共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 463 毫秒
1.
《中国科学:地球科学》2015,(6)
基于最优估计理论,采用LBLRTM和VLIDORT辐射传输模式以及包含Line Mixing效应的aer_v_3.2数据库,构建了一套短波红外高光谱卫星反演XCO2的算法.利用该算法试验了Line Mixing效应对卫星反演结果的影响,对GOSAT卫星观测光谱数据进行了系统性试验反演,并利用选取的TCCON站点一年中的匹配观测资料进行了地面验证,同时与GOSAT卫星官方L2B产品进行了比对.试验表明,忽略Line Mixing将系统性低估约0.25%的CO2柱浓度.在气溶胶光学厚度小于0.3的大气条件下,本文反演算法反演结果与GOSAT官方数据产品精度接近,与地基观测值相差小于1%,而高浓度气溶胶背景下卫星反演CO2浓度的有效方法仍有待于突破. 相似文献
2.
卫星从空间对大气CO2的实时观测可以客观地获取全球和区域大气CO2浓度的变化信息;另一方面,利用全球大气输送模型的数值模式模拟得到时空连续的全球大气CO2浓度是目前科学家们定性和定量地研究大气CO2全球输送过程及时空变化规律的主要途径之一.卫星观测和模型模拟以两种不同的方式为我们提供大气CO2浓度信息,但对于这两种方式所揭示的全球以及区域大气CO2浓度特征的差异还没有一个综合的对比分析与评价.本文收集2009年6月到2010年5月的GOSAT卫星观测数据,利用GEOS-Chem模型模拟了同时期全球大气CO2浓度,对比分析两种方式揭示的大气CO2时空变化特征差异,通过比较中国陆地与同纬度美国陆地区域的差异,评价分析卫星观测和模型模拟各自的合理性和不确定性.结果指出卫星GOSAT观测反演的大气CO2浓度总体低于模型模拟2 ppm左右,与地面观测验证的结果相近.但是两者的差异在不同的区域上明显不同,在中国陆地区域显示了从0.6~5.6 ppm很大的差值变化,而在全球陆地区域为1.6~3.7 ppm、美国陆地区域为1.4~2.7 ppm.卫星GOSAT观测与模型模拟在美国陆地显示了0.81的拟合优度,高于全球陆地区域的0.67和中国区域的0.68.综合分析结果指出在中国区域卫星观测与模型模拟的不一致性高于美国和全球,其原因与卫星观测反演算法中输入参数的不整合所引起的CO2浓度反演误差以及模型模拟中驱动参数数据的准确性有关. 相似文献
3.
搭载于ENVISAT卫星上的SCIAMACHY是目前唯一采用近红外波段观测大气温室气体(CO2,CH4,CO)的高光谱传感器.与其它热红外卫星传感器如AIRS、MOPITT、IASI等相比,SCIAMACHY用于CO探测的近红外波段对与人类活动密切相关的底层大气具有更高的敏感性.但无论从光谱角度(该波段CO吸收强度较弱,且存在很强的CH4和H2O重叠吸收),还是从SCIAMACHY仪器问题的角度(近红外波段探测器容易出现结冰现象),都给CO反演带来很大的挑战.由于探测器结冰问题造成SCIMACHY CO反演误差高达100%,并且该误差随时间和空间而变化.多个研究机构发展了各种不同的算法用于该误差的校正,但校正结果的时间一致性较差.本文基于IMAP-DOAS的CO反演算法,发展了一种针对SCIAMACHY探测器结冰问题的新校正算法,校正后的CO柱浓度反演误差以及时间一致性都比较理想,并与不同地基FTIR观测结果进行了对比,对比结果表明该校正算法的CO反演结果与地基观测一致性较好,相对偏差由校正前的60%减小到了5%,能够准确地获得CO的时空变化信息.经过校正后的CO柱浓度结果不仅可以用于准确获得CO排放源与汇的时空分布信息,还可以为政府部门制定碳减排相关政策提供重要参考,有效控制全球温室效应. 相似文献
4.
一种基于卫星遥感AOT估算近地面颗粒物的方法 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
本文建立了一种基于卫星遥感AOT估算近地面颗粒物浓度的新方法.该方法考虑大气边界层厚度和近地面相对湿度的区域分布变化情况,基于大气边界层模式模拟结果和卫星遥感气溶胶光学厚度进行近地面颗粒物浓度估算.基于RAMS模拟结果和MODIS气溶胶光学厚度数据,利用该方法获得了华北地区近地面PM2.5质量浓度.并用研究区域中16个地面站点的颗粒物浓度监测数据对估算结果进行了评估.结果表明,遥感反演的近地面PM2.5与地面监测数据在趋势上基本一致,二者相关R2达到0.61.与此同时,又利用地面激光雷达和气象仪测量结果对MODIS气溶胶光学厚度数据进行了近地面颗粒物估算,并将估算的结果与新方法得到的估算结果进行了比较.比较结果表明,新方法获得的估算结果与地面监测数据具有更好的相关性,和常规方法相比,相关R2从0.32提高到0.62. 相似文献
5.
利用卫星数据遥感陆地气溶胶一直是国际上研究的难点与热点.利用新一代传感器MODIS(中分辨率成像光谱仪)数据,DDV(Dark Dense Vegetation)算法反演陆地气溶胶的分布以及性质已经取得了较好的效果.然而,该算法只适用于诸如水体、浓密植被等较低地表反射率区域,大大限制了该算法的实际应用范围,尤其是无法应用于城市等亮地表区域气溶胶的遥感反演.文中提出了基于利用TERRA和AQUA双星MODIS数据的协同反演模型算法(SYNTAM-Synergy of Terra and Aqua MODIS),用以反演陆地气溶胶的光学厚度等信息.该算法实现了地表反射率与气溶胶光学厚度的同时反演,可应用于各种地表反射率类型,包括城市等亮地表区域.通过与国际AERONET的地面观测数据对比做初步的反演验证,结果表明,该算法具有较高的精度,进一步的验证工作还在继续. 相似文献
6.
MODIS陆地气溶胶遥感反演 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
利用卫星数据遥感陆地气溶胶一直是国际上研究的难点与热点. 利用新一代传感器MODIS(中分辨率成像光谱仪)数据, DDV(Dark Dense Vegetation)算法反演陆地气溶胶的分布以及性质已经取得了较好的效果. 然而, 该算法只适用于诸如水体、浓密植被等较低地表反射率区域, 大大限制了该算法的实际应用范围, 尤其是无法应用于城市等亮地表区域气溶胶的遥感反演. 文中提出了基于利用TERRA和AQUA双星MODIS数据的协同反演模型算法(SYNTAM-Synergy of Terra and Aqua MODIS), 用以反演陆地气溶胶的光学厚度等信息. 该算法实现了地表反射率与气溶胶光学厚度的同时反演, 可应用于各种地表反射率类型, 包括城市等亮地表区域. 通过与国际AERONET的地面观测数据对比做初步的反演验证, 结果表明, 该算法具有较高的精度, 进一步的验证工作还在继续. 相似文献
7.
利用HJ-1B热红外数据估算晴天大气下行长波辐射 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
针对HJ-1B红外相机只有一个热红外通道的特点,本文利用大气辐射传输模型模拟和统计回归方法,发展了一个利用HJ-1B辐射亮温和大气水汽含量反演高分辨率大气下行长波辐射的参数化模型.为了分析模型的适宜性和误差来源,利用模拟数据对模型进行了精度评价,结果表明模型在大多数气候条件下反演结果较好,但在大气水汽含量较高时存在低估现象.误差分析表明,大气水汽含量、传感器辐射亮度、地表与大气的温差等方面的不确定性会对反演结果产生一定的影响.利用2009~2010年HJ-1B数据反演得到黑河流域和海河流域的瞬时下行长波辐射,并利用6个站点的地面观测数据对反演结果进行了验证.结果表明,除花寨子荒漠站外,其他各站点反演值与实测值的一致性较好,均方根误差在20W/m2左右,略好于MODIS数据的反演结果.花寨子站夏季时存在较多的高估现象,主要由地气温差过大引起,经过地气温差校正后,结果得到明显改善. 相似文献
8.
简要介绍了地面核磁共振找水的正演理论方法,采用高斯求积并结合连分式展开的方法对核磁共振核函数中包含双重贝塞尔函数的积分核进行了数值积分,进而计算出精度较高的核函数值,在此基础之上,讨论了导电性对地面核磁共振信号的影响.基于奇异值分解算法,对核磁共振找水理论模型进行了反演研究,在不导电的情况下,重构出了比较理想的含水率分布.总结并改进了模拟退火算法,用改进的模拟退火算法分别对覆盖层高阻和导电条件下的核磁共振人工合成数据进行了反演,试验结果表明,利用改进的模拟退火算法反演地面核磁共振是可行的,而且反演结果较稳定,收敛速度较快. 相似文献
9.
雷电物理学的发展和雷电防护新理论与新技术的研究需要对雷云荷电结构进行深入探索.利用地面电场观测数据对雷云荷电模型进行地球物理学反演是一个可行的研究途径.实际雷云荷电结构复杂多变,反演目标函数高度非线性,传统的反演方法往往显得无能为力,利用量子反演方法可尝试解决此问题.在总结分析近年发展比较成熟的量子遗传算法(QGA)、量子退火算法(QA)和量子粒子群算法(QPSO)的基础上,针对Amoruso和Lattarulo提出的带电圆盘雷云荷电模型建立反演模型,分别用三种改进的量子反演算法对理论模型计算结果进行了反演实验,发现QA对此模型的反演准确度最高,而QGA的全局收敛速度最快.通过用QGA对一组实际观测数据分别进行的三层、四层、五层带电圆盘模型的反演,对比分析了不同模型结构对实际反演结果的影响. 相似文献
10.
利用能够整合测井信息与井间地震信息的地质统计学随机模拟方法,结合传统的地质统计学反演思路,得到了一种能够同时整合测井、井间地震与地面地震三种先验信息的地质统计学反演与储层建模方法.由于井间射线信息、测井信息与地面地震数据在随机反演与建模过程当中都得到了尊重,因此与传统地质统计学反演仅利用了测井与地面地震数据相比,本文的地质统计学反演与建模方法更充分地利用了先验信息,有效提高了反演的精度,降低了随机建模中的多解性.基于理论数据的测试证实了上述观点. 相似文献
11.
HuanHuan Yan XiaoJing Li WeiHe Wang XingYing Zhang LiangFu Chen Dong Han Chao Yu Ling Gao 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2017,60(9):1694-1706
Atmospheric SO2 has a significant impact on the urban environment and global climate. Band Residual Difference Algorithm (BRD) and Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) were used respectively by NASA and ESA science team to derive SO2 columns from satellite observations, but there are few studies on the comparison and validation of BRD and DOAS SO2 retrievals under the same observation conditions. In this study, the radiative transfer model SCIATRAN was firstly used to validate the accuracies of BRD and DOAS SO2 retrievals, and analyse the uncertainty of SO2 retrieval caused by band selection, O3 absorption, aerosol, surface reflectance, solar and viewing zenith angle. Finally, BRD and DOAS algorithms were applied to the same radiances from satellite observations, and comparisons of BRD and DOAS SO2 retrievals were conducted over volcanic eruption and North China. Results show that, for the case with low SO2 columns, BRD SO2 retrievals have higher retrieval accuracy than DOAS, but typical seasonal variation with high SO2 column in winter and low in summer can be more clearly discernible in DOAS SO2 retrievals than BRD from satellite observations. For the case with high SO2 columns, the differences between BRD (310.8–314.4 nm) and DOAS (315–327 nm) retrievals are large, and the value and accuracy of BRD (310.8–314.4 nm) SO2 retrievals are lower than those of DOAS (315–327 nm) retrievals. Compared with the SO2 inputs in forward model, both BRD (310.8–314.4 nm) and DOAS (315–327 nm) SO2 retrievals are underestimated for the case with high SO2 columns. The selection of wavelength range can significantly affect the accuracy of SO2 retrieval. The error of BRD SO2 retrieval from 310.8–314.4 nm is lower than other bands in the ultraviolet spectral region (306–327 nm). The increase of wavelength in the ultraviolet spectral region 306–330 nm can reduce the underestimation of DOAS SO2 retrievals in the case of high SO2 column, but slight overestimation of SO2 retrieval is found from the 315–327 nm range in the case of low SO2 column. The values of BRD and DOAS SO2 retrieval decrease with atmospheric O3 column and aerosol optical depth increasing, but increase with surface reflectance increasing. Large solar zenith angle and viewing zenith angle can introduce more errors to the BRD and DOAS SO2 retrievals. This study is important for the improvement of retrieval algorithm and the application of SO2 products from satellite observations. 相似文献
12.
本文利用区域气候模式RIEMS2.0(Regional Integrated Environmental Model System)和2006年以及2020年三种排放情景下的排放资料,研究了2006年气候背景下的人为气溶胶的浓度分布特征及辐射效应,估算了未来不同排放情景下人为气溶胶的主要成分硫酸盐、硝酸盐、黑碳、有机碳(含二次有机碳)的综合气候效应.结果表明:(1)2006年中国地区人为气溶胶浓度硫酸盐>有机碳>硝酸盐>黑碳,其区域柱浓度平均值分别为6.0、4.0、1.3和0.3 mg/m2.(2)2006年硫酸盐、硝酸盐、有机碳和黑碳的平均辐射强迫分别为-1.32、-0.60、-0.40和0.28 W/m2.硫酸盐、硝酸盐和有机碳的负辐射强迫超过黑碳的正辐射强迫,人为气溶胶总辐射强迫为-1.96 W/m2.(3)人为气溶胶的辐射效应及引起的地面气温变化对排放源非常敏感,未来采取不同排放政策导致的人为气溶胶的含量及辐射效应有较大差异.在未来排放增加的情景下,各区域的气溶胶浓度、辐射强迫、气温下降幅度和降水减少幅度也相应加大. 相似文献
13.
Radiative transfer corrections for accurate spectroscopic measurements of volcanic gas emissions 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Christoph Kern Tim Deutschmann Leif Vogel Markus Wöhrbach Thomas Wagner Ulrich Platt 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2010,72(2):233-247
There is widespread use of passive remote sensing techniques to quantify trace gas column densities in volcanic plumes utilizing
scattered sunlight as a light source. Examples include passive DOAS, COSPEC, and the SO2 camera. In order to calculate trace gas concentrations or volcanic emission fluxes, knowledge about the optical path through
the plume is necessary. In the past, a straight photon path through the plume has always been assumed although it was known
that this is not always true. Here we present the results of model studies conducted specifically to quantify the effects
of realistic radiative transfer in and around volcanic plumes on ground-based remote sensing measurements of SO2. The results show that measurements conducted without additional information on average photon paths can be inaccurate under
certain conditions, with possible errors spanning more than an order of magnitude. Both over and underestimation of the true
column density can occur. Actual errors depend on parameters such as distance between instrument and plume, plume SO2 concentration, plume aerosol load, as well as aerosol conditions in the ambient atmosphere. As an example, a measurement
conducted with an SO2 camera is discussed, the results of which can only be correctly interpreted if realistic radiative transfer is considered.
Finally, a method is presented which for the first time allows the retrieval of actual average photon paths in spectroscopic
(i.e. DOAS) measurements of adequate resolution. By allowing for a wavelength dependent column density during the evaluation
of DOAS measurements, we show how radiative transfer effects can be corrected using information inherently available in the
measured spectra, thus greatly enhancing the accuracy of DOAS measurements of volcanic emissions. 相似文献
14.
Matthew D. Palmer 《Surveys in Geophysics》2012,33(3-4):351-357
Under equilibrium conditions, climate can be viewed in simple terms as the average energy pathways that incoming solar radiation takes before exiting the system in order to maintain overall energy balance. Similarly, future climate change will ultimately be determined by how the Earth’s energy balance and average energy pathways change in response to external radiative forcings, such as anthropogenic greenhouse gases, and internal redistributions. Here, we give an overview of climate research in the context of Earth’s energy flows and make the case for improved observations of total energy as a more physically robust metric of climate change than the commonly used surface temperature record. 相似文献
15.
FY-3气象卫星上搭载的紫外臭氧总量探测仪TOU是我国自主开发研制的首台用于全球臭氧总量定量测量的探测仪,自发射以来已成功在轨运行近两年.由于TOU发射前辐亮度定标存在偏差,为了得到高精度的产品,TOU必须进行在轨定标.本文介绍了基于辐射传输模式计算对TOU辐亮度进行在轨道定标的方法,定标过程中用于模拟辐亮度计算的臭氧总量由与TOU观测时刻相近的国外臭氧总量探测仪器MetOp/GOME-2提供.文章将在轨定标后TOU的反演结果与AURA/OMI以及地基的产品进行比较,结果表明,用辐射传输模式对TOU辐亮度进行在轨定标的方法是可行的,反演结果能够真实地反映臭氧的时空分布特性,在全球部分地基观测站所处的位置上对TOU, OMI以及地基的臭氧总量进行比较的结果表明,TOU与OMI的相对偏差均方根约为2.52%,TOU与地基以及OMI与地基观测结果之间的相对偏差均方根分别为4.45%和3.89%. 相似文献
16.
The climate warming is mainly due to the increase in concentrations of anthropogenic greenhouse gases, of which CO2 is the most important one responsible for radiative forcing of the climate. In order to reduce the great estimation uncertainty of atmospheric CO2 concentrations, several CO2-related satellites have been successfully launched and many future greenhouse gas monitoring missions are planned. In this paper, we review the development of CO2 retrieval algorithms, spatial interpolation methods and ground observations. The main findings include: 1) current CO2 retrieval algorithms only partially account for atmospheric scattering effects; 2) the accurate estimation of the vertical profile of greenhouse gas concentrations is a long-term challenge for remote sensing techniques; 3) ground-based observations are too sparse to accurately infer CO2 concentrations on regional scales; and 4) accuracy is the primary challenge of satellite estimation of CO2 concentrations. These findings, taken as a whole, point to the need to develop a high accuracy method for simulation of carbon sources and sinks on the basis of the fundamental theorem of Earth’s surface modelling, which is able to efficiently fuse space- and ground-based measurements on the one hand and work with atmospheric transport models on the other hand. 相似文献
17.
XIAO Dong ZHOU XiuJi & ZHAO Ping Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences Beijing China; State 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2012,(9):1504-1517
Despite many studies on reconstructing the climate changes over the last millennium in China,the cause of the China’s climate change remains unclear.We used the UVic Earth System Climate Model(UVic Model),an Earth system model of intermediate complexity,to investigate the contributions of climate forcings(e.g.solar insolation variability,anomalous volcanic aerosols,greenhouse gas,solar orbital change,land cover changes,and anthropogenic sulfate aerosols) to surface air temperature over East China in the past millennium.The simulation of the UVic Model could reproduce the three main characteristic periods(e.g.the Medieval Warm Period(MWP),the Little Ice Age(LIA),and the 20th Century Warming Period(20CWP)) of the northern hemisphere and East China,which were consistent with the corresponding reconstructed air temperatures at century scales.The simulation result reflected that the air temperature anomalies of East China were larger than those of the global air temperature during the MWP and the first half of 20CWP and were lower than those during the LIA.The surface air temperature of East China over the past millennium has been divided into three periods in the MWP,four in the LIA,and one in the 20CWP.The MWP of East China was caused primarily by solar insolation and secondarily by volcanic aerosols.The variation of the LIA was dominated by the individual sizes of the contribution of solar insolation variability,greenhouse gas,and volcano aerosols.Greenhouse gas and volcano aerosols were the main forcings of the third and fourth periods of the LIA,respectively.We examined the nonlinear responses among the natural and anthropogenic forcings in terms of surface air temperature over East China.The nonlinear responses between the solar orbit change and anomalous volcano aerosols and those between the greenhouse gases and land cover change(or anthropogenic sulfate aerosols) all contributed approximately 0.2℃ by the end of 20th century.However,the output of the energy-moisture balance atmospheric model from UVic showed no obvious nonlinear responses between anthropogenic and natural forcings.The nonlinear responses among all the climate forcings(both anthropogenic and natural forcings) contributed to a temperature increase of approximately 0.27℃ at the end of the 20th century,accounting for approximately half of the warming during this period;the remainder was due to the climate forcings themselves. 相似文献
18.
The spectra of O_2 A-band(0.76 μm) and CO_2 near-infrared emissions(1.6 μm) are simulated by the SCIATRAN radiative transfer model(V3.1.23), and compared with those observed by GOSAT-FTS(Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite-Fourier Transform Spectrometer). Systematic deviations between the observed and simulated spectra are found to exist,especially for the O_2 A-band. The discrepancies are characterized by their mean differences averaged over the observed spectral ranges. A correction is applied to the observed GOSAT-FTS L1B(V141.141) spectra by scaling the spectral intensity measured by TANSO-FTS(Thermal and Near infrared Sensor for carbon Observation Fourier Transform Spectrometer) onboard GOSAT.The average columnar CO_2 concentrations(XCO_2) are retrieved from the observed and the corrected GOSAT-FTS spectra by using the SCIATRAN inversion algorithm. Compared with the GOSAT-FTS L2 XCO_2 data products retrieved from the observed spectra of GOSAT-FTS, the SCIATRAN retrievals from the corrected spectra show a much better agreement, with the relative error less than 1%. But the results of GOSAT TANSO-FTS(V161.160) show smaller residuals than GOSAT TANSO-FTS(V141.141) without mean residual correction. The results indicate that the mean residual correction would increase the precision of XCO_2 retrieval for spectra with systematic deviations. 相似文献
19.
Observing and Modeling Earth’s Energy Flows 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This article reviews, from the authors’ perspective, progress in observing and modeling energy flows in Earth’s climate system. Emphasis is placed on the state of understanding of Earth’s energy flows and their susceptibility to perturbations, with particular emphasis on the roles of clouds and aerosols. More accurate measurements of the total solar irradiance and the rate of change of ocean enthalpy help constrain individual components of the energy budget at the top of the atmosphere to within ±2 W m?2. The measurements demonstrate that Earth reflects substantially less solar radiation and emits more terrestrial radiation than was believed even a decade ago. Active remote sensing is helping to constrain the surface energy budget, but new estimates of downwelling surface irradiance that benefit from such methods are proving difficult to reconcile with existing precipitation climatologies. Overall, the energy budget at the surface is much more uncertain than at the top of the atmosphere. A decade of high-precision measurements of the energy budget at the top of the atmosphere is providing new opportunities to track Earth’s energy flows on timescales ranging from days to years, and at very high spatial resolution. The measurements show that the principal limitation in the estimate of secular trends now lies in the natural variability of the Earth system itself. The forcing-feedback-response framework, which has developed to understand how changes in Earth’s energy flows affect surface temperature, is reviewed in light of recent work that shows fast responses (adjustments) of the system are central to the definition of the effective forcing that results from a change in atmospheric composition. In many cases, the adjustment, rather than the characterization of the compositional perturbation (associated, for instance, with changing greenhouse gas concentrations, or aerosol burdens), limits accurate determination of the radiative forcing. Changes in clouds contribute importantly to this adjustment and thus contribute both to uncertainty in estimates of radiative forcing and to uncertainty in the response. Models are indispensable to calculation of the adjustment of the system to a compositional change but are known to be flawed in their representation of clouds. Advances in tracking Earth’s energy flows and compositional changes on daily through decadal timescales are shown to provide both a critical and constructive framework for advancing model development and evaluation. 相似文献