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《地球物理学进展》2020,(3)
微地震震源机制解包含储层及裂缝特征信息,对于地质力学建模和水力压裂储层评价都有十分重要意义.然而,目前微地震震源机制类型仍存在争议,该方面的基础实验仍需要进一步的研究.本文针对花岗岩和页岩两类岩石,开展了水力压裂微地震实验研究.在实验进行前,分析了实验条件和数据采集方式.根据实验室测定的岩石物性参数和各级检波器微震事件的P波初动信息等,利用射线追踪进行微震事件的反演定位.定位的结果同岩石CT扫描观测到的裂缝有较高吻合度.利用微震事件在各级检波器处的P波初动极性及检波器在岩石表面的位置信息,进行微地震事件的震源机制反演,得出了水力压裂实验下微地震震源机制以剪切型占优的结论.结合微地震事件定位结果,震源机制反演结果和岩石CT扫描裂缝结果等,进行对比和分析,得出了一些新的结论和认识,为今后的实际微地震监测裂缝解释提供指导意见. 相似文献
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对于非常规油气开发,水力压裂监控的效果取决于对微地震事件的分析、解释。准确的微地震震源位置是关乎施工成败的重要因素。微地震震源位置的准确性与多个参数相关,其不仅依赖于微地震事件的激发时间,同时也依赖于储层介质参数信息,因此进行微地震震源位置、震源时间、储层介质参数的联合反演尤为重要。页岩气储层通常表现出较强的各向异性,VTI介质可对其进行较好的近似描述。基于VTI介质波动方程,本文提出了同时反演微地震震源位置、震源时间以及VTI介质各向异性参数的联合反演方法。数值算例结果表明,该联合反演方法可以通过迭代反演同时得到高精度的微地震震源位置、震源激发时间以及VTI介质各向异性参数信息。 相似文献
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微地震事件的空间分布可以用来监测水力压裂过程中裂缝的发育情况。因此,震源定位是微震监测中重要的环节。震源定位依赖准确的速度模型,而震源位置和速度模型的耦合易导致线性迭代的同时反演方法陷入局部极小值。邻近算法作为一种非线性全局优化算法,能够最大程度地避免陷入局部最优解。本文将邻近算法应用于单井监测的微震定位和一维速度模型同时反演,首先利用邻近算法搜索一维速度模型,再使用网格搜索方法进行震源定位,并根据定位的走时残差产生新的速度模型,最后通过若干次迭代使其收敛到最优解。理论和实际数据结果均表明该方法能够避免局部最优解,得到较为可靠的震源位置和一维速度模型。 相似文献
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水力压裂是页岩气开发过程中的核心增产技术,微地震则广泛用于压裂分析、水驱前缘监测和储层描述.微地震反演过程中,用于反演的速度模型往往基于测井、地震或标定炮资料构建,忽略了压裂过程中裂缝及孔隙流体压力变化对地层速度的影响.本文首先基于物质守恒、渗流理论和断裂力学模拟三维水力压裂过程,得到地下裂缝发育特征和孔隙压力分布.继而根据Coates-Schoenberg方法和裂缝柔量参数计算裂缝和孔隙压力对速度场的影响,得到压裂过程中的实时速度模型.最后利用三维射线追踪方法正演微地震走时和方位信息,并采用常规微地震定位方法反演震源位置及进行误差分析.数值模拟结果表明,检波器空间分布影响定位精度,常规方法的定位误差随射线路径在压裂带中传播距离增加而变大,且不同压裂阶段的多点反演法与单点极化法精度相当. 相似文献
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非常规油气开采中实施的储层改造,通常是利用水力压裂技术向储层注入高压流体,改变储层原有的孔缝连通结构,实现油气开采.水力压裂会改变储层应力并使岩石破裂,从而产生微地震事件.微地震研究的重要内容之一是其震源破裂的机制.通过对微地震震源机制的研究,可揭示微地震的产生机理和地下储层的应力变化规律,有效地优化水力压裂和储层改造设计以提高采收率.文章主要回顾了近年来非常规油气水力压裂微地震震源机制的研究进展,在阐述其原理和方法的同时,总结了震源模型、合成记录正演方法和震源机制反演算法等三方面的研究成果,并结合目前微地震震源机制研究中存在的问题对下一步的研究思路和方向进行了分析和展望. 相似文献
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水力压裂施工过程中,天然断层或裂缝对水力裂缝的延伸影响显著,甚至与水平井轨迹平行或近乎平行的断层或裂缝会形成压裂屏障,阻止水力裂缝的延伸甚至造成砂堵.而岩性对水力裂缝延伸的影响目前还不清楚.本文首先利用地面微地震监测技术对水力裂缝进行了成像并提取出微震事件点分布平面图;然后利用三维地震断层属性预测了天然断层或裂缝分布,利用三维地震GR反演体提取了沿层砂岩分布平面图;最后,通过叠合天然断层或裂缝分布图、砂岩分布平面图以及微震事件点分布平面图,分析了岩性和天然断层或裂缝对水力裂缝延伸的影响,证实了岩性是除天然断层或裂缝以外控制水力裂缝延伸过程的另一个重要因素. 相似文献
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微地震矩张量能够描述储层岩石破坏的细节,有助于了解水力压裂储层的地质力学特征,震源机制矩张量反演对于非常规油气开发具有重要的作用.水力压裂通常在页岩油气储层中进行,震源区介质表现出速度和衰减各向异性,需要研究衰减各向异性介质中微地震信号的传播规律.基于观测到的微地震记录,通过波形反演能够获得矩张量,忽视震源区介质的衰减和速度各向异性会导致震源机制反演结果的误差.本文提出了一种考虑地层各向异性吸收衰减作用的震源机制全波形反演方法,对于黏弹性VTI介质,采用GPU并行的伪谱法计算合成地震记录,通过全波形反演方法匹配合成波形和记录波形,借助优化算法获得震源机制矩张量反演结果.本文通过实验测试验证了该方法的有效性,分析了震源区各向异性速度和衰减参数、噪声以及观测系统等对于微地震震源机制各分量及成分反演结果的影响,研究表明考虑模型中的黏弹性各向异性对于获得可靠的震源机制反演结果非常重要. 相似文献
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微地震事件初至拾取是井下微地震监测数据处理的关键步骤之一.初至误差的存在会使微地震震源定位结果产生较大偏差,进而影响后续的压裂裂缝解释.通常初至拾取过程对所有的微地震事件选择相同的特征函数并采用一致的拾取参数进行统一处理,然而当事件的能量、震源机制、传播路径以及背景噪声等存在明显差异时,所得初至拾取结果差别显著.为了提高微地震事件初至拾取标准一致性,本文提出基于波形相似特征的初至拾取及全局校正方法.该方法首先利用互相关函数对每个事件内的各道记录进行时差校正,得到初始初至信息并形成叠加道,再对所有事件的叠加道进行全局互相关得到事件间初至相对校正量,最终初至结果可以通过各个事件的初始初至信息与其相对校正量相加得到.方法将所有微地震事件初至结果作为一个整体处理,从而能够克服常规方法初至拾取标准一致性差的缺陷.实际资料处理结果表明,相比于常规方法,该方法可以有效提高事件初至拾取和定位结果的一致性. 相似文献
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研究微地震的震源机制，获得压裂区域的破裂方向、尺度和应力状态等信息，在非常规油气开采过程中具有重要意义.对于微震，通常采用剪切位错或者矩张量模型对震源进行描述.本文从其实际发震机制出发，使用了"剪切+张裂"的一般位错点源模型，并基于此模型发展了一种利用全波形信息，通过波形振幅谱相关和初至约束，在频率域求解微震震源机制的方法.该方法适用于地面和井中观测，能够在得到常规震源参数（断层走向、倾角和滑动角）的同时给出裂缝断层剪切和张裂错动的距离信息，更直观体现破裂程度.理论数值测试证明方法有效、可行，在未滤波的情况下，实际数据的波形拟和结果仍较为一致，同时还发现错动距离与应力降等常规破裂参数并不严格相关，说明剪切、张裂错距可作为独立的新参数来定量评估水压致裂效果，指导工程开发进行. 相似文献
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《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2021,(3)
Reservoir reconstructions implemented in unconventional oil and gas exploration usually adopt hydraulic fracturing techniques to inject high-pressure fluid into the reservoir and change its pore-fracture connection structure to enhance production. Hydraulic fracturing changes the reservoir stress and causes the rocks to crack, thus generating microseismic events.One important component of microseismic research is the source mechanism inversion. Through the research on the microseismic focal mechanism, information on the source mechanisms and in-situ stress status variations can be quantitatively revealed to effectively optimize the reservoir reconstruction design for increasing production. This paper reviews the recent progress in hydraulic fracturing induced microseismic focal mechanism research. We summarize their main principles and provide a detailed introduction of the research advances in source modeling, microseismic data synthesis, and focal mechanism inversion. We also discuss the challenges and limitations in the current microseismic focal mechanism research and propose prospects for future research ideas and directions. 相似文献
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Cross double‐difference inversion for simultaneous velocity model update and microseismic event location 
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下载免费PDF全文 Microseismic monitoring is an approach for mapping hydraulic fracturing. Detecting the accurate locations of microseismic events relies on an accurate velocity model. The one‐dimensional layered velocity model is generally obtained by model calibration from inverting perforation data. However, perforation shots may only illuminate the layers between the perforation shots and the recording receivers with limited raypath coverage in a downhole monitoring problem. Some of the microseismic events may occur outside of the depth range of these layers. To derive an accurate velocity model covering all of the microseismic events and locating events at the same time, we apply the cross double‐difference method for the simultaneous inversion of a velocity model and event locations using both perforation shots and microseismic data. The cross double‐difference method could provide accurate locations in both the relative and absolute sense, utilizing cross traveltime differences between P and S phases over different events. At the downhole monitoring scale, the number of cross traveltime differences is sufficiently large to constrain events locations and velocity model as well. In this study, we assume that the layer thickness is known, and velocities of P‐ and S‐wave are inverted. Different simultaneous inversion methods based on the Geiger's, double‐difference, and cross double‐difference algorithms have been compared with the same input data. Synthetic and field data experiments suggest that combining both perforation shots and microseismic data for the simultaneous cross double‐difference inversion of the velocity model and event locations is available for overcoming the trade‐offs in solutions and producing reliable results. 相似文献
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Local stress field inverted for a shale gas play based on focal mechanisms determined from the joint source scanning algorithm 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 The joint source scanning algorithm (SSA) scans locations and focal mechanisms of microseismic events simultaneously. Compared to the traditional source scanning algorithm, it yields much more events with extra information of focal mechanisms. The availability of more events and focal mechanisms make it possible to invert for a 2D gridded stress field. As a byproduct of hydrofracturing monitoring, the method offers a new way to extract stress field as a substitute to other more expensive technologies. This method is applied to a hydraulic fracturing dataset collected from one shale gas production field in the southeast of the Sichuan basin. A damped stress inversion is conducted to obtain a 2D stress field. five hydraulic-fracturing induced fractures can be determined from the result. The events associated with these fractures generally have relatively low stacked energy and are limited to the depth of horizontal well. One existing fault (possibly associated with the axis of the central Sichuan uplift) is also determined and the events associated with the existing fault generally have higher stacked energy and are more densely populated. The existing fault may also serve as a structural boundary where the rocks to the NW side are easier to be fractured while events on the other side are sparse with low stacked energy. The existing fault also divides the stress field into two regimes: the maximum compressional stress field to the NW and SE of the fault line are dominantly in NW-SE and N-S directions, respectively. 相似文献
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分析矿震破裂机制及微震的时空分布能够为矿区灾害评估提供更多的有效信息.本研究基于密集台阵观测对2019年11月12日辽宁抚顺2.4级矿震开展震源参数研究,震源机制解显示地震破裂包含明显的非双力偶分量,表现为体积压缩的塌陷机制,且震源深度较浅,最佳拟合矩心深度为0.6 km.同时,对11月3日—25日记录的连续地震波形开展微震扫描,新检测出324个微震事件(-0.5~2.0级),定位结果显示在M 2.4矿震发生前M>1.0级事件显著增多,且在矿震位置存在近南北向的微震条带分布,微震序列随时间向深部迁移(约1.5 km),暗示存在断层活化迹象.结合震源破裂机制,我们认为此次事件与矿区塌陷破裂密切相关,同时伴随先存断裂的剪切滑动.本研究表明,基于密集台阵观测的地震矩张量反演和微震检测研究,对判定矿震类型及防范矿区灾害具有重要的研究意义. 相似文献
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利用区域波形数据使用CAP方法反演中强地震的震源机制正逐渐得到广泛应用.本文以胶东半岛近期发生的两次显著中等地震为例,讨论了使用CAP方法反演震源机制时的误差估计,展示了反演结果的不确定性分析过程.2013年11月23日和2014年1月7日在山东莱州和乳山分别发生了M4.6和M4.3级中等地震,两次事件均造成了较大影响.我们基于CAP方法,使用自助抽样(bootstrap)技术多次重复反演过程,得到大样本量的震源机制解数据;基于这些数据,使用粒子群算法和聚类分析技术给出了优化解,估计了震源机制解的误差范围,并利用震源机制解的P、T轴给出了震源球上的概率密度分布. 相似文献
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—?The stress state at the Hijiori hot dry rock site was estimated based on the inversion from focal mechanisms of microseismic events induced during hydraulic injection experiments. The best fit stress model obtained by inverting 58 focal mechanisms of seismic events simultaneously indicates that the maximum principal stress σ1 is vertical, while the minimum principal stress σ3 is horizontal and trends north-south. The average misfit between the stress model and all the data is 6.8°. The inversion results show that the average misfit is small enough to satisfy the assumption of homogeneity in the focal mechanism data and that the 95% confidence regions of σ1 and σ3 are well constrained, i.e., they do not overlap, suggesting that the inversion results are acceptable. The stress estimates obtained by the focal mechanism inversion essentially agree with other stress estimates previously obtained. It is therefore concluded that the focal mechanism inversion method provides a useful tool for estimating the stress state. The hypocentral distributions of microseismic events associated with the hydraulic fracturing experiments are distributed around the plane that spreads to almost east–west from the injection wells and declines to the north at a high angle. The vertical orientation and east–west strike of the seismic events are essentially coplanar with the caldera ring-fault structure in the southern portion of the Hijiori Caldera. This indicates that tensile fractures of intact rock were not being created, but pre-existing fractures were being re-opened and developed in the direction of the maximum horizontal principal stress, although microseismic events were caused by shear failures. 相似文献