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1.
This study combined water- and sediment flux measurements with mass balances of dissolved gas and inorganic matter to determine the importance of pelagic and benthic processes for whole-system metabolism in a eutrophic fluvial lake. Mass balances of dissolved O2, inorganic carbon (DIC), nitrogen (DIN), phosphorous (SRP), particulate N (PN) and P (PP) and Chl a were calculated at a nearly monthly frequency by means of repeated sampling at the lake inlet and outlet. Simultaneously, benthic fluxes of gas and nutrients, including denitrification rates, and the biomass of the dominant pleustophyte (Trapa natans) were measured, and fluxes of O2 and CO2 across the water–atmosphere interface were estimated from diel changes in outlet concentrations. On an annual scale, Middle Lake exhibited CO2 supersaturation, averaging 313% (range 86–562%), but was autotrophic with a net O2 production (6.35 ± 2.05 mol m−2 y−1), DIC consumption (−31.18 ± 18.77 mol m−2 y−1) and net export of Chl a downstream (8.38 ± 0.95 mol C m−2 y−1). Phytoplankton was the main driver of Middle Lake metabolism, with a net primary production estimated at 33.24 mol O2 m−2 y−1, corresponding to a sequestration of 4.18 and 0.26 mol m−2 y−1 of N and P, respectively. At peak biomass, T. natans covered about 18% of Middle Lake’s surface and fixed 2.46, 0.17 and 0.02 mol m−2 of C, N and P, respectively. Surficial sediments were a sink for O2 (−14.47 ± 0.65 mol O2 m−2 y−1) and a source of DIC and NH4 + (18.84 ± 2.80 mol DIC m−2 y−1 and 0.83 ± 0.16 mol NH4 + m−2 y−1), and dissipated nitrate via denitrification (1.44 ± 0.11 mol NO3 − m−2 y−1). Overall, nutrient uptake by primary producers and regeneration from sediments were a minor fraction of external loads. This work suggests that the creation of fluvial lakes can produce net autotrophic systems, with elevated rates of phytoplanktonic primary production, largely sustained by allochtonous nutrient inputs. These hypereutrophic aquatic bodies are net C sinks, although they simultaneously release CO2 to the atmosphere.  相似文献   

2.
The pseudospectral method has been applied to the simulation of seismic wave propagation in 2-D global Earth model. When a whole Earth model is considered, the center of the Earth is included in the model and then singularity arises at the center of the Earth where <i<r</i<=0 since the 1/<i<r</i< term appears in the wave equations. In this paper, we extended the global seismic wavefield simulation algorithm for regular grid mesh to staggered grid configuration and developed a scheme to solve the numerical problems associated with the above singularity for a 2-D global Earth model defined on staggered grid using pseudospectral method. This scheme uses a coordinate transformation at the center of the model, in which the field variables at the center are calculated in Cartesian coordinates from the values on the grids around the center. It allows wave propagation through the center and hence the wavefield at the center can be stably calculated. Validity and accuracy of the scheme was tested by compared with the discrete wavenumber method. This scheme could also be suitable for other numerical methods or models parameterized in cylindrical or spherical coordinates when singularity arises at the center of the model.  相似文献   

3.
The melting curve of perovskite MgSiO3 and the liquidus and solidus curves of the lower mantle were estimated from thermodynamic data and the results of experiments on phase changes and melting in silicates.The initial slope of the melting curve of perovskite MgSiO3 was obtained as dTm/dP?77 KGPa?1 at 23 GPa. The melting curve of perovskite was expressed by the Kraut-Kennedy equation as Tm(K)=917(1+29.6ΔVV0), where Tm?2900 K and P?23 GPa; and by the Simon equation, P(GPa)?23=21.2[(Tm(K)2900)1.75?1].The liquidus curve of the lower mantle was estimated as Tliq ? 0.9 Tm (perovskite) and this gives the liquidus temperature Tliq=7000 ±500 K at the mantle-core boundary. The solidus curve of the lower mantle was also estimated by extrapolating the solidus curve of dry peridotite using the slope of the solidus curve of magnesiowüstite at high pressures. The solidus temperature is ～ 5000 K at the base of the lower mantle. If the temperature distribution of the mantle was 1.5 times higher than that given by the present geotherm in the early stage of the Earth's history, partial melting would have proceeded into the deep interior of the lower mantle.Estimation of the density of melts in the MgOFeOSiO2 system for lower mantle conditions indicates that the initial melt formed by partial fusion of the lower mantle would be denser than the residual solid because of high concentration of iron into the melt. Thus, the melt generated in the lower mantle would tend to move downward toward the mantle-core boundary. This downward transportation of the melt in the lower mantle might have affected the chemistry of the lower mantle, such as in the D″ layer, and the distribution of the radioactive elements between mantle and core.  相似文献   

4.
长江中下游大型湖泊水体固有光学特性:Ⅰ.吸收   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
吸收系数是水体固有光学特性的重要组成部分,也是构建水色参数高精度遥感模型的基础,具有重要的研究意义.本文针对长江中下游三大淡水湖——鄱阳湖(2010 10、2011 08)、太湖(2008 10、2011 08)和巢湖(2009 10)进行5次野外实验,以International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group(IOCCG)2000年报告"Remote Sensing of Ocean Colour in Coastal,and Other Optically-Complex,Waters"为基础,对水体不同光学主导类型进行分类;并根据ad(非色素颗粒物吸收)、aph(浮游植物色素吸收)、ag(有色可溶性有机物吸收)等不同主导类型光谱曲线特征差异,引入ad-g(主导类型ad、ag、ad-ag的合并类型)和aph-related(主导类型ad-aph、ad-aph-ag的合并类型)类型,对主导类型进行归纳合并.结果显示:秋季,鄱阳湖、太湖、巢湖的主导类型较为单一,分别为ad、ad-ag、ad-aph-ag;夏季,鄱阳湖和太湖同为两种类型共同主导,分别为ad、ad-ag,ad-aph-ag、ad-aph.总体来说,鄱阳湖夏、秋季和太湖秋季主导类型都属于ad-g类型,而太湖夏季和巢湖秋季则属于aph-related类型.另外,分别针对Gons和Gitelson叶绿素a模型假设条件进行验证,发现不同湖泊水体及不同主导类型下其适用性程度不一致.  相似文献   

5.
Specimens of Nassarius nitidus were collected in seven stations of the Venice Lagoon to assess the levels of tributyltin (TBT) and its metabolites monobutyltin and dibutyltin in the tissues and monitor their effect on organisms, in particular the phenomenon of imposex (superimposition of male sexual characteristics on females). The following values of population indices were found: vas deferens sequence: 1.2 ± 0.7–4.0 ± 0.5; relative penis length: 6–47%. The least impacted station was situated in the northern part of the Lagoon, where females without imposex were found and Butyltin (BuTs) concentrations in the organisms (average sum of BuTs = 43 ± 14 ng Sn g−1 w.) were significantly lower than in the other stations (range of average sum of BuTs: 101 ± 22–217 ± 27 ng Sn g−1 d.w.). Population indices were found to be related to the TBT content in the tissues. In particular VDSI had a significant logarithmic correlation: r = 0.95, n = 8, p < 0.05.  相似文献   

6.
Diffusion in stratified porous media is common in the natural environment. The objective of this study is to develop analytical solutions for describing the diffusion in layered porous media with a position-dependent diffusion coefficient within each layer. The orthogonal expansion technique was used to solve a one-dimensional multi-layer diffusion equation in which the diffusion coefficient is expressed as a segmented linear function of positions in the porous media. The behavior of the solutions is illustrated using several examples of a three-layer system, with constant diffusion coefficient α1 in layer 1 (0 < x < l1), α3 in layer 3(l2 < x < l3), and a linearly position-dependent diffusion coefficient α1(1 + Δ(x − l1)/(l2 − l1)) in the center layer (Δ = α3/α1 − 1). Because of the asymmetry of the layered system, the diffusion and related concentration distributions are also asymmetrical. For a given Δ value, the smaller the value of (l2 − l1)/l3, the more significant the accumulation of concentration in the middle transition zone (l1 < x < l2), the sharper the change in the concentration profile of spatial distribution. Therefore, transition between two layers has significant effects on diffusion.  相似文献   

7.
The single backscattering model was used to estimate total attenuation of coda waves (Qc) of local earthquakes recorded on eight seismological stations in the complex area of the western continental Croatia. We estimated Q0 and n, parameters of the frequency dependent coda-Q using the relation Qc = Q0fn. Lapse time dependence of these parameters was studied using a constant 30 s long time window that was slid along the coda of seismograms. Obtained Qc were distributed into classes according to their lapse time, tL. For tL = 20–50 s we estimated Q0 = 45–184 and n = 0.49–0.94, and for tL = 60–100 s we obtained Q0 = 119–316 and n = 0.37–0.82. There is a tendency of decrease of parameter n with increasing Q0, and vice versa. The rates of change of both Q0 and n seem to decrease for lapse times larger than 50–80 s, indicating an alteration in rock properties controlling coda attenuation at depths of about 100–160 km. A very good correlation was found between the frequency dependence parameter n and the Moho depths for lapse times of 50, 60 and 70 s.  相似文献   

8.
The main causes of the main phases of geomagnetospheric storms (D st min = ?(37?226) nT) have been studied using a cluster analysis in the form of the nearest neighbor method. Weak, moderate, strong and severe storms (samples) related to the IMF B Z component have been distinguished based on the two-dimensional (with respect to the IMF B Z component and D st index) scale cluster classification of storm main phases. The correlation clustering of 32 interrelated physical processes characterizing each main phase made it possible to determine that interrelated physical processes included the common part of the internal structure for all samples. The studied samples of storm main phases are characterized by different physical development levels, depending on the event scale. The presence of a common part indicates that magnetospheric activity mostly depends on the IMF B Z and B Y components and the coupling functions between them, as well as on the total IMF B value during the main phases of storms of all D st index scales. It has been established that the closest relationships are typical of D st (V 2 B S ) and D st (VB S ), where B S is the IMF southward component, and V is the solar wind velocity. Substorm activity (AE) generated by V 2 B S and VB S is only substantial during the main phases of weak and moderate storms, whereas grouping with respect to the velocity V only shows substantial activity during severe magnetic storms. The role of the Akasofu parameter (?) proved to be less pronounced. It has been indicated that, in a first approximation, it is preferred to use the V 2 B S and VB S coupling functions in order to predict the D st index and estimate the injection function Q during the main phases of geomagnetospheric storms.  相似文献   

9.
In order to learn more about the nature of the dynamic processes taking place in the West Bohemia/Vogtland earthquake swarm region, we investigated the temporal and spatial variations of the source mechanisms of the January 1997 swarm beneath Nový Kostel (NKC). Visual analyses of WEBNET seismograms of over 800 events revealed that a specific feature of this swarm was the occurrence of eight classes of multiplet events. The result of single-source, absolute moment tensor inversion of the P and SH peak amplitudes of a subset of 70 events representing all multiplet classes indicated that eight statistically significant types of mechanisms occurred during the swarm. Two of them, types A and B in our denotation, comprised all M L 1.3 events and predominated in the swarm. Type A were pure strike-slip mechanisms or strike-slip mechanisms containing a small normal component, with a nearly pure double-couple source. For class B events, oblique-thrust faulting and non-double-couple components significant at a fairly high confidence level were typical. Type A events predominated in the southern subcluster of the swarm, whereas most of type B events occurred in the subcluster northwards from NKC. This indicates that two major seismogenic planes were active during the swarm. The swarm essentially developed in four phases: in the first, type A events prevailed and the southern plane was active; during the second, characterised by the occurrence of both type A and B events (the former in the southern, the latter predominantly in the northern subcluster), the activity of the swarm culminated; in the third and fourth, the occurrence of type B events in the northern plane predominated, and only weak single events occurred southwards from NKC. Mechanisms of types AB , C , D , E , F and G , which were typical for M L 1.2 events, occurred randomly throughout the swarm. Type AB events were identified in both the southern and northern clusters, type C , E , F and G mechanisms only southwards from NKC. Type D events exhibited a large scatter of hypocentres which fell in neither the southern nor the northern cluster. Focal mechanisms like those reported in this study and with analogous temporal and spatial variations were observed by other authors already fifteen years ago in the 1985/86 earthquake swarm and may, therefore, be typical for the region under study.  相似文献   

10.
Although the Shields relation was developed for rivers, it has been applied to sediment transport by overland flow. According to the Shields relation, where the critical boundary Reynolds number Re*c exceeds 40, the critical Shields number F*c is independent of both Re*c and the ratio of the critical flow depth to particle diameter dc/D. Analyses of data collected from runoff plots in southern Arizona reveal that F*c is positively correlated with both Re*c and dc/D. Thus the Shields relation does not apply to overland flow on debris-covered desert hillslopes. Multiple regression analysis is employed to develop alternative threshold relations in which critical boundary shear stress τc is related to D and dc/D (R2 = 0.782) and to D and Sc (critical gradient) (R2 = 0.625). The computed R2 values derive in large part from the spurious correlations of dc/D and Sc with τc. Nevertheless, the relations may be utilized to predict τc. In this regard, the latter relation is likely to prove more useful than the former because Sc is generally known, whereas dc is not. An investigation of the functional relation between τc and D reveals that τc varies approximately with D2 for overland flow on the desert hillslopes under study, whereas the Shields relation predicts a linear relation (i.e. a D exponent of 1). This result is consistent with Cheng's data which show that F*c varies with (dc/D)?1 where 0.4 < dc/D < 2 and may be explained in terms of increased energy dissipation both in separation zones downslope of particles and in distortion of the water surface as dc/D decreases. Consequently, larger values of τc, and hence F*c, are required to initiate the transport of particles of a given size D as dc decreases.  相似文献   

11.
This paper presents some results on the following subjects obtained from in-situ forced vibration tests and earthquake observations. (1) The characteristics of the radiation damping of soil-foundation interaction systems vs. non-dimensional frequency a0 (=ωr/Vs) were experimentally estimated by the equivalent damping ratios hH ( = K′H/2KH) and hR ( = K′R/2KR), which were defined by complex stiffnesses 1KH (= KH + iKH) and 1KR (= KR + iK′R) of soil. The results for hH and hR of base rock were compared with those of soft soil. (2) A comparative study of experimental and theoretical results was made. The theoretical results were obtained from elastic half-space theory. (3) A semi-empirical equation to estimate the equivalent S-wave velocity for the elastic half-space model is proposed here, considering the effects of layered media. (4) Various comparisons of the results of 1 KH, 1 KR, hH and hR of forced vibration tests and earthquake observations were made.  相似文献   

12.
The STARE system (Scandinavian Twin Auroral Radar Experiment) provides estimates of electron drift velocities, and hence also of the electric field in the high-latitude E-region ionosphere between 65 and 70 degrees latitude. The occurrence of drift velocities larger than about 400 m/s (equivalent to an electric field of 20 mV/m) have been correlated with the magnitude of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) components Bz and By at all local times. Observation days have been considered during which both southward (Bz<0) and northward (Bz>0) IMF occurred. The occurrence of electric fields larger than 20 mV/m increases with increases in Bz magnitudes when Bz<0. It is found that the effects of southward IMF continue for some time following the northward turnings of the IMF. In order to eliminate such residual effects for Bz<0, we have, in the second part of the study, considered those days which were characterized by a pure northward IMF. The occurrence is considerably lower during times when Bz>0, than during those when Bz is negative. These results are related to the expansion and contraction of the auroral oval. The different percentage occurrences of large electric field for By>0 and By<0 components of the IMF during times when Bz>0, clearly display a dawn-dusk asymmetry of plasma flow in the ionosphere. The effects of the time-varying solar-wind speed, density, IMF fluctuations, and magnetospheric substorms on the occurrence of auroral-backscatter observations are also discussed.  相似文献   

13.
By linear regression and orthogonal regression methods, comparisons are made between different magnitudes (lo-cal magnitude ML, surface wave magnitudes MS and MS7, long-period body wave magnitude mB and short-period body wave magnitude mb) determined by Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration, on the basis of observation data collected by China Seismograph Network between 1983 and 2004. Empirical relations between different magnitudes have been obtained. The result shows that: 1 As different magnitude scales reflect radiated energy by seismic waves within different periods, earthquake magnitudes can be described more objectively by using different scales for earthquakes of different magnitudes. When the epicentral distance is less than 1 000 km, local magnitude ML can be a preferable scale; In case M<4.5, there is little difference between the magnitude scales; In case 4.5MS, i.e., MS underestimates magnitudes of such events, therefore, mB can be a better choice; In case M>6.0, MS>mB>mb, both mB and mb underestimate the magnitudes, so MS is a preferable scale for deter-mining magnitudes of such events (6.08.5, a saturation phenomenon appears in MS, which cannot give an accurate reflection of the magnitudes of such large events; 2 In China, when the epicentral distance is less than 1 000 km, there is almost no difference between ML and MS, and thus there is no need to convert be-tween the two magnitudes in practice; 3 Although MS and MS7 are both surface wave magnitudes, MS is in general greater than MS7 by 0.2~0.3 magnitude, because different instruments and calculation formulae are used; 4 mB is almost equal to mb for earthquakes around mB4.0, but mB is larger than mb for those of mB≥4.5, because the periods of seismic waves used for measuring mB and mb are different though the calculation formulae are the same.  相似文献   

14.
The radionuclides 210Po and 210Pb were examined to trace the cycling of particulate organic carbon (POC) and particulate organic nitrogen (PON) in the Zhubi coral reef lagoon. The net export flux of POC to the open sea is 14 mgC m−2 d−1. However, the net exchange of PON has not yet been observed. On average, the vertical export fluxes in the lagoon of POC and PON, as derived from 210Po/210Pb disequilibria, are 43 mgC m−2 d−1 and 13.8 mgN m−2 d−1, respectively. The deficit of 210Po relative to 210Pb in particulate matter provides evidence for the degradation of particulate organic matter. According to the mass balance budgets, 310 mgC m−2 d−1 and 121 mgN m−2 d−1 were recycled into dissolved fractions. Based on a first-order kinetics model, the degradation rate constants of POC and PON are 0.28 and 0.30 m−1, respectively. Thus, 210Po and 210Pb can quantify the cycling of carbon and nitrogen in this coral lagoon.  相似文献   

15.
Summary Applications of theStokes-formula, expressing the height of the geoid by gravity anomalies, to the deflections of the vertical and the radius of curvature of the geoid. There are introduced 3 new conditions for the geodetic lines for improvement of triangulations. Furthermore the relations fromStokes toEötvös andEvjen formulas have been explored with regard to the geophysical applications.
Résumé La formule deStokes qui donne les hauteurs du géoïde a été appliquée au calcul des déviations de la verticale et du radius de courbure du géoïde. On déduit trois nouvelles conditions qui doivent être satisfaites par les lignes géodésiques réalisant ainsi un moyen de control des triangulations. Enfin on pose en rélation la formule deStokes avec celles deEötvös et deEvjen en ce qui concerne les applications géophysiques.
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16.
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17.
The relative contribution of scattering (Q s –1 ) and intrinsic (Q i –1 ) attenuation to the totalS-wave attenuation for the frequencies of 1.5, 3.0, 6.0 and 12.0 Hz has been studied by applying the radiative energy transfer theory, Data of local earthquakes which occurred in northern Greece and were recorded by the permanent telementered network of the Geophysical Laboratory of the University of Thessaloniki have been used. The results show that in this area the scattering attenuation is dominant over all frequencies while intrinsic attenuation is significantly lower. The estimatedQ s –1 andQ i –1 values have frequency dependences off –0.72 andf –0.45, respectively. The frequency dependence ofQ s –1 is the same as that of the codaQ c –1 , obtained by applying the single scattering model, which probably implies that the frequency dependence of the coda wave attenuation is attributed to the frequency dependence of the scattering attenuation.Q c –1 values are very close to scattering attenuation for short lapse times, (10–20 sec), and intermediate between scattering and intrinsic attenuation for the longer lapse times, (50–100 sec). This difference is explained as the result of the depth-dependent attenuation properties and the multiple scattering effects.  相似文献   

18.
By use of the modern theory of liquids and some guidance from the hard-sphere model of liquid structure, the following new results have been derived for application to the Earth's outer core. (1) dK/dP ? 5 ? 5. 6P/K, where K is the incompressibility and P the pressure. This is valid for a high-pressure liquid near its melting point, provided that the pressure is derived primarily from a strongly repulsive pair potential φ. This result is consistent with seismic data, except possibly in the lowermost region of the outer core, and demonstrates the approximate universality of dK/dP proposed by Birch (1939) and Bullen (1949). (2) dlnTM/dlnρ = (γCV ? 1)/(CV ? 32), where TM is the melting point, ρ the density, γ the atomic thermodynamic Grüneisen parameter and CV the atomic contribution to the specific heat in units of Boltzmann's constant per atom. This reduces to Lindemann's law for CV = 3 and provides further support for the approximate validity of this law. (3) It follows that the “core paradox” of Higgins and Kennedy can only occur if γ < 23. However, it is shown that γ < 23 ? ∫∞0 (?g/?T)ρ r(d/dr)(r2 φ)dr > 0, which cannot be achieved for any strongly repulsive pair potential φ and the corresponding pair distribution function g. It is concluded that γ > 23 and that the core paradox is almost certainly impossible for any conceivable core composition. Approximate calculations suggest that γ ～ 1.3–1.5 in the core. Further work on the thermodynamics of the liquid core must await development of a physically realistic pair potential, since existing pair potentials may be unsatisfactory.  相似文献   

19.
The newly introduced polychaete Linopherus canariensis Langerhans, 1881 was found in the Lake of Faro (NE Sicily), during a study comparing the macrobenthos in artificial modules with a neighboring sandy bottom assemblage. Of a total of 4465 specimens, almost 6% showed morphological variation related to branchial turfs and mean body size. The sandy bottom exhibited an average density of 41.86 ind L−1 and a wet biomass of 30.35 mg L−1, whereas the artificial substratum reached levels of 205.29 ind L−1 and 318.44 mg L−1. The highest estimated immigration rate was 3.7 ind L−1 d−1 (5.8 mg L−1 d−1). In the artificial microhabitat, 0.4% of the population showed mid-anterior fragmentation, with anterior- (2%), mid- (<1%) and posterior- (1%) regenerating lineages, which contributed significantly to the dispersion ability of this species. L. canariensis was a selective micro-deposit feeder, even under conditions of reduced sediments. Linopherus was found to be a new potential invader of stressed environments that is probably tied to the import of oysters.  相似文献   

20.
Based on the moment magnitude scale, a probabilistic model was developed to predict the occurrences of strong earthquakes in the seismoactive area of Zemmouri, Algeria. Firstly, the distributions of earthquake magnitudes M i were described using the distribution function F 0(m), which adjusts the magnitudes considered as independent random variables. Secondly, the obtained result, i.e., the distribution function F 0(m) of the variables M i was used to deduce the distribution functions G(x) and H(y) of the variables Y i = Log M 0,i and Z i = M 0,i , where (Y i ) i and (Z i ) i are independent. Thirdly, some forecast for moments of the future earthquakes in the studied area is given.  相似文献   

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