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1.
我国黄土高原地区地处夏季风边缘,分布在气候和生态过渡带,气候环境的空间差异很大,对陆面能量的空间分布格局影响非常显著.然而,由于受该地区陆面过程观测站点较少的局限,对整个黄土高原区域陆面能量的空间分布规律及其影响机制的认识十分有限.在对CLM模式模拟的陆面能量平衡分量资料进行试验验证的基础上,利用CLM模式模拟的近30年黄土高原地区陆面能量平衡分量资料,分析了该地区近30年平均陆面能量平衡分量的空间变化特征以及与最干燥年和最湿润年的差异,研究了陆面能量平衡分量空间分布与经、纬度和海拔高度等地理因素及降水和气温等气候因子之间的关系.发现,黄土高原地区陆面能量平衡分量空间差异非常显著,地表净辐射和感热通量由南至北增加,潜热通量和土壤热通量从东南向西北减少;空间最干格点和最湿格点之间的地表感热、潜热和土壤热通量几乎相差1倍左右,地表能量分配由最干格点的感热通量主导转变为最湿格点的感热和潜热平分秋色;年际干湿波动对地表能量平衡分量的影响也相当显著,对感热和潜热通量的改变幅度最大接近30%.而且,经纬度和海拔高度等地理因素及温度和降水等气候要素均与陆面能量平衡分量空间分布有一定的相关性,但地表净辐射与海拔高度和纬度的关系更密切,感热通量与降水和纬度的关系更密切,而潜热和土壤热通量只与降水的关系比较密切. 相似文献
2.
青藏高原地区高精度的土壤水分反演对高原能水循环、全球大气循环研究有着极大的影响.因此,获取青藏高原土壤水分时空布信息是一个迫切需要解决的问题.温度植被干旱指数(TVDI),是基于光学与热红外遥感通道数据反演土壤水分的重要方法,但在研究区域较大、地表覆盖格局差异显著时,TVDI模型反演精度会受到地表温度(Ts)等因素的影响.被动微波AMSR-E数据精确记录了像元内的土壤水分信息,但空间分辨率低.本文利用同时期的MODIS与被动微波数据,发展了针对青藏高原地区高精度土壤水分反演算法.首先,在TVDI模型中,利用修正型土壤调整植被指数(MSAVI)代替归一化植被指数(NDVI),以改进NDVI易饱和的缺点;其次,利用ASTER GDEM数据,对地形高程和纬度差异引起的地表温度变化进行了校正;然后,通过神经网络训练建立基于TVDI、被动微波以及辅助气象数据的土壤水分反演模型,并应用该模型反演了青藏高原地区三个观测网(CAMP/Tibet、玛曲和那曲)的土壤水分;最后,利用实测土壤水分数据对反演结果进行验证,结果表明该模型的精度均方根误差(RMSE)数值可达到0.031~0.041 m~3·m~(-3).本文还应用该算法反演了青藏高原连续的土壤水分的空间分布,并比较了土壤水分的变化趋势与实测降水变化趋势,结果表明二者变化量的正负关系一致. 相似文献
3.
使用地球观测系统的中分辨率成像光谱仪（EOS．MODIS）提供的归一化植被指数（NDVI）产品估算植被覆盖度和航天飞机雷达地形测绘任务（SRTM）制成的数字高程模型（DEM）数据遥感产品替换WRF模式默认的植被覆盖度和地形高度,并且利用WRF模式及其先进的三维变分同化系统（WRF．3DVar）循环同化东北半干旱区自动气象站近地面气象要素,对东北半干旱区的温度场、湿度场、风场和能量场的结构及其日变化特征进行了较为细致的模拟研究．通过4组数值模拟试验分别探讨了同化气象要素与改变模式地表参数引起的不同下垫面潜热、感热的分配关系和降水、土壤湿度变化弓f起的地表能量通量模拟效果,并利用通榆站、奈曼站、锦州站、和密云站2009年6-8月的通量观测资料与模拟结果对比检验．结果表明,WRF模式能够较好地模拟出东北半干旱区夏季的近地面温度、风向、净辐射、感热和潜热等要素的变化特征及日变化规律．同化试验（Case2）模拟的近地面气温、相对湿度、风速相比控制性试验（Case1）有所改善;陆面参数试验（Case3）和集合试验（Case4）改善了感热和地表热通量的模拟．WRF模式能较好地模拟出下垫面土壤湿度随时间变化的规律,集合试验（Case4）土壤湿度模拟结果与4个通量站观测值相比无太大差别,但降水的模拟有待改善．本研究利用卫星遥感资料改善模式下垫面陆面参数,利用气象资料同化改善近地面大气要素模拟精度,这是将各种不同空间和时间尺度的多源数据与数值模拟融合的有益尝试．此研究生成的东北地区资料同化数据集可用于气候变化、干旱监测等方面,对深入了解半干旱区气候的形成和维持机理具有重要的意义． 相似文献
4.
干旱是影响社会发展和农业生产的重要因素之一。本文基于EOS/MODIS卫星遥感资料,选取江西省2001-2006年的NDVI时间序列数据,分析了NDVI对干旱的响应规律。计算了NDVI与气温、降水之间的关系。并提取植被状态指数(VCI),分析VCI与气温距平、降水距平的空间分布规律。结果表明:2003年江西夏季旱灾以高温少雨天气为主。这一时期的NDVI数值明显低于其他年份同一时期的NDVI值。气温温度越高,NDVI值越大;日照时数时间越长,NDVI值越大;降水量越高,NDVI值越大;降水距平百分率越高,VCI值越高;平均温度距平越小,VCI值越高。说明气候因素对NDVI指数和VCI指数有很大影响。研究表明,基于MODIS的植被指数可以反映旱灾的时空分布规律。 相似文献
5.
复杂多变的陆地表微波比辐射率,造成陆面上星载微波观测反演大气参数较为困难,也使得许多卫星微波资料不易同化应用到数值模式,因此迫切需要提供准确可靠的陆面微波地表比辐射率信息.随着卫星观测技术的迅速发展,利用丰富的星载被动微波观测直接反演陆面微波比辐射率成为一种主要手段.国外针对星载微波成像仪和微波垂直探测器开展较为系统的陆面微波比辐射率研究,建立不同类型的地表比辐射率反演方法,开发地表比辐射率参数化方法并应用于辐射资料同化.对于卫星观测反演陆面微波比辐射率存在的问题,开展了评估分析和方法订正.国内利用卫星观测也开展了一些陆面微波比辐射率研究工作,尚需要系统、综合的提炼.对于地表特征复杂的中国地区,还需要评估认识不同陆面微波比辐射率反演方法在我国适用情况,需要增强陆面微波比辐射率数据质量的认识以及业务应用. 相似文献
6.
利用NOAA/AVHRR数据获取地表特征参数的方法研究 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
地表特征参数的正确与否直接影响到区域陆面蒸散量估算精度,因此在区域非均匀陆面蒸散研究中,地表特征参数的获取方法是一个值得探讨的问题．与传统的方法相比,卫星遥感技术在求取地表特征参数时有其独特的优势．NOAA气象卫星AVHRR资料以其时间分辨率高、覆盖面广、价格低廉等优点广泛应用于非均匀陆面蒸散研究和应用中．本文建立了NOAA／AVHRR计算地表特征参数的参数化模型,选取中国东北松嫩平原西部地区2000年7月8日的AVHRR资料,试算了研究区地表温度、地表发射率、地表反照率、NDVI等主要地表特征参数,并且参照2000年研究区土地利用数据对各参数的空间分布特征及合理性进行了分析。 相似文献
7.
基于EOS/MODIS数据的青海湖遥感监测 总被引：10，自引：2，他引：8
在二十世纪八十年代,NASA 开始设计地球观测系统(EOS),MODIS 数据是地球观测系统中很具特色的数据,在 TERRA 和 AQUA 卫星上均搭载有 MODIS 传感器．利用 MODIS 的较高的空间分辨率和光谱分辨率进行地球资源的监测 及预测、预报未来变化的研究是近几年热点的研究问题．本文介绍利用 EOS/MODIS 遥感数据进行湖泊水域计算机自动 识别及面积计算、湖水面温度反演、湖冰信息自动提取、湖泊封冻和解冻监测原理和方法,并以青海湖为例介绍了实际应 用情况． 相似文献
8.
土壤湿度在陆气相互作用过程中扮演着重要的角色,是气候、水文、农业、林业等研究中重要的地球物理参数之一.土壤湿度影响地面蒸散,径流、地表反射率、地表发射率以及地表感热和潜热通量,从而对气候有重要影响,它对大气的影响在全球尺度上仅次于海面温度,在陆地尺度其影响甚至超过海面温度.本文介绍了基于EnKF及陆面过程模型的中国区域陆面土壤湿度同化系统（CLSMDAS,China Land Soil Moisture Data Assimilation System）,以及该系统应用于中国区域陆面土壤湿度同化试验的结果.CLSMDAS包括以下几个部分：1）陆面模式采用美国国家大气研究中心NCAR的陆面过程模型Community Land Model Version3.0（简写为CLM3.0）;2）大气驱动场数据中的降水和地面入射太阳辐射数据来自FY2静止气象卫星每小时产品;3）陆面数据同化方法采用EnKF（Ensemble Kalman Filter）同化方法;4）观测数据包括AMSR-E卫星反演土壤湿度产品以及地面土壤湿度观测资料.利用CLSMDAS对2006年6~9月的土壤湿度同化试验结果的分析表明：陆面模式模拟和同化结果都能比较合理地反映出土壤湿度时空分布,同化的土壤湿度分布与2006年8月重庆、四川发生建国以来最严重的夏伏旱有非常好的对应关系,与发生在9月的湖北东部、广西南部等地的干旱区也有非常好的对应关系. 相似文献
9.
10.
利用NOAA—AVHRR数据通过Becker ＆ Li地温计算模型反演，得到有关地震发生前后每日的地表温度分布图像，然后进行逐日的地表温度分布图像以及震源区地表温度平均值日变时序曲线分析。结果表明震前出现了较明显的热红外地震前兆异常。最后指出，从NOAA—AVHRR数据中利用分裂窗技术反演陆地表面温度结果容易受到云层的干扰，但是更高空间分辨率和光谱分辨率的EOS／MODIS数据的产生以及由于EOS／AMSU能够透过云层探测到地表亮温，必将使卫星遥感热红外信息在地震监测预报中的应用范围及深度上得以拓展。 相似文献
11.
Study on NDVI-T_s space by combining LAI and evapotranspiration 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
Vegetation index and land surface temperature (Ts) are important parameters for land surface process modeling. The remotely sensed data in visible/near infrared and thermal infrared wavelengths have proven to be well suited to monitoring vegetation status, soil surface moisture conditions, drought and crop yield. More useful information can be created by integrated analyses of these two kinds of data, which will help us to study main principles of the temporal and spatial variations of land su… 相似文献
12.
This paper focuses on interpreting the different spatial relationships between NDVI and T
s, a triangular or a trapezoid, and on analyzing transformation conditions, the physical and ecological meanings of the vegetation
index-surface temperature space as well. Further, we use the Temperature-Vegetation Dryness Index (TVDI) to explain the existent
meaning of a triangular space after NDVI reaches its saturated state by employing the relationships between NDVI, LAI and
evapotranspiration. The specific relations between NDVI and T
s are useful for describing, validating and updating land surface models. 相似文献
13.
Spatiotemporal variations of vegetation cover on the Chinese Loess Plateau(1981―2006):Impacts of climate changes and human activities 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Spatiotemporal variations of Chinese Loess Plateau vegetation cover during 1981-2006 have been investigated using GIMMS and SPOT VGT NDVI data and the cause of vegetation cover changes has been analyzed, considering the climate changes and human activities. Vegetation cover changes on the Loess Plateau have experienced four stages as follows: (1) vegetation cover showed a continued increasing phase during 1981―1989; (2) vegetation cover changes came into a relative steady phase with small fluctuations during 1990―1998; (3) vegetation cover declined rapidly during 1999―2001; and (4) vegetation cover increased rapidly during 2002―2006. The vegetation cover changes of the Loess Plateau show a notable spatial difference. The vegetation cover has obviously increased in the Inner Mongolia and Ningxia plain along the Yellow River and the ecological rehabilitated region of Ordos Plateau, however the vegetation cover evidently decreased in the hilly and gully areas of Loess Plateau, Liupan Mountains region and the northern hillside of Qinling Mountains. The response of NDVI to climate changes varied with different vegetation types. NDVI of sandy land vegetation, grassland and cultivated land show a significant increasing trend, but forest shows a decreasing trend. The results obtained in this study show that the spatiotemporal variations of vegetation cover are the outcome of climate changes and human activities. Temperature is a control factor of the seasonal change of vegetation growth. The increased temperature makes soil drier and unfavors vegetation growth in summer, but it favors vegetation growth in spring and autumn because of a longer growing period. There is a significant correlation between vegetation cover and precipitation and thus, the change in precipitation is an important factor for vegetation variation. The improved agricultural production has resulted in an increase of NDVI in the farmland, and the implementation of large-scale vegetation construction has led to some beneficial effect in ecology. 相似文献
14.
Spatiotemporal variations of Chinese Loess Plateau vegetation cover during 1981–2006 have been investigated using GIMMS and
SPOT VGT NDVI data and the cause of vegetation cover changes has been analyzed, considering the climate changes and human
activities. Vegetation cover changes on the Loess Plateau have experienced four stages as follows: (1) vegetation cover showed
a continued increasing phase during 1981–1989; (2) vegetation cover changes came into a relative steady phase with small fluctuations
during 1990–1998; (3) vegetation cover declined rapidly during 1999–2001; and (4) vegetation cover increased rapidly during
2002–2006. The vegetation cover changes of the Loess Plateau show a notable spatial difference. The vegetation cover has obviously
increased in the Inner Mongolia and Ningxia plain along the Yellow River and the ecological rehabilitated region of Ordos
Plateau, however the vegetation cover evidently decreased in the hilly and gully areas of Loess Plateau, Liupan Mountains
region and the northern hillside of Qinling Mountains. The response of NDVI to climate changes varied with different vegetation
types. NDVI of sandy land vegetation, grassland and cultivated land show a significant increasing trend, but forest shows
a decreasing trend. The results obtained in this study show that the spatiotemporal variations of vegetation cover are the
outcome of climate changes and human activities. Temperature is a control factor of the seasonal change of vegetation growth.
The increased temperature makes soil drier and unfavors vegetation growth in summer, but it favors vegetation growth in spring
and autumn because of a longer growing period. There is a significant correlation between vegetation cover and precipitation
and thus, the change in precipitation is an important factor for vegetation variation. The improved agricultural production
has resulted in an increase of NDVI in the farmland, and the implementation of large-scale vegetation construction has led
to some beneficial effect in ecology.
Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40671019) and the Knowledge Innovation Project of
the Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research of Chinese Academy of Sciences 相似文献
15.
Feedbacks between vegetation restoration and local precipitation over the Loess Plateau in China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2021,(6)
The implementation of large-scale vegetation restoration over the Chinese Loess Plateau has achieved clear improvements in vegetation fraction, as evidenced by large areas of slopes and plains being restored to grassland or forest.However, such large-scale vegetation restoration has altered land-atmosphere exchanges of water and energy, as the land surface characteristics have changed. These variations could affect regional climate, especially local precipitation. Quantitatively evaluating this feedback is an important scientific question in hydrometeorology. This study constructs a coupled land-atmosphere model incorporating vegetation dynamics, and analyzes the spatio-temporal changes of different land use types and land surface parameters over the Loess Plateau. By considering the impacts of vegetation restoration on the water-energy cycle and on land-atmosphere interactions, we quantified the feedback effect of vegetation restoration on local precipitation across the Loess Plateau, and discussed the important underlying processes. To achieve a quantitative evaluation, we designed two simulation experiments, comprising a real scenario with vegetation restoration and a hypothetical scenario without vegetation restoration.These enabled a comparison and analysis of the net impact of vegetation restoration on local precipitation. The results show that vegetation restoration had a positive effect on local precipitation over the Loess Plateau. Observations show that precipitation on the Loess Plateau increased significantly, at a rate of 7.84 mm yr~(-2), from 2000 to 2015. The simulations show that the contribution of large-scale vegetation restoration to the precipitation increase was about 37.4%, while external atmospheric circulation changes beyond the Loess Plateau contributed the other 62.6%. The average annual precipitation under the vegetation restoration scenario over the Loess Plateau was 12.4% higher than that under the scenario without vegetation restoration. The above research results have important theoretical and practical significance for the ecological protection and optimal development of the Loess Plateau, as well as the sustainable management of vegetation restoration. 相似文献
16.
The aim of this work is to compare the relative impact of land and sea surface anomalies on Sahel rainfall and to describe the associated anomalies in the atmospheric general circulation. This sensitivity study was done with the Météo-France climate model: ARPEGE. The sensitivity to land surface conditions consists of changes in the management of water and heat exchanges by vegetation cover and bare soil. The sensitivity to ocean surfaces consists in forcing the lower boundary of the model with worldwide composite sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies obtained from the difference between 4 dry Sahel years and 4 wet Sahel years observed since 1970. For each case, the spatiotemporal variability of the simulated rainfall anomaly and changes in the modelled tropical easterly jet (TEJ) and African easterly jet (AEJ) are discussed. The global changes in land surface evaporation have caused a rainfall deficit over the Sahel and over the Guinea Coast. No significant changes in the simulated TEJ and an enhancement of the AEJ are found; at the surface, the energy budget and the hydrological cycle are substantially modified. On the other hand, SST anomalies induce a negative rainfall anomaly over the Sahel and a positive rainfall anomaly to the south of this area. The rainfall deficit due to those anomalies is consistent with previous diagnostic and sensitivity studies. The TEJ is weaker and the AEJ is stronger than in the reference. The composite impact of SST and land surfaces anomalies is also analyzed: the simulated rainfall anomaly is similar to the observed mean African drought patterns. This work suggests that large-scale variations of surface conditions may have a substantial influence on Sahel rainfall and shows the importance of land surface parameterization in climate change modelling. In addition, it points out the interest in accurately considering the land and sea surfaces conditions in sensitivity studies on Sahel rainfall. 相似文献
17.
非构造活动或非地震因素对地表热辐射场（地表温度）的影响,对于利用卫星热红外遥感探索地震前兆抑或断层活动有着重要的现实意义.地表温度中,典型非构造活动或非地震因素成份有：由太阳辐射引起的稳定年周期成份和与地形、纬度及能量平衡等因素有关的长期稳定成份,合称年变基准场.本文根据2000～2008年的MODIS/Terra地表温度产品,利用小波分析提取了中国大陆地表温度的年变基准场.在此基础上,结合热传导方程和数学物理方法,获得了年变基准场的（半）定量化表达式.进一步, 利用地表温度的长期稳定成份,获得了温度与海拔、纬度变化之间的定量关系：海拔每增加100 m,温度降低0.51±0.01 K; 纬度每增加1°,温度降低0.77±0.08 K.总之,年变基准场可为利用热红外辐射提取地壳活动信息提供一种参考背景, 温度与海拔、纬度变化之间的定量关系则可用来校正地形起伏和纬度变化对地表温度的影响. 相似文献
18.
Based on important factors that affect soil moisture spatial distribution, such as the slope gradients, land use, vegetation
cover, and surface water diffusion characteristics together with field measurements of soil moisture data obtained from the
surface soil under different land use structures, a soil moisture spatial distribution model was established. The diffusion
degree coefficient of surface water for different vegetations was estimated from soil moisture values obtained from field
measurements. The model can be solved using the finite unit method. The soil moisture spatial distribution on the hill slopes
in the Loess Plateau were simulated by the model. A comparison of the simulated values with measurement data shows that the
model is a good fit. 相似文献