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生态需水理论与方法研究进展 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9
生态需水研究是近年来国内外广泛关注的热点,涉及生态学、水文学、环境科学等多个学科.本文系统回顾了国内外生态需水的研究进展,较为全面的介绍了生态需水的概念、特征和分类,并在将区域生态需水的定量计算分为河道内和河道外两部分的基础上,总结并介绍了河道内(包括河流、河口、湖泊)和河道外(包括植被、动物、湿地、城市和回补超采地下水)生态需水的各种计算方法.特别是对国内外河流生态需水计算方法的基本思想、优缺点及其适用范围做了重点介绍,并分析了国内外计算方法存在差异的原因.通过对过去生态需水研究的总结与分析认为,我国研究目标多集中在水资源供需矛盾突出以及生态环境相对脆弱和问题严重的干旱、半干旱和季节性干旱的湿润区,且以河流生态系统的需水作为主要研究对象.但由于起步晚,在这方面的研究还不是很成熟,生态需水的概念、内涵和外延均未有统一的定义;同时,在借鉴国外生态需水各种计算方法来进行我国的生态需水研究时,应考虑是否符合我国国情以及气候水文特征,不能机械照搬.再者,笔者认为:①在考虑各种方法联系机制的前提下,对其进行合理耦合,取长补短,并进一步加强3S等新技术的应用;②加强对水资源虽相对丰沛,但由于水污染严重而存在水质性缺水的湿润地区,如华南珠江流域的生态需水研究等,将成为今后的发展方向. 相似文献
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格尔木河流域属干旱区,干旱的自然环境决定了水资源在促进社会经济发展和生态环境保护方面起着十分重要的作用,水资源既是社会经济发展必需的宝贵资源,也是维持绿洲生态环境的重要因素。因此,合理开发利用水资源,制定中、远期流域用水规划,调整农业种植结构,发展节水农业,加强水资源统一管理,提高工业水资源重复利用率,是格尔木河流域今后发展的主要方向。探索适合于流域水资源可持续开发利用模式,确保水资源长期可持续开发利用,对格尔木河流域的社会效益、经济效益和环境效益可持续发展具有重要意义。 相似文献
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太湖河湖水系连通需求评价初探 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
水系连通需求分析是河湖水系连通战略研究的重要内容.水系连通需求指人类社会经济发展对水资源调配、防洪排涝、改善生态环境等方面的需求及对河湖水系健康的维护,它源于水系能够提供各种水生态系统服务功能的生态学特性.通过分析水系连通需求、水生态系统服务功能和水系连通工程之间的内在关系,认为水系连通需求评价可转化为对水生态系统服务功能的评价.运用水当量评价方法,建立了河湖水系连通需求评价的方法体系,并以河网地区的典型代表——太湖为例,定量评价了太湖在水资源调配、调蓄洪水、水环境净化和维持生境等方面的连通需求.结果表明,太湖水系年均连通需求最大的是净化入湖废污水需水量,其次为水资源调配需水量,而太湖调蓄洪水的需求减少;湖水自身净化需水量较大,且为一次性需水.水环境净化的需求需要通过降低污染物入湖量,进行湖泊生态修复等主要措施以及引清水增加环境容量这一辅助连通措施共同完成.水系连通需求的定量评价可为水系连通战略及工程的规划设计提供理论基础. 相似文献
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扎龙湿地生态系统需水量 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
对扎龙湿地生态系统需水量计算方法进行了研究,提出了适宜生态环境需水量和最小生态环境需水量计算方法; 对扎龙湿地湖泊水库、明水沼泽和芦苇沼泽面积上的生态环境需水量、扎龙湿地适宜生态环境需水量及最小生态环境需水量进行了计算和分析:1986-2002年扎龙自然保护区生态环境需水量的变化范围为5．22×108m3-5．92×108m3;扎龙湿地自然保护区的适宜生态环境需水量为5．55×108m3、保证率为75％的最小生态环境需水量为2．89×108m3,保证率为95％的最小生态环境需水量3．54×108m3． 相似文献
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基于模拟优化与正交试验的库塘联合灌溉系统水资源调控 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
依托灌溉试验站田间降水-作物耗水-土壤水相互转化的长序列试验成果,构建灌区田间尺度水量蓄-耗-灌-排全过程的水资源模拟模块,结合系统仿真方法,建立库塘联合灌溉系统水量分配仿真模拟模型,以保障灌区基本需水(包括农村生活需水与生态环境需水)供水安全前提下的经济效益最大化为目标,运用正交试验选优原理,构建了库塘联合灌溉系统水资源优化调控模型,形成了基于仿真模拟与正交试验优化的库塘联合灌溉系统水资源优化调控技术体系,并应用于巢湖流域大官塘水库灌区,明确了灌区合理的工程布局规格与规模,确定了适宜的节水灌溉技术模式与灌溉制度,制定了塘坝和水库科学的调度规则,提出了具有可操作性的作物种植结构调整规则,提高了灌区径流拦蓄利用率,提升了塘坝和水库年际调蓄供水能力,增强了抗旱减灾能力,为巢湖流域水库灌区综合治理、库塘联合灌区水量分配方案、水库和塘坝调度规则及作物灌溉制度等地制定提供理论依据. 相似文献
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生态环境需水量评估方法与例证 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
首先评价了生态环境需水量概念内涵, 包括概念的界定、生态环境水的组成结构和需水特点. 在此基础上, 提出了生态环境需水量分级和计算方法. 以黄淮海地区为研究实例, 估算了研究区生态环境现状用水量、最小需水量、适宜需水量, 并计算了相应的缺水量. 然后根据相关的规划, 对未来的水平年2010年, 2030年和2050年生态环境需水量进行了预测. 结果显示, 随着功能设定的不同, 水资源参照平台的差异, 最小和适宜生态环境需水量不同, 相应的缺水量也会产生差异. 研究表明, 黄淮海地区最小生态环境需水范围在2.84×1010~1.02×1011 m3, 适宜需水量范围在6.45×1010~1.78×1011 m3, 最小需水时的缺水量范围为9.1×109~2.16×1010 m3之间, 适宜需水时的缺水量范围为3.07×1010~7.53×1010 m3之间. 通过不同的缺水量数值, 可以安排配水的优先性. 三个预测年的生态环境需水量范围分别为4.49×1010~1.73×1011 m3, 5.99×1010~2.09×1011 m3和7.44×1010~2.52×1011 m3. 相似文献
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生态需水是湖泊生态系统的重要指标,维持着湖泊生态系统的良性循环.以内蒙古中部半干旱湖泊岱海为研究对象,对湖泊动态生态需水进行分析.本研究在遥感和气象数据的基础上,获得1975-2020年长时间序列高精度水文要素数据,分析岱海水文要素时空演变规律;通过天然生态水深分析法、水深经验频率分析法和湖泊形态分析法分析岱海的水深随面积变化的关键水深;构建基于生态耗水规律的湖泊生态需水模型,计算自然状态下岱海生态需水动态变化范围.研究结果如下:岱海地区6-9月为丰水期,10月至次年5月为枯水期;45 a以来岱海水面面积呈显著下降趋势,近年来下降速率减缓;枯水期岱海适宜生态水深为8.72~9.92 m,丰水期为9.40~10.69 m,适宜生态需水量为5.62亿~7.71亿m3,适宜湖面面积为70.92~84.77 km2.本文构建了长时间序列气候水文数据库,确定岱海动态生态需水范围可以实现对湖泊生态健康的实时监测,为相关规划与管理提供科学依据及可操作性指导,从而为岱海湖泊治理提供理论参考. 相似文献
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云南小江流域典型泥石流沟中底栖动物群落特征及其对河流地貌的响应 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
云南小江流域为典型干热河谷区，该区域干热少雨，流域内泥石流沟众多，生态环境十分脆弱.2017年4月和9月对小江流域的吊嘎河、蒋家沟、蓝泥坪沟、清水沟、陶家小河5条泥石流沟及小江干流开展了系统调查，旨在摸清5条泥石流沟及小江干流河流地貌、水环境及底栖动物群落现状，分析不同河床结构发育程度的泥石流沟间的底栖动物群落差异，揭示底栖动物对反映河床结构发育程度的河流地貌特征参数凹凸度的响应关系.调查期间于5条泥石流沟及小江干流中共采集到底栖动物70种，隶属于4门6纲38科69属，其中环节动物6种，软体动物2种，节肢动物61种，扁形动物1种.从种类类群来看，5条泥石流沟及小江干流的底栖动物物种数、密度、生物量上均以节肢动物占绝对优势，分别占总量的78.0%~92.5%、98.7%~100%、65.0%~100%.从功能摄食类群上来看，5条泥石流沟及小江干流底栖动物密度上均以直接收集者为主，占总量的74.3%~96.3%.回归分析表明，5条泥石流沟中底栖动物物种数、密度及生物量均与河流地貌特征参数凹凸度呈正相关关系，由此可见，发育良好的河床结构在维持河流地貌稳定和改善河流生态方面起着举足轻重的作用.本研究结果可为小江流域山区河流泥石流沟河床结构重建及生态修复提供科学依据. 相似文献
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湖泊流域水资源承载能力动态预测与调控是维护湖泊生态安全、保障社会经济健康持续发展的重要基础和手段.本文以巢湖流域为研究对象,提出基于系统动力学的湖泊流域水资源承载力动态预测技术和试验优化调控方法.首先以县(市)为基本单元构建水资源承载力系统动力学模拟与动态预测模型;再从空间上将各县(市)耦合为流域系统整体模型,并通过敏感性分析筛选量质要素调控指标;最后采用正交试验设计确定流域水资源承载力优化调控方案.结果表明:由于流域内产业规模的扩大以及城镇化率的提升,20172050年巢湖流域水资源承载状态值整体呈恶化趋势,并于2030年以后将长期处于超载状态,通过对影响要素针对性优化调控后,20172050年流域水资源承载状态均达到临界或可载.研究表明本文提出的方法对于促进区域社会经济环境协调发展和改善流域水资源承载力具有较好的实际应用价值. 相似文献
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Rapid urbanization coupled with increase in population growth rate in recent years has accelerated economic pressure on the ecological environment leading to a gradual deterioration of global and regional environment. This has particularly resulted into water contamination and shortage of water resources thus posing a great threat to human survival. How to guaranteeing sustainable use of basin water resources has attracted more and more attentions. The Heihe River Basin is the secondary longest river inland China and the significantly water source of Hexi Corridor, the problem of water pollution, ecological environment deterioration and the shortage of water has seriously threatened the ecological system of the Heihe River Basin. In this study, through depicting the characteristics of natural environment, human activities, water ecosystem services and other factors in Heihe River Basin we delineated the water ecological function in Heihe River using the principal components analysis and the K-means clustering method. In the study, Heihe River Basin is divided into 3 primary level areas and 8 secondary level sub-areas. Water ecological characteristics analysis showed that the spatial distribution of the water ecological function of Heihe River Basin was not uniform, which are mainly showed in three aspects, function of windproof and sand fixation, function of soil erosion prevention and function of water sources conservation. The results of this study can provide effective and scientific theoretical references for the integrated water sources management and the ecological function optimization of the Heihe River Basin. 相似文献
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Instream flows are essential determinants of channel morphology, riparian and aquatic flora and fauna, water quality estuarine inflow and stream load transport. The ecological and environmental instream flow requirements (EEIFR) should be estimated to make the exploitation and utilization of water resources in a highly efficient and sustainable way and maintain the river ecosystem good health. As the largest tributary of the Yellow River, the Wei River is the ‘Mother River’ of Guanzhong region in Shaanxi province. It plays a great role in the development of West China and the health of the ecosystem of the Yellow River. The objective of this study is to estimate the EEIFR for improving the Wei River's ecological and environmental condition and develop the river healthily. Concerning the main ecological and environmental functions of the Wei River in Shaanxi Province, the EEIFR for each section of the Wei River including minimum instream flow requirements (IFR) for aquicolous biotopes maintenance, IFR for channel seepage, channel evaporation, stream self‐purification and sediment transportation were estimated in this paper. The methods to estimate the instream flow requirements for stream self‐purification and instream flow requirements for sediment transportation were proposed. The temporal scale of typical years include the year with the probability 25% of occurrence (high‐flow year), the year with the probability 50% (normal‐flow year) and the year with the probability 75% (low‐flow year). The results show that the EEIFR for the Wei River mainly include instream flow requirements for self‐purification and sediment transportation in each typical year. From high‐flow year to low‐flow year, the annual EEIFR for each reach decrease, except those for the reach from Linjiacun to Weijiabao, and from Linjiacun at the upper reaches to Huaxian at the lower reaches, and the annual reach EEIFR decrease in a sequence. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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珠江干流梯级开发对鱼类的影响与减缓对策 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
2013年6—7月对珠江龙滩库尾至长洲坝下江段干支流鱼类进行了调查,共采集到鱼类6418尾,隶属于10目23科82属122种.分析了渔获物的种类组成与分布、生态类型、珍稀濒危特有鱼类采样情况、各江段群落相似度和鱼类多样性等,并与该区域鱼类历史记录进行了对比分析.总体来看,珠江干流梯级开发后,由于大坝阻隔、水文情势改变等,鱼类资源发生了较大变化,河海洄游性鱼类和河口鱼类受大坝阻隔影响分布范围变窄;珍稀濒危特有鱼类由于生境破坏,种群规模变小,濒危程度加剧;库中江段流水性鱼类种类数和资源量显著下降,静缓流鱼类成为优势种;外来鱼类种类多、分布广.对导致珠江干流鱼类资源衰退的其他原因进行了分析,主要包括过度捕捞、生境破坏、水污染和外来鱼类入侵等.针对珠江干流梯级开发及鱼类资源现状,提出了栖息地保护、河流连通性恢复、鱼类增殖放流站建设、生态调度、渔政管理和生态补偿等措施建议. 相似文献
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Environmental and ecological issues caused by water resources crisis have brought enormous challenges to the sustainable development of water-deficient area. Water resources allocation management balancing the relationship between the social-economic development and the ecological environment has become a hot topic in recent years. In this paper, an inexact fuzzy chance-constrained programming (IFCCP) approach is proposed for regional water resource allocation optimization with the aim of promoting the harmonious development of the social economic and the ecological environment, improving water utilization efficiency, and realizing water resources consumption control under uncertainties. The method is incorporated with interval parameter programming, fuzzy programming, and chance-constrained programming, for handling system uncertainties and balancing the optimal objectives with the risk of violating system constraints. Under this framework, an IFCCP model for water resources allocation management was successfully formulated and applied to a typical water-deficit area, Tianjin, China, for obtaining a better water resources plan among multiple users under resources and environmental limitation. Different total water consumption control policies are designed for assessing regional water allocation schemes. The results indicated that the gap of supply and demand will only be solved by foreign water, the transferred water from Luan River and Changjiang River would still be the main supplier in planning horizon. Moreover, the strict total water consumption control policy would guarantee the water requirement of ecological environment, lead to changes in the structure of water supply, actively guide on water conservation, and promote the large-scale utilization of desalted water and recycle water. 相似文献
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中国水库生态学研究的回顾与展望 总被引：40，自引：7，他引：33
水库是通过人工筑坝形成的水体,其早期功能主要是防洪、发电、灌溉和航运等,但随着全球水资源供需矛盾的加剧,水库供水成为缓解供水压力的最主要途径.水坝是人类影响地球表面水体最重要的工程建筑,筑坝修建水库利用水资源对全球水环境系统产生了巨大的影响.中国是水资源短缺的国家,水库供水在国民经济发展中发挥着重要作用,大量水库的建成也对我国水环境系统产生了多方面的影响.刘建康先生在1955年发表了我国水库生态学研究的第一篇论文,揭开了我国水库生态学研究的序幕.我国水库生态学大致分为三个阶段,1955-1975年的起步阶段、1976-2000年以水库渔业生产为目标的研究阶段和2001年至今以水库水质管理为目标的研究阶段.当前,水质、水质模拟、富营养化、环境容量和生态调度等已成水库生态学研究中的关键词.我国水库研究主要集中在珠江流域和长江流域,以大型供水水库为对象.在水利学科领域,有大量有关水库水文、水动力学和调度的研究论文,这些工作还未能被以生物和化学为研究基础的生态或环境科学的学者所重视.多数以水库为对象的生态学研究还没有很好地体现水库作为人工湖泊的特殊性.近10年来,中国水库生态学经历了从任务导向到学科导向的生态学研究过渡,有不断增加学科交流的趋势.有理由相信,作为水库大国,中国水库生态学和湖沼学今后将会有一很大的发展,并对我国淡水生态学和湖沼学作出重要的贡献. 相似文献
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A three-phase study was initiated as a way to promote Integrated Catchment Management approaches in the Limpopo River basin. This paper presents the situational assessment, which should enable De Beers to understand how their Venetia Mine operations are located within a broader and highly dynamic socio-economic and ecohydrological landscape as it pertains to water risks. The second phase, Risk assessment, aims to develop conservation interventions in the identified areas; the third phase will develop mechanisms for implementing water stewardship schemes to mitigate the shared water risks.Analysis of the social-ecological system (hydrological, climatic, ecological, socio-economic and governance systems) of the Limpopo River basin indicates that the institutional arrangement of the Limpopo River basin is neither simple nor effective. The basin is rapidly approaching closure in the sense that almost all of the available supplies of water have already been allocated to existing water users. If the proposed ecological flow requirements were to be met for all of the tributaries, the basin would be ‘closed’. On-going and projected land use changes and water resources developments in the upper reaches of the basin, coupled with projected rainfall reductions and temperature increases, and allocation of the flows for the ecological reserve, are likely to further reduce downstream river flows. The coupled increase in temperature and decrease in rainfall is of great concern for everyone in the basin, especially the poorer communities, who rely on rain-fed agriculture for their livelihoods. Increased temperatures also lead to increased evaporation from reservoirs and therefore result in a decrease in water availability. This will lead to increased abstraction of groundwater, especially from alluvial aquifers, and consequently an increase in river transmission losses and a decrease in river flows. 相似文献
17.
《水文科学杂志》2013,58(3)
Abstract Abstract The Shiyang River basin is a typical interior river basin that faces water shortage and environmental deterioration in the arid northwest of China. Due to its arid climate, limited water resources and some inappropriate water-related human activities, the area has developed serious loss of vegetation, and gradual soil salinization and desertification, which have greatly impeded the sustainable development of agriculture and life in this region. In this paper, the impacts of human activities on the water–soil environment in Shiyang River basin are analysed in terms of precipitation, runoff in branches of the river, inflow into lower reaches, water conveyance efficiency of the canal system and irrigation water use efficiency in the field, replenishment and exploitation of groundwater resources, soil salinization, vegetation cover and the speed of desertification. The results show that human activities and global climate change have no significant influence on the precipitation, but the total annual runoff in eight branch rivers showed a significant decrease over the years. The proportion of water use in the upper and middle reaches compared to the lower reach was increased from 1:0.57 in the 1960s, to 1:0.27 in the 1970s and 1:0.09 in the 1990s. A reduction of about 74% in the river inflow to the lower reaches and a 15-m drop in the groundwater table have occurred during the last four decades. Strategies for improving the water–soil environment of the basin, such as the protection of the water resources of the Qilian Mountains, sustainable use of water resources, maintenance of the balance between land and water resources, development of water-saving agriculture, diverting of water from other rivers and control of soil desertification, are proposed. The objective of this paper is to provide guidelines for reconstruction of the sustainable water management and development of agriculture in this region. 相似文献
18.
滇池新运粮河水质季节变化及河岸带生态修复的影响 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
新运粮河作为一条重要的滇池入湖河流,其水质直接影响滇池的生态健康与环境安全.运用单因子水质标识指数法探讨新运粮河下游水质季节变化规律及影响因子,并分析河岸带修复方式(护岸改造)对河流水质的影响.结果表明:铵氮,总氮,总磷,化学需氧量随时间变化明显.在5-10月的雨季,各指标浓度呈下降趋势,11月至次年4月的旱季,降水量少,各指标浓度呈上升趋势,且显著高于雨季时浓度,监测河段全年水质为劣Ⅴ类.木桩护岸河段营养盐去除率明显高于直立混凝土堤岸河段的去除率,同一护岸类型河段夏季去除率显著高于冬季. 相似文献