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1.
在结构优化的目标函数中，不仅应考虑结构造价，而且应考虑结构服役期的损失期望。为此，我们定义了抗震结构模糊可靠度的概念。利用抗震设计原则和地震危险性分析给出了一个计算模糊可靠度的方法。然后提出了三步优化法；第一步，寻求一系列对应于不同设防烈度的最小造价设计；第二步，同时考虑造价和地震引起的损失期望，寻求最优设防烈度；第三步，寻找相应于此最优烈度的最小造价设计。  相似文献   

2.
In this study, an interval-valued fuzzy linear programming with infinite α-cuts (IVFLP-I) method is developed for municipal solid waste (MSW) management under uncertainty. IVFLP-I can not only tackle uncertainties expressed as intervals and interval-valued fuzzy sets, but also take all fuzzy information into account by discretizing infinite α-cut levels to the interval-valued fuzzy membership functions. Through adoption of the interval-valued fuzzy sets, IVFLP-I can directly communicate information of waste managers’ confidence levels over various subjective judgments into the optimization process. Compared to the existing methods in which only finite α-cut levels exist, IVFLP-I would have enhanced the robustness in the optimization efforts. A MSW management problem is studied to illustrate the applicability of the proposed method. Four groups of optimal solutions can be obtained through assigning different intervals of α-cut levels. The results indicate that wider intervals of α-cut levels could lead to a lower risk level of constraint violation associated with a higher system cost; contrarily, narrower intervals of α-cut levels could lead to a lower cost with a higher risk of violating the constraints. The solutions under different intervals of α-cut levels can support in-depth analyses of tradeoffs between system costs and constraint-violation risks.  相似文献   

3.
A solution technique based on the sequential linear programming (SLP) method is presented for the optimum design of braced and unbraced steel frames in seismic regions. First, the optimum rigidity distribution of the frames under static loading is computed, then the optimization procedure is repeated under the combined loading, setting lower bounds on the optimum static cross-sectional areas and increasing allowable stresses. The stiffness, stress, displacement and side constraints are included in the optimization problem. As a result, a highly non-linear mathematical programming problem is produced. A non-linear programming algorithm is offered for the solution which is based on the successive linearization of non-linear expressions and employs the simplex routine in an iterative manner. Design variables are chosen to be the free nodal displacements and the cross-sectional areas of the members, while the objective function is taken to be the minimization of the total volume of the structure. As numerical applications, optimum weights of several frames (unbraced, concentrically and eccentrically braced) under static and combined loading cases are computed and the results are compared with those available in the literature.  相似文献   

4.
Supplemental damping is known as an efficient and practical means to improve seismic response of building structures. Presented in this paper is a mixed‐integer programming approach to find the optimal placement of supplemental dampers in a given shear building model. The damping coefficients of dampers are treated as discrete design variables. It is shown that a minimization problem of the sum of the transfer function amplitudes of the interstory drifts can be formulated as a mixed‐integer second‐order cone programming problem. The global optimal solution of the optimization problem is then found by using a solver based on a branch‐and‐cut algorithm. Two numerical examples in literature are solved with discrete design variables. In one of these examples, the proposed method finds a better solution than an existing method in literature developed for the continuous optimal damper placement problem. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

5.
An inexact fuzzy-random-chance-constrained programming model (IFRCCMM) was developed for supporting regional air quality management under uncertainty. IFRCCMM was formulated through integrating interval linear programming within fuzzy-random-chance-constrained programming framework. It could deal with parameter uncertainties expressed as not only fuzzy random variables but also discrete intervals. Based on the stochastic and fuzzy chance-constrained programming algorithms, IFRCCMM was solved when constraints was satisfied under different satisfaction and violation levels of constraints, leading to interval solutions with different risk and cost implications. The proposed model was applied to a regional air quality management problem for demonstration. The obtained results indicated that the proposed model could effectively reflect uncertain components within air quality management system through employing multiple uncertainty-characterization techniques (in random, fuzzy and interval forms), and help decision makers analyze trade-offs between system economy and reliability. In fact, many types of solutions (i.e. conservative solutions with lower risks and optimistic solutions with higher risks) provided by IFRCCMM were suitable for local decision makers to make more applicable decision schemes according to their understanding and preference about the risk and economy. In addition, the modeling philosophy is general and applicable to many other environmental problems that may be complicated with multiple forms of uncertainties.  相似文献   

6.
This paper presents an effective approach for achieving minimum cost designs for seismic retrofitting using viscous fluid dampers. A new and realistic retrofitting cost function is formulated and minimized subject to constraints on inter-story drifts at the peripheries of frame structures. The components of the new cost function are related to both the topology and to the sizes of the dampers. This constitutes an important step forward towards a realistic definition of the optimal retrofitting problem. The optimization problem is first posed and solved as a mixed-integer problem. To improve the efficiency of the solution scheme, the problem is then re-formulated and solved by nonlinear programming using only continuous variables. Material interpolation techniques, that have been successfully applied in topology optimization and in multi-material optimization, play a key role in achieving practical final design solutions with a reasonable computational effort. Promising results attained for 3-D irregular frames are presented and compared with those achieved using genetic algorithms.  相似文献   

7.
The life‐cycle cost can be regarded as a benchmark variable in decision making problems involving the retrofit and upgrading of existing structures. A critical infrastructure is often subjected to more than one hazard during its lifetime. Therefore, the problem of evaluating the life‐cycle cost involves uncertainties in both loading and structural modeling parameters. The present study is a preliminary study aiming to calculate the expected life‐cycle cost for a critical infrastructure subjected to more than one hazard in its service lifetime. A methodology is presented that takes into account both the uncertainty in the occurrence of future events due to different types of hazard and also the deterioration of the structure as a result of a series of events. In order to satisfy life safety conditions, the probability of exceeding the limit state of collapse is constrained to be smaller than an allowable threshold. Finally, the methodology is implemented in an illustrative numerical example which considers a structure subjected to both seismic hazard and blast hazard in both upgraded and non‐upgraded configurations. It is demonstrated how expected life‐cycle cost can be used as a criterion to distinguish between the two choices while satisfying the life safety constraint. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

8.
An inexact stochastic mixed integer linear semi-infinite programming (ISMISIP) model is developed for municipal solid waste (MSW) management under uncertainty. By incorporating stochastic programming (SP), integer programming and interval semi-infinite programming (ISIP) within a general waste management problem, the model can simultaneously handle programming problems with coefficients expressed as probability distribution functions, intervals and functional intervals. Compared with those inexact programming models without introducing functional interval coefficients, the ISMISIP model has the following advantages that: (1) since parameters are represented as functional intervals, the parameter’s dynamic feature (i.e., the constraint should be satisfied under all possible levels within its range) can be reflected, and (2) it is applicable to practical problems as the solution method does not generate more complicated intermediate models (He and Huang, Technical Report, 2004; He et al. J Air Waste Manage Assoc, 2007). Moreover, the ISMISIP model is proposed upon the previous inexact mixed integer linear semi-infinite programming (IMISIP) model by assuming capacities of the landfill, WTE and composting facilities to be stochastic. Thus it has the improved capabilities in (1) identifying schemes regarding to the waste allocation and facility expansions with a minimized system cost and (2) addressing tradeoffs among environmental, economic and system reliability level.  相似文献   

9.
Water quality management is a significant item in the sustainable development of wetland system, since the environmental influences from the economic development are becoming more and more obvious. In this study, an inexact left-hand-side chance-constrained fuzzy multi-objective programming (ILCFMOP) approach was proposed and applied to water quality management in a wetland system to analyze the tradeoffs among multiple objectives of total net benefit, water quality, water resource utilization and water treatment cost. The ILCFMOP integrates interval programming, left-hand-side chance-constrained programming, and fuzzy multi-objective programming within an optimization framework. It can both handle multiple objectives and quantify multiple uncertainties, including fuzziness (aspiration level of objectives), randomness (pollutant release limitation), and interval parameters (e.g. water resources, and wastewater treatment costs). A representative water pollution control case study in a wetland system is employed for demonstration. The optimal schemes were analyzed under scenarios at different probabilities (p i , denotes the admissible probability of violating the constraint i). The optimal solutions indicated that, most of the objectives would decrease with increasing probability levels from scenarios 1 to 3, since a higher constraint satisfaction probability would lead to stricter decision scopes. This study is the first application of the ILCFMOP model to water quality management in a wetland system, which indicates that it is applicable to other environmental problems under uncertainties.  相似文献   

10.
In this study, an inexact fuzzy-chance-constrained two-stage mixed-integer linear programming (IFCTIP) approach is developed for flood diversion planning under multiple uncertainties. A concept of the distribution with fuzzy boundary interval probability is defined to address multiple uncertainties expressed as integration of intervals, fuzzy sets and probability distributions. IFCTIP integrates the inexact programming, two-stage stochastic programming, integer programming and fuzzy-stochastic programming within a general optimization framework. IFCTIP incorporates the pre-regulated water-diversion policies directly into its optimization process to analyze various policy scenarios; each scenario has different economic penalty when the promised targets are violated. More importantly, it can facilitate dynamic programming for decisions of capacity-expansion planning under fuzzy-stochastic conditions. IFCTIP is applied to a flood management system. Solutions from IFCTIP provide desired flood diversion plans with a minimized system cost and a maximized safety level. The results indicate that reasonable solutions are generated for objective function values and decision variables, thus a number of decision alternatives can be generated under different levels of flood flows.  相似文献   

11.
In this study a simulation-based fuzzy chance-constrained programming (SFCCP) model is developed based on possibility theory. The model is solved through an indirect search approach which integrates fuzzy simulation, artificial neural network and simulated annealing techniques. This approach has the advantages of: (1) handling simulation and optimization problems under uncertainty associated with fuzzy parameters, (2) providing additional information (i.e. possibility of constraint satisfaction) indicating that how likely one can believe the decision results, (3) alleviating computational burdens in the optimization process, and (4) reducing the chances of being trapped in local optima. The model is applied to a petroleum-contaminated aquifer located in western Canada for supporting the optimal design of groundwater remediation systems. The model solutions provide optimal groundwater pumping rates for the 3, 5 and 10 years of pumping schemes. It is observed that the uncertainty significantly affects the remediation strategies. To mitigate such impacts, additional cost is required either for increased pumping rate or for reinforced site characterization.  相似文献   

12.
In this study, an inexact inventory-theory-based chance-constrained programming (IICP) model is proposed for planning waste management systems. The IICP model is derived through introducing inventory theory model into a general inexact chance-constrained programming framework. It can not only tackle uncertainties presented as both probability distributions and discrete intervals, but also reflect the influence of inventory problem in decision-making problems. The developed method is applied to a case study of long-term municipal solid waste (MSW) management planning. Solutions of total waste allocation, waste allocation batch and waste transferring period associated different risk levels of constraint violation are obtained. The results can be used to identify inventory-based MSW management planning with minimum system cost under various constraint-violation risks. Compared with the ICP model, the developed IICP model can more actually reflect the complexity of MSW management systems and provide more useful information for decision makers.  相似文献   

13.
高层建筑结构的抗震可靠度分析与优化设计   总被引：12，自引：4，他引：12  
本文根据我们在文献２中给出的等效随机地震静力作用模型，紧密结合规范和利用我们在文献６中提出的结构体系可靠度分析的最弱失效模式法，提出了结构构件和体系“小震不坏”和“大震不倒”及结构体系在设计基准期内的抗震可靠度分析方法；重新校准了结构构件的目标可靠度指标；综合考虑结构造价和损失期望，提出了结构体系抗震目标可靠度的优化决策方法；分别给出了满足构件抗震目标可靠指标与同时满足构件和体系抗震目标可靠指标的  相似文献   

14.
A fully automated design methodology based on nonlinear response history analysis is proposed for the optimum seismic design of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. The conventional trial‐and‐error process is replaced by a structural optimization algorithm that serves as a search engine capable of locating the most efficient design in terms of cost and performance. Two variations of the proposed design methodology are introduced. The first approach treats the optimum design problem in a deterministic manner, while in the second variation the optimum design is sought in the framework of a reliability‐based optimization problem. The reliability‐based approach seems to be a more rational procedure since more meaningful design criteria that correlate better with the performance‐based design concept can be adopted. Thus, the practice of using the mean annual frequency of a limit‐state being exceeded to assess the candidate designs is compared with the use of deterministic criteria. Both formulations take into consideration the structural response for a number of limit‐states, from serviceability to collapse prevention. The proposed design procedure is specifically tailored to the design of RC structures, where a preliminary design step of generating tables of concrete sections is introduced. In order to handle the large size of the tables, the concept of multi‐database cascade optimization is implemented. The final design has to comply with the provisions of European design codes. The proposed methodology allows for a significant reduction of the direct construction cost combined with improved control of the seismic performance under earthquake loading. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

15.
Explicit algebraic equations are derived to determine approximate maximum pumping rates or minimum injection rates to limit sea water intrusion to a prespecified distance from the coastline. The equations are based on Strack's (1976) single-potential solution. The maximum pumping rates and minimum injection rates applied at wells with uniform spacing to control the inland movement of the fresh water-salt water interface in a coastal aquifer could be calculated from Strack's (1976) solution without the need of a numerical optimization algorithm. When wells are distributed in a simple fashion, the maximum intrusion location can be identified precisely for pumping cases and approximately for injection cases. For pumping cases, critical points are the limit of allowable salt water intrusion, whereas no such limit exists for injection cases. Once an application site is identified, a series of design curves for pumping and injection rates can be developed for arbitrary intrusion limits. When a user is interested only in the largest pumping rates associated with critical points, one design curve can yield complete information.  相似文献   

16.
A methodology for the optimal design of supplemental viscous dampers for framed structures is presented. It addresses the problem of minimizing the added damping subject to a constraint on the maximal interstorey angular drift for an ensemble of realistic ground motion records while assuming linear behaviour of the damped structure. The solution is achieved by actually solving an equivalent optimization problem of minimizing the added damping subject to a constraint on a maximal weighted integral on the squared angular drift. The computational effort is appreciably reduced by first using one ‘active’ ground motion record. If the resulting optimal design fails to satisfy the constraints for other ground motions from the original ensemble, additional ground motions (loading conditions) are added one by one to the ‘active’ set until the optimum is reached. An efficient selecting process which is presented herein will usually require one or two records to attain an optimum design. Examples of optimal designs of supplemental dampers are presented for a 2‐storey shear frame and a 10‐storey industrial frame. The 2‐storey shear frame is required to withstand one given ground motion whereas the 10‐storey frame is required to withstand an ensemble of twenty ground motions. The resulting viscously damped structures have envelope values of interstorey drifts equal or less than the target drifts. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

17.
This paper presents a chance-constrained programming model for optimal control of a multipurpose reservoir and its modification to a model for single reservoir design. An algorithm is developed for solving complex stochastic problems of multipurpose reservoir planning and design. The complexity of the problem is resolved by a two-step algorithm: (1) transformation of chance constraints on the state and control variables is performed at the first step; and (2) the choice of optimum control or optimal reservoir storage is carried out in the second step. The method of iterative convolution is chosen for the first step, while linear programming is selected for the second step. The algorithm allows the use of random inflows and random demands together with other deterministic demands. The reservoir design problem is presented as a modified optimal control problem. The procedure is illustrated with an example of a hypothetical reservoir design problem with three different types of downstream releases (hydropower production, municipal water supply, and irrigation).  相似文献   

18.
Asymmetric structures experience uneven deformation demand among different resisting planes and stories when subjected to earthquake excitation. Damage is focused in some elements jeopardizing structural integrity. These structures are common in professional practice because of architectural and functionality constraints. In this scenario the use of energy dissipation devices (EDD) has arisen as an advisable solution to balance and minimize structural damage. Procedures for the design of linear structures equipped with EDD have been widely proposed in the literature, few of them deal with the optimum spatial distribution of nonlinear systems. This paper evaluates and compares the optimized spatial damper distribution of linear and nonlinear systems. An optimization technique is presented based on control indexes called min–max algorithm. Then, this technique is compared with two simple methodologies: (i) the fully stressed design, which is an analysis‐redesign procedure, and (ii) the simplified sequential search algorithm (SSSA), which is a sequential method. It is pointed out that the SSSA is a fixed step coordinate descent type method. The examples considered show that the SSSA is a discrete approximation of the min–max algorithm, not only for linear but also for nonlinear structures equipped with linear and nonlinear EDD. Furthermore, it is found that the distribution of EDD obtained from a linear analysis is a good approximation of the nonlinear optimal solution. The SSSA is a reliable method that can be applied to achieve drift and torsional balance for design purposes; moreover, it can be implemented with conventional tools available in professional practice. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

19.
带TMD的结构基于动力可靠性约束的优化设计   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
本文在运用复模态法求得多自由度带TMD结构随机地震响应解析解的基础上．采用基于动力可靠性约束的优化设计方法对TMD装置参数的优化取值进行了系统研究,以结构最大位移响应的期望值为目标函数,以TMD装置响应的动力可靠性为约束条件,运用罚函数法获得到TMD装置的优化设计参数．并给出了算例,从而建立了带TMD结构基于动力可靠性约束的抗震优化设计的一整套方法,本文方法也可用于基础隔震结构、带TLD减震结构以及带TMD和TLD抗风结构的优化设计。  相似文献   

20.
Seismic isolation is one of the effective methods to protect equipments. It helps to keep seismic response accelerations in equipment below its allowable limits. Among different types of isolation systems, the combination of restoring spring and slider, also called as resilient sliding isolation (RSI) system, is the one which has been effectively used for protection of equipment. Principal design parameters for this type of isolation system are period of system (stiffness of spring) and friction coefficient of slider. There may be number of combinations of these design parameters which can enable the isolated equipment to remain functional during and after the predicted seismic event. The optimum design of RSI system can be considered as the one which maintains the response acceleration in the equipment below its allowable limit and at the same time keeps the relative displacement between floor and the equipment to the minimum. This study deals with optimum design of resilient sliding system. First the RSI system is modeled analytically by (i) precise and (ii) simplified SDOF models. The accuracy of the model is then validated by shaking table tests. The validated simplified SDOF model is then used to determine optimum design parameters for different levels of allowable accelerations. Results show that the optimum period decreases and the optimum friction coefficient increases with higher allowable acceleration.  相似文献   

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