This study calculated G0 in the Heihe River Basin based on the thermal diffusion equation, using the observed soil temperature and moisture profiles, with the aim to analyze the spatial-temporal variations of G0 over the heterogeneous area(with alpine grassland, farmland, and forest). The soil ice content was estimated by the difference in liquid soil water content before and after the melting of the frozen soil and its impact on the calculation of G0 was further analyzed. The results show that:(1) the diurnal variation of G0 is obvious under different underlying surfaces in the Heihe River Basin, and the time when the daily maximum value of G0 occurs is a few minutes to several hours earlier than that of the net radiation flux, which is related to the soil texture, soil moisture, soil thermal properties, and the vegetation coverage;(2) the net radiation flux varies with season and reaches the maximum in summer and the minimum in winter, whereas G0 reaches the maximum in spring rather than in summer, because more vegetation in summer hinders energy transfer into the soil;(3) the proportions of G0 to the net radiation flux are different with seasons and surface types, and the mean values in January are 25.6% at the Arou site, 22.9% at the Yingke site and 4.3% at the Guantan site, whereas the values in July are 2.3%, 1.6% and 0.3%, respectively; and(4) G0 increases when the soil ice content is included in thermal diffusion equation, which improves the surface energy balance closure by 4.3%.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号