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1.
Wave‐equation based shot‐record migration provides accurate images but is computationally expensive because every shot must be migrated separately. Shot‐encoding migration, such as random shot‐encoding or plane‐wave migration, aims to reduce the computational cost of the imaging process by combining the original data into synthesized common‐source gathers. Random shot‐encoding migration and plane‐wave migration have different and complementary features: the first recovers the full spatial bandwidth of the image but introduces strong artefacts, which are due to the interference between the different shot wavefields; the second provides an image with limited spatial detail but is free of crosstalk noise. We design a hybrid scheme that combines linear and random shot‐encoding in order to limit the drawbacks and merge the advantages of these two techniques. We advocate mixed shot‐encoding migration through dithering of plane waves. This approach reduces the crosstalk noise relative to random shot‐encoding migration and increases the spatial bandwidth relative to conventional plane‐wave migration when the take‐off angle is limited to reduce the duration of the plane‐wave gather. In turn, this decreases the migration cost. Migration with dithered plane waves operates as a hybrid encoding scheme in‐between the end members represented by plane‐wave migration and random shot‐encoding. Migration with dithered plane waves has several advantages: every synthesized common‐source gather images in a larger aperture, the crosstalk noise is limited and higher spatial resolution is achievable compared to shot‐record migration, random shot‐encoding and linear shot‐encoding, respectively. Computational cost is also reduced relative to both random and linear shot‐encoding migration since fewer synthesized common‐source gathers are necessary to obtain a high signal‐to‐noise ratio and high spatial resolution in the final image. 相似文献
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平面波偏移是一种面炮偏移方法,相对于常规逐炮偏移,其具有较高的计算效率.然而常规平面波偏移方法成像精度低,且成像时会产生串扰噪音.为此,本文在实现常规平面波偏移算法基础上,引入反演思想实现了基于静态平面波编码的最小二乘偏移理论方法及处理流程,在优化算法基础上对平层模型和复杂砂砾断块模型进行了成像测试并与其他成像策略进行对比.研究结果表明:基于时移编码的平面波最小二乘偏移能有效抑制低频成像噪音和串扰噪音,补偿中深部成像能量,是一种较为有效的保幅成像策略. 相似文献
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Least squares migration can eliminate the artifacts introduced by the direct imaging of irregular seismic data but is computationally costly and of slow convergence. In order to suppress the migration noise, we propose the preconditioned prestack plane-wave least squares reverse time migration (PLSRTM) method with singular spectrum constraint. Singular spectrum analysis (SSA) is used in the preconditioning of the take-offangle-domain common-image gathers (TADCIGs). In addition, we adopt randomized singular value decomposition (RSVD) to calculate the singular values. RSVD reduces the computational cost of SSA by replacing the singular value decomposition (SVD) of one large matrix with the SVD of two small matrices. We incorporate a regularization term into the preconditioned PLSRTM method that penalizes misfits between the migration images from the plane waves with adjacent angles to reduce the migration noise because the stacking of the migration results cannot effectively suppress the migration noise when the migration velocity contains errors. The regularization imposes smoothness constraints on the TADCIGs that favor differential semblance optimization constraints. Numerical analysis of synthetic data using the Marmousi model suggests that the proposed method can efficiently suppress the artifacts introduced by plane-wave gathers or irregular seismic data and improve the imaging quality of PLSRTM. Furthermore, it produces better images with less noise and more continuous structures even for inaccurate migration velocities. 相似文献
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地震各向异性集中表现为速度各向异性,势必影响地震波运动学特征.传统声波逆时偏移(RTM)和最小二乘逆时偏移(LSRTM)没有考虑介质各向异性特征,导致反射波不能正确归位、同相轴出现扭曲及寻优速度慢或不收敛等,VTI介质逆时偏移(VTI-RTM)矫正了声波成像的不足,但仍存在低频干扰严重、中深部成像不佳、振幅保持差等缺陷.为此,本文首先实现了VTI介质最小二乘逆时偏移(VTI-LSRTM)方法,为了节省I/O及内存需求并提高效率,进一步引入平面波编码技术,提出了一种基于平面波加速的VTI介质最小二乘逆时偏移(VTI-PLSRTM)策略.在此基础上开展了简单模型及复杂Marmousi模型成像试验,并与标准逆时偏移剖面对比表明:本方法能够校正各向异性造成的相位畸变,且在迭代中自动压制串扰及低频噪声、补偿中深部能量,是一种兼具质量与效率的保幅成像策略;对速度误差的敏感性测试说明该方法需要相对正确的偏移速度及Thomsen参数模型. 相似文献
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This paper describes least‐squares reverse‐time migration. The method provides the exact adjoint operator pair for solving the linear inverse problem, thereby enhancing the convergence of gradient‐based iterative linear inversion methods. In this formulation, modified source wavelets are used to correct the source signature imprint in the predicted data. Moreover, a roughness constraint is applied to stabilise the inversion and reduce high‐wavenumber artefacts. It is also shown that least‐squares migration implicitly applies a deconvolution imaging condition. Three numerical experiments illustrate that this method is able to produce seismic reflectivity images with higher resolution, more accurate amplitudes, and fewer artefacts than conventional reverse‐time migration. The methodology is currently feasible in 2‐D and can naturally be extended to 3‐D when computational resources become more powerful. 相似文献
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地震资料含有各种类型多次波,而传统成像方法仅利用地震一次反射波成像,在地震成像前需将多次波去除.然而,多次波携带了丰富的地下结构信息,多次波偏移能够提供除反射波外的额外地下照明.修改传统逆时偏移方法,用包含一次反射波和多次波的原始记录代替震源子波,将SRME方法预测的表面多次波代替一次反射波作为输入数据,可将表面多次波成像.多次波成像的挑战和困难在于大量串扰噪声的产生,针对表面多次波成像中的成像噪声问题,将最小二乘逆时偏移方法与多次波分阶思想结合起来,发展可控阶数的表面多次波反演成像方法,有望初步实现高精度的表面多次波成像.在消除原始记录中的表面多次波后,通过逆散射级数方法预测得到层间多次波,将层间多次波作为逆时偏移方法的输入数据可将其准确归位到地下反射位置.数值实验表明,多次波成像能够有效地为地下提供额外照明,而可控阶表面多次波最小二乘逆时偏移成像方法几乎完全避免成像噪声. 相似文献
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Reverse‐time migration has become an industry standard for imaging in complex geological areas. We present an approach for increasing its imaging resolution by employing time‐shift gathers. The method consists of two steps: (i) migrating seismic data with the extended imaging condition to get time‐shift gathers and (ii) accumulating the information from time‐shift gathers after they are transformed to zero‐lag time‐shift by a post‐stack depth migration on a finer grid. The final image is generated on a grid, which is denser than that of the original image, thus improving the resolution of the migrated images. Our method is based on the observation that non‐zero‐lag time‐shift images recorded on the regular computing grid contain the information of zero‐lag time‐shift image on a denser grid, and such information can be continued to zero‐lag time‐shift and refocused at the correct locations on the denser grid. The extra computational cost of the proposed method amounts to the computational cost of zero‐offset migration and is almost negligible compared with the cost of pre‐stack shot‐record reverse‐time migration. Numerical tests on synthetic models demonstrate that the method can effectively improve reverse‐time migration resolution. It can also be regarded as an approach to improve the efficiency of reverse‐time migration by performing wavefield extrapolation on a coarse grid and by generating the final image on the desired fine grid. 相似文献
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双程波方程逆时深度偏移是复杂介质高精度成像的有效技术,但其结果中通常包含成像方法引起的噪音和假象,一般的滤波方法会破坏成像剖面上的振幅,其中的假象也会给后续地质解释带来困扰.将波场进行方向分解然后实现入射波与反射波的相关成像能够有效地消除这类成像噪音,并提高逆时偏移成像质量.波传播方向的分解通常在频率波数域实现,它会占用大量的存储和计算资源,不便于在沿时间外推的逆时深度偏移中应用.本文提出解析时间波场外推方法,可以在时间外推的每个时间片上实现波传播方向的显式分解,逆时深度偏移中利用分解后的炮检波场进行对应的相关运算,实现成像噪音和成像信号的分离.在模型和实际数据上的测试表明,相比于常规互相关逆时偏移成像结果,本文方法能够有效地消除低频成像噪音和特殊地质构造导致的成像假象. 相似文献
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多震源混合地震采集技术,即将多个震源以一定编码方式连续地激发,得到多炮混合的地震数据.该技术能减少地震采集时间,节约采集成本,但是混合数据的直接偏移会在成像剖面中引入严重的串扰噪声,影响成像效果.从数学上看,地震成像属于典型的数学物理反问题,可以采用线性反演方法求解一个正则化约束的最小二乘(LS)优化问题,获得更高质量的成像结果.全变分(TV)正则化方法是图像去噪和复原领域中广泛应用的热点技术,其能在去除噪声的过程中保留图像的边缘信息和不连续性.在对TV图像去噪复原方法原理分析的基础上,本文将多震源混合数据直接偏移成像问题转换成图像复原的极小化能量泛函问题,用TV正则化代替传统最小二乘偏移(LSM)中的L2范数正则化,提出基于全变分原理的混合数据直接偏移方法.该方法使用基于梯度的快速迭代收缩阈值与快速梯度投影组合算法——FISTA/FGP求解最优化问题,能有效压制串扰噪声,增强同相轴连续性,提高成像分辨率.理论模型测试结果表明:将本方法应用于混合数据,无论是去噪效果还是成像精度都得到显著改善. 相似文献
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在常规偏移方法中一般都需要压制地震数据中的多次波,仅利用一次波信息成像,把自由表面反射的多次波视为噪声,但是在多次波中也包含着地下结构信息,应该将其充分利用到成像中来.事实上,已经有不少成像方法试图利用多次波信息,但是大部分方法都需要对多次波进行预测.本文提出了基于傅里叶有限差分偏移算子的数据自相关偏移方法.在这种偏移方法中,对含有一次波和多次波的地震数据,分别进行下行和上行延拓,然后直接利用常规的互相关成像条件成像.由于波场延拓采用了傅里叶有限差分算子,其计算效率高,能够很好地对复杂介质中的地震数据进行延拓.在数值试验中,使用了一个含散射点的三层模型和Marmousi模型.合成数据测试结果表明,这种方法可以对更大范围的地下构造成像,比常规的只利用一次波的傅里叶有限差分法照明度更好,并且在浅层可以提供更高的分辨率.我们提出的数据自相关策略易于实现且避免了繁杂的多次波预测,这对于复杂地下构造成像可能有着重大意义. 相似文献
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A robust approach to time‐to‐depth conversion and interval velocity estimation from time migration in the presence of lateral velocity variations 
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下载免费PDF全文 Sergey Fomel 《Geophysical Prospecting》2015,63(2):315-337
The problem of conversion from time‐migration velocity to an interval velocity in depth in the presence of lateral velocity variations can be reduced to solving a system of partial differential equations. In this paper, we formulate the problem as a non‐linear least‐squares optimization for seismic interval velocity and seek its solution iteratively. The input for the inversion is the Dix velocity, which also serves as an initial guess. The inversion gradually updates the interval velocity in order to account for lateral velocity variations that are neglected in the Dix inversion. The algorithm has a moderate cost thanks to regularization that speeds up convergence while ensuring a smooth output. The proposed method should be numerically robust compared to the previous approaches, which amount to extrapolation in depth monotonically. For a successful time‐to‐depth conversion, image‐ray caustics should be either nonexistent or excluded from the computational domain. The resulting velocity can be used in subsequent depth‐imaging model building. Both synthetic and field data examples demonstrate the applicability of the proposed approach. 相似文献
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提出了一种新的叠前时间偏移方法和流程,可不必应用野外静校正,直接对起伏地表采集的地震数据进行叠前时间偏移.本文采用输入道成像方式,通过基于稳相点原理给出单道数据的走时和振幅计算方法,发展了一个表驱动的叠前时间偏移算法.偏移方法可依据同相轴是否被拉平确定叠加速度和修正近地表速度模型,也可依据拟成像的构造倾角,自适应地确定偏移孔径;后者既减少了偏移计算量,也压制了偏移噪声.文中用二维起伏地表的断陷盆地模型的理论数据验证了所发展方法的成像效果. 相似文献
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The conventional reverse time migration of ground-penetrating radar data is implemented with the two-way wave equation. The cross-correlation result contains low-frequency noise and false images caused by improper wave paths. To eliminate low-frequency noise and improve the quality of the migration image, we propose to separate the left-up-going, left-down-going, right-up-going and right-down-going wavefield components in the forward- and backward-propagated wavefields based on the Hilbert transform. By applying the reverse time migration of ground-penetrating radar data with full wavefield decomposition based on the Hilbert transform, we obtain the reverse time migration images of different wavefield components and combine correct imaging conditions to generate complete migration images. The proposed method is tested on the synthetic ground-penetrating radar data of a tilt-interface model and a complex model. The migration results show that the imaging condition of different wavefield components can highlight the desired structures. We further discuss the reasons for incomplete images by reverse time migration with partial wavefields. Compared with the conventional reverse time migration methods for ground-penetrating radar data, low-frequency noise can be eliminated in images generated by the reverse time migration method with full wavefield decomposition based on the Hilbert transform. 相似文献
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An imaging technique is developed which exceeds the resolution limitation prescribed by conventional seismic imaging methods. The high‐resolution imaging is obtained by introducing a sparseness‐constrained least‐squares inversion into the imaging process of prestack depth migration. This is implemented by a proposed interference technique. In contrast to conventional depth migration, a decomposed signal or combined event, instead of the source wavelet, is needed in the proposed scheme. The proposed method aims to image a small local region with a higher resolution using the prestack data set. It should be applied following conventional depth imaging if a higher resolution is needed in a target zone rather than replacing the conventional depth imaging for the entire medium. Synthetic examples demonstrate the significant improvements in the resolution using the proposed scheme. 相似文献
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Elastic least-squares reverse time migration has been applied to multi-component seismic data to obtain high-quality images. However, the final images may suffer from artefacts caused by P- and S-wave crosstalk and severe spurious diffractions caused by complex topographic surface conditions. To suppress these crosstalk artefacts and spurious diffractions, we have developed a topographic separated-wavefield elastic least-squares reverse time migration algorithm. In this method, we apply P- and S-wave separated elastic velocity–stress wave equations in the curvilinear coordinates to derive demigration equations and gradient formulas with respect to P- and S-velocity. For the implementation of topographic separated-wavefield elastic least-squares reverse time migration, the wavefields, gradient directions and step lengths are all calculated in the curvilinear coordinates. Numerical experiments conducted with the two-component data synthetized by a three-topographic-layer with anomalies model and the Canadian Foothills model are considered to verify our method. The results reveal that compared with the conventional method, our method promises imaging results with higher resolution and has a faster residual convergence speed. Finally, we carry out numerical examples on noisy data, imperfect migration velocity and inaccurate surface elevation to analyse its sensitivity to noise, migration velocity and surface elevation error. The results prove that our method is less sensitive to noise compared with the conventional elastic least-squares reverse time migration and needs good migration velocities as other least-squares reverse time migration methods. In addition, when implementing the proposed method, an accurate surface elevation should be obtained by global positioning system to yield high-quality images. 相似文献
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The elastic reverse time migration approach based on the vector-wavefield decomposition generally uses the scalar product imaging condition to image the multicomponent seismic data. However, the resulting images contain the crosstalk artefacts and the polarity reversal problems, which are caused by the nonphysical wave modes and the angle-dependent reduction of image amplitudes, respectively. To overcome these two problems, we develop an amplitude-preserving elastic reverse time migration approach based on the vector-decomposed P- and S-wave seismic records. This approach includes two key points. The first is that we employ the vector-decomposed P- and S-wave multicomponent records to independently reconstruct the PP and PS reflection images to mitigate the crosstalk artefacts. The second is that we propose two schemes in addressing the issue of polarity reversal problem in the conventional PP image. One solution is to adopt the angle-dependent equation. Another one is to reconstruct an amplitude-preserving PP image with a separated scalar P-wave particle velocity, which has a clear physical meaning. Numerical examples using two-dimensional and three-dimensional models demonstrate that the proposed elastic reverse time migration approach can provide the images with better amplitude-preserving performance and fewer crosstalk artefacts, compared with the conventional elastic reverse time migration approach based on the scalar product imaging condition. 相似文献
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发展了波动方程深度延拓的频率相关变步长深度延拓方法和表驱动的单点波场插值技术.前者通过减少深度延拓的次数减少了波动方程深度偏移的计算量,而后者用很少的计算量实现了等间距、理想采样的深度成像.就同一偏移方法,采用频率相关变步长深度延拓加单点插值,其计算量大约是常规的等间距采样延拓方法的三分之一,但两者的成像效果基本相同.文中以最优分裂Fourier方法为例,用二维理论数据（Marmousi模型）和三维实际地震资料验证了这一方法,但这一方法可适用于各类频率域波动方程深度偏移方法. 相似文献
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Guangtan Huang Min Bai Qiang Zhao Wei Chen Yangkang Chen 《Geophysical Prospecting》2021,69(1):101-121
Erratic noise often has high amplitudes and a non‐Gaussian distribution. Least‐squares–based approaches therefore are not optimal. This can be handled better with non–least‐squares approaches, for example based on Huber norm which is computationally expensive. An alternative method has been published which involves transforming the data with erratic noise to pseudodata that have Gaussian distributed noise. It can then be attenuated using traditional least‐squares approaches. This alternative method has previously been used in combination with a curvelet transform in an iterative scheme. In this paper, we introduce a median‐filtering step in this iterative scheme. The median filter is applied following the slope direction of the seismic data to maximally preserve the energy of useful signals. The new method can suppress stronger erratic noise compared with the previous iterative method, and can better deal with random noise compared with the single‐step implementation of the median filter. We apply the proposed robust denoising algorithm to a synthetic dataset and two field data examples and demonstrate its advantages over three different noise attenuation algorithms. 相似文献