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1.
Numerical solution of the scalar and elastic wave equations has greatly aided geophysicists in modeling seismic wave fields
in the complicated geologic structures containing hydrocarbons and hence increases the geologic interpretation. Finite-difference
method offers a versatile approach to compute synthetic seismograms numerically for given subsurface complex geological structures.
To avoid the spatial derivative of the elastic parameters and density, elastodynamic equation (first-order hyperbolic equation)
has been solved using the Lax-Wendroff scheme. A numerical finite-difference modeling program has been developed for the P-SV
wave using the above solution. A line source with a time delay of 0.015s and dominant frequency of 120 Hz has been utilized
in the simulation. In order to avoid the large values of the displacement vector in the source region,Alterman andKaral's method (1968) has been utilized. Horizontal and vertical component synthetic seismograms have been computed for two different
geological models with and without oil and gas bearing zones. It has been concluded from the response that a finite-difference
technique not only yields the relative arrival times but also accounts for the variation in amplitude and phase according
to the elastic impedance contrast across the interfaces. It should come as no surprise to learn that in spite of the limitation
of this numerical method, the scheme has provided a valid response for the thin layer, high acoustic impedance contrast and
the pinch out. 相似文献
2.
The space-time acoustic wave motion generated by an impulsive monopole source is calculated with the aid of the Cagniard-de Hoop technique. Two configurations with plane interfaces are discussed: an air/fluid/solid configuration with the source and the receiver located in the fluid layer; and a stack of n fluid layers between two acoustic half-spaces where the source and the receiver are located in the upper half-space. Synthetic seismograms are generated for the pressure of the reflected wavefield, using the source signature of an airgun. 相似文献
3.
针对套管井反射式超声波水泥固井质量检测问题，本文利用超声反射波频谱中套管共振透射窗内的复合反射系数，提出了定量反演套管-地层环空间内介质的波阻抗的方法. 利用复合反射系数中多个频率点的相移反正切函数主值，给出了波阻抗的计算公式，并把套管-地层环空间介质中波的相移的整、实特性作为波阻抗反演收敛的判据. 针对井下实际测井环境中超声换能器性能受温度和压力等的影响而发生变化，导致的声源波形（子波）和复合反射系数不确定的困难，提出了用井下原地（in situ）实测波形定量估计声源波形和复合反射系数的方法. 通过对合成数据的处理，分别考察了已知介质的声学和几何参数存在的偏差对套管-地层环空间内介质的波阻抗反演结果的影响. 本文对多组模型井检验数据进行了目的层介质的波阻抗反演与成像，成像结果与真实情况吻合，验证了反演方法的有效性. 最后对现场实测资料进行了套管-地层环空间内介质的波阻抗定量反演与成像. 相似文献
4.
随钻单极子纵波测井时存在很强的钻铤波的干扰.针对这一问题,提出了一种双源反激随钻声波测井方法,从数据采集环节对钻铤波进行压制;在后续数据处理中结合声波干涉法,从而实现一种无需隔声装置的随钻声波测井方法.理论模拟表明双源反激方法可以有效压制钻铤波,地层波的信噪比也能得到相对增强.对钻铤波压制后的数据进一步用声波干涉法处理可以从中提取地层纵波信息.设计了实验样机,并在空气中进行了实验.结果表明不同工作频率下该方法对钻铤波均有明显的压制效果,即使在5kHz低频情况下钻铤波也能压制到原来的25%.验证了该方法的可行性.应用该方法的好处是可以避免对钻铤强度的破坏,并能扩展现有随钻声波测井仪纵波测量的工作频带范围. 相似文献
5.
6.
P. B. DILLON 《Geophysical Prospecting》1990,38(7):757-777
A modern approach to migration is to perform wavefield extrapolation, subject to an imaging condition. Correct wavefield extrapolation requires that the boundary conditions at the array of geophones satisfy the wave equation. A sufficient condition is to perform the survey with a single stationary source. Contrary to this condition, many VSPs are conducted in deviated wells, where the source is maintained vertically above the down-hole geophone at each well station. Such a survey fails to provide the boundary conditions theoretically necessary for wave-equation migration. A recently published inversion scheme, referred to as acoustic generalized Radon transform migration (GRT migration), was developed to handle any configuration of sources and geophones, including moving-source deviated-well VSP surveys. GRT migration may be viewed as a weighted version of the generalized Kirchhoff migration, derived in this paper from the exploding-reflector model. When a VSP-survey geometry has been specified, GRT migration can be expressed in terms of array parameters, and compared with the equivalent expression for Kirchhoff (wave-equation) migration. The differences between the two integrals are significant and their effect is demonstrated on VSP data. 相似文献
7.
研究声波在倾斜充液井孔中的传播对于声波测井数据处理和解释具有重要意义.应用三维交错网格有限差分方法模拟了处于倾斜各向同性分层地层中的井孔声场.首先，针对均匀地层中单极子声源在裸眼井中激发的声场，将有限差分的结果和实轴积分法的结果进行对比验证.然后，采用单极子和偶极子两种声源，针对地层分界面和井轴间的不同倾角，计算了相应的声场分布和井轴上的接收波形.数值计算的结果表明，当声源处于倾斜分界面以下，即处于快速（下方）地层，接收器处于倾斜分界面以上（慢速）地层时，随着地层倾斜角度的加大，测得的慢度值从接近上方慢速地层值逐渐减小直至接近下方快速地层的值.任何源距情况下测得的首波慢度均小于上方地层实际的纵波慢度.并且，慢度与源距的关系曲线随源距的加大逐渐平缓.用偶极子声源激发得到的横波慢度与纵波结果相同，并表现得比纵波对倾角的改变更敏感.上述结论在本文中用声场快照和利用合成接收波列的慢度计算得以清楚显示，并且用射线声学理论验证. 相似文献
8.
《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2008,(Z2)
The borehole acoustic reflection imaging logging is a newly developed acoustic logging method that has attracted many interests. These converted and reflected waves for imaging are usually mixed up with borehole guided waves and therefore difficult to be clearly identified. To improve the downhole tool design and develop more sophisticate data processing and interpretation algorithms,studies on precisely numerical modeling of the wave fields in the acoustic reflection imaging logging are neces-sary and critical. This paper developed a parallelized scheme of 3D finite difference (3DFD) with non-uniform staggered grid and PML absorbing boundary to simulate the acoustic wave fields in isotropic and anisotropic formations. Applications of this scheme to the typical cases of isotropic and anisot-ropic formations and comparison with the results from published analytical solutions have demon-strated the validation and efficiency of the scheme. Higher accuracy and lower computation cost (3.5 times faster than the conventional schemes) have been achieved with this scheme for modeling such a complex wave fields of 60 dB dynamic range with higher frequency (10 kHz). This simulating program provides a quantitative analytical means for studying acoustic reflection imaging tool and development of the data processing and interpretation methods. 相似文献
9.
提出了一种可用于随钻三维反射声波成像测井的圆弧片状声源,推导了该声源声学性质在波数-频率域内的数学描述,并利用实轴积分的方法对该声源在井旁地层中产生的声场进行求解,考察了声源的线度、频率等因素对该声源向地层中辐射的声场的影响.研究结果表明,特定尺寸和特定频率下的圆弧片状声源产生的纵波场的水平和垂直指向性图中仅具有一个明显的主瓣,且主瓣三分贝角宽较窄,方位分辨率较高,指向性良好,适用于随钻三维反射成像测井;SV波场和SH波场的指向性图中存在两个或者多个角瓣,SV波场在垂直于井轴方向上辐射的能量为0,另外在井中发射和接收的反射SH波场和SV波场会相互干扰,所以难以利用SV波场和SH波场进行三维反射声波成像;声源的线度和频率等因素对其辐射声场影响较大,考虑到激励效率和方位分辨率等因素,对于本文描述的井孔模型,选择圆周角在75°和90°之间, 主频为12 kHz左右的声源是合适的. 相似文献
10.
David B. Taylor 《Geophysical Prospecting》2002,50(3):329-340
In the development and testing of water‐surface multiple‐removal algorithms, it is valuable to have accurate synthetic seismograms which exhibit multiples, for which the multiple‐free solution is known. A method is presented for constructing 2D and 3D solutions of the acoustic wave equation in water, by combining the solution from a primary source with other scaled solutions of secondary sources, which simulate diffractors. The computation involves function evaluation rather than numerical solution of differential equations and is consequently accurate and comparatively fast. The analytic formulae on which the method is based give insights into methods for multiple removal. Generalized reflection coefficients, defined on a horizontal plane above the diffractors, are derived and used to construct the integral equations which are the basis for many multiple‐removal schemes. 相似文献
11.
It is important to include the viscous effect in seismic numerical modelling and seismic migration due to the ubiquitous viscosity in an actual subsurface medium. Prestack reverse‐time migration (RTM) is currently one of the most accurate methods for seismic imaging. One of the key steps of RTM is wavefield forward and backward extrapolation and how to solve the wave equation fast and accurately is the essence of this process. In this paper, we apply the time‐space domain dispersion‐relation‐based finite‐difference (FD) method for visco‐acoustic wave numerical modelling. Dispersion analysis and numerical modelling results demonstrate that the time‐space domain FD method has great accuracy and can effectively suppress numerical dispersion. Also, we use the time‐space domain FD method to solve the visco‐acoustic wave equation in wavefield extrapolation of RTM and apply the source‐normalized cross‐correlation imaging condition in migration. Improved imaging has been obtained in both synthetic and real data tests. The migration result of the visco‐acoustic wave RTM is clearer and more accurate than that of acoustic wave RTM. In addition, in the process of wavefield forward and backward extrapolation, we adopt adaptive variable‐length spatial operators to compute spatial derivatives to significantly decrease computing costs without reducing the accuracy of the numerical solution. 相似文献
12.
应用三维交错网格应力-速度有限差分方法,数值模拟了含有倾斜裂缝孔隙介质地层中点声源所激发的井孔声场问题.为满足薄裂缝计算需求,开发了不均匀网格有限差分算法,提高了计算精度及计算速度.利用将孔隙介质方程参数取为流体极限的办法来处理裂缝中的流体,实现了流体-孔隙介质界面处的差分方程统一,使界面处的计算更加灵活方便.在验证了方法正确性的基础上,分别考察了单裂缝宽度、裂缝带宽度、裂缝倾斜角度以及孔隙介质渗透率等参数的变化对井轴上阵列波形的影响并进行了分析.结果表明,声波经过裂缝时可能产生反射横波及斯通利波,后者随裂缝宽度的减小而减小,而前者随裂缝宽度的改变,变化不大,在裂缝很小(20μm)时依然存在;裂缝带的宽度、密度越大,反射斯通利波越强;当裂缝(裂缝带)倾斜时,反射横波消失,但反射斯通利波受裂缝倾斜角度的影响较小;渗透率的改变对斯通利波的衰减影响较为明显. 相似文献
13.
The acoustic wave velocity varies with fluid saturation and pore-fluid distribution. We use a P-wave source and the staggered grid finite-difference method, with second-order accuracy in time and eighth-order accuracy in space, to simulate the acoustic wave field in a fractured medium that is saturated with a two-phase pore fluid (gas & water). Further, we analyze the variation of acoustic wave velocity with saturation for different pore-fluid distribution modes. The numerical simulation method is simple and yields accurate results. 相似文献
14.
An acoustic method, called seismic endoscopy, able to perform 3D imaging around shallow-depth boreholes is presented. A probe, composed of an isotropic source and a directional receiver working in the 20–100 kHz frequency range, provides images of cylindrical volumes having radii of a few metres, with an accuracy of centimetres and 25° azimuthal directivity. In order to obtain clear images of the medium discontinuities, multi-offset and multi-azimuth data acquisition allows specific algorithms to be used to determine vertical directivity correction, azimuthal focusing and reflected wave enhancement by cancellation of the tube waves. The method is tested with data acquired in an acoustic tank and with synthetic data. Initial experimental results at a test site demonstrate the performance of the seismic endoscopy probe. 相似文献
15.
Guy Drijkoningen 《Geophysical Prospecting》2016,64(3):543-553
When a seismic source is placed in the water at a height less than a wavelength from the water–solid interface, a prominent S‐wave arrival can be observed. It travels kinematically as if it was excited at the projection point of the source on the interface. This non‐geometric S‐wave has been investigated before, mainly for a free‐surface configuration. However, as was shown in a field experiment, the non‐geometric S‐wave can also be excited at a fluid–solid configuration if the S‐wave speed in the solid is less than the sound speed in the water. The amplitude of this wave exponentially decreases when the source is moved away from the interface revealing its evanescent character in the fluid. In the solid, this particular converted mode is propagating as an ordinary S‐wave and can be transmitted and reflected as such. There is a specific region of horizontal slownesses where this non‐geometric wave exists, depending on the ratio of the S‐wave velocity and the sound speed of water. Only for ratios smaller than 1, this wave appears. Lower ratios result in a wider region of appearance. Due to this property, this particular P‐S converted mode can be identified and filtered from other events in the Radon domain. 相似文献
16.
地震波场数值模拟在地球物理勘探和地震学中具有重要的支撑作用.本文将组合型紧致差分格式用于声波和弹性波方程的数值模拟中.根据泰勒级数展开和声波方程,建立了位移场时间四阶离散格式,并将组合型紧致差分格式用于位移场空间导数的求取,然后对该差分格式进行了精度分析、误差分析、频散分析和稳定性分析.理论研究结果表明：①该差分格式为时间四阶、空间六阶精度,与常规七点六阶中心差分和五点六阶紧致差分相比,具有更小的截断误差和更高的模拟精度;②每个波长仅需要5.6个采样点,且满足稳定性条件的库郎数为0.792,可以使用粗网格和较大时间步长进行计算.所以该方法具有占用内存少、计算效率高和低数值频散等优势.最后,本文进行了二维各向同性完全弹性介质的声波和弹性波方程的数值模拟,实验结果表明本文提出的方法具有更高的计算精度,能够大幅度的节约计算量和内存需求,对于三维大尺度模型问题具有更好的适应性. 相似文献
17.
如何有效压制数值频散是有限差分正演模拟研究中的关键问题之一.近年来,许多学者对二阶声波方程的差分算子开展了大量的优化工作,在压制频散方面取得不错的效果.一阶压强-速度方程广泛用于研究地震波在地下变密度模型中传播规律,目前针对一阶方程的优化工作大多只是在空间差分算子上展开.本文在前人研究的基础上,推导出一阶声波方程中压强场与偏振速度场之间的解析关系,据此在传统交错网格基础上给出一种高精度的显式时间递推格式,该递推格式将时间差分与空间差分算子结合在一起,并采用共轭梯度法得到精确时间递推匹配系数,实现时空差分算子的同时优化.在编程实现算法的基础上,通过频散分析与三个典型模型测试表明:本文方法能够较为有效地压制时间频散与空间频散,提高数值计算精度;同时对复杂模型也有很好适用性. 相似文献
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19.
A new method for suppressing multiple reflections in seismograms is developed. It is based on a downward continuation procedure which uses the full acoustic wave equation (hyperbolic form) as a downward continuation operator. We demonstrate that the downward continuation of the recorded wave field maps a reflectivity function without multiply reflected events. The method is applied successfully to individual traces of plane-wave decomposed (slant-stacked) synthetic and field data. 相似文献
20.
通过结合保色散关系空间差分格式和Runge-Kutta时间格式的数值方法,研究了耗散作用对声波传播的影响.结果表明,耗散的不均匀性会同时影响声波的传播轨迹和传输损耗.不均匀的耗散会使得波包上部和下部承受不同程度的衰减,造成波包能量中心向弱耗散方向移动,使波包能量中心的传播轨迹发生偏折.与此同时,声波的传输损耗也受到了改变：与无耗散情况相比,声波的几何扩散衰减受到抑制;与均一耗散情况相比,声波的大气声吸收明显减小.由于声波衰减系数与声波频率的平方成正比,耗散作用使声波传播具有色散性质.不均匀耗散对于声波波包能量中心传播轨迹的偏折作用随频率的增加而增强. 相似文献