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三峡工程蓄水对洞庭湖水情的影响格局及其作用机制 总被引：13，自引：12，他引：1
三峡工程建成投入运行后,汛末蓄水将使坝下河湖水情发生变化,长江中下游秋季来水减少成为常态.为客观分析三峡蓄水对洞庭湖水情的影响分量、空间格局及其作用机制,选取三峡工程典型的蓄水过程,运用长江中游江湖耦合水动力学模型计算了因上游来水变化引起的洞庭湖水情时空变化.结果表明:1)三峡汛末蓄水对洞庭湖水位影响具有明显的"北高南低,东强西弱"的格局,即东洞庭湖最为显著、南洞庭湖东部和西洞庭湖北部次之,南洞庭湖西部和西洞庭湖南部最小.2)洲滩湿地受蓄水影响最明显的主要为东洞庭湖、南洞庭湖和湖泊洪道两侧的条带状洲滩.3)三峡蓄水对洞庭湖水位的影响机制有二:长江干流水位快速消落加速湖泊水体下泄以及削减长江三口分流补给湖泊的水量. 相似文献
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长江干流与洞庭湖存在复杂的并联型分汇关系,当三峡水库调度改变长江径流过程时,会引起洞庭湖年内槽蓄量的变化,对于洞庭湖地区防洪、水资源配置和水环境保护产生显著的影响.本文建立了枝城至螺山站的荆江-洞庭湖水流模型,利用2008-2017年的三峡水库实际调度日数据,分析有、无三峡水库调度两种情况下洞庭湖槽蓄量的变化过程,同时利用建库前和近期的水位流量关系反映河道过流能力,分析了河道调整的影响.结果表明:由河道调整引起的槽蓄量变化在汛前消落期、汛期、汛末蓄水期和枯水期分别为-3.06%、0.12%、-0.01%和-13.31%.有三峡水库影响情况下,汛前消落期由于荆江"三口"进入洞庭湖的多年平均总径流增加23.94%,洞庭湖出口处城陵矶多年平均水位升高0.53 m,阻碍了洞庭湖出流,洞庭湖多年平均槽蓄量增长13.30%;汛期由于荆江"三口"分流量减少3.54%,城陵矶水位降低0.02 m导致出湖流量增多,因此洞庭湖多年平均槽蓄量减少0.20%;在汛末蓄水期,荆江"三口"分入洞庭湖的多年平均总径流量减少37.18%,城陵矶多年平均水位降低1.33 m,导致出湖流量增多,因而洞庭湖多年平均槽蓄量减少27.74%;在枯水期,荆江"三口"多年平均总径流量增加5.61%,城陵矶多年平均水位上升0.07 m,最终洞庭湖多年平均枯期槽蓄量增加2.96%. 相似文献
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半干旱内陆地区的湖泊湿地是一种特殊的生态系统,季节和年际时间尺度上的湖泊水文变化对湖泊湿地生态结构和功能有着重要影响.近20年来,月亮泡湖泊湿地经历了自然和人为因素共同作用下的水文波动过程.为了实现大尺度地表生态年内/年际变化检测,更好地了解湖泊年际水淹范围及其水淹频次对内陆湖滨湿地生态的影响,基于1994—2018年Landsat TM/OLI影像数据(30 m),首先,计算提取月亮泡的年际水体信息和水淹频次,进而获取湖泊年际淹没范围.其次,采用综合生态指数变化检测法提取生态信息,选取3个标准观测年(1995、2006、2016年),从年内变化和年际变化视角分级评价了研究区生态变化,并分析了水淹频次与湿地生态变化的关系.最终,现有研究表明:湖泊年际水淹区主要分布在月亮泡的北侧与西侧尾闾,月亮泡湖泊湿地北侧的年际水淹频次更为显著.湖泊面积的扩展与自然湿地的减少是月亮泡水淹区域的主要变化类型.在这种变化情况下,研究区水体指数累积量的增加与植被指数累积量的衰减成为显著的生态变化特点.月亮泡湖泊年际水淹频次在一定时间和空间上影响着水淹区域的植被生产能力,水淹的低频波动是研究区植被累积量增加的关键因子.因此,在湿地生态恢复与管理过程中,维持合理的水文波动,恢复月亮泡北侧与西侧沼泽湿地是该区域内生态保护的核心措施. 相似文献
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三峡水库运行后长江中游洪、枯水位变化特征 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
流域大型水库蓄水后,坝下游河道调整过程中的洪、枯水位变化,对下游水安全、水生态和水资源利用影响甚大.利用1955-2012年长江中游各水文站水位、流量等资料,采用改进的时间序列分析方法,对三峡水库运行前后长江中游洪、枯水位变化特征进行了研究,结果表明:三峡水库蓄水前长江中游洪、枯水位变化的周期长度分别为9~14、11~15 a,在假设三峡水库运行后水位无趋势性变化的前提下,估算得到的水位变化周期长度基本在20 a以上,蓄水前的自然周期性已被打破,枯水位发生趋势性下降且无复归迹象,而洪水位波动周期虽有所延长,但上升幅度未超过历史波动变幅,仅可确定洪水位没有明显的下降趋势.三峡水库蓄水后坝下游长距离冲刷,枯水河槽冲刷量占平滩河槽的比例逐年增加,累计至2013年已达91.5%,是枯水位下降的主控因素.河槽冲刷导致的床沙粗化增加了河道床面阻力,高程在平滩水位附近的滩体上覆盖的大量植被增加了水流流动阻力,同时大量航道整治、护岸、码头等工程主体部分布设在枯水位以上,综合因素作用使得洪水河槽阻力增加.三峡水库蓄水后,虽然枯水期流量补偿作用显著削弱了枯水位下降的效应,但枯水位下降事实已经形成,不利于航道水深的提高及通江湖泊枯水期的水量存蓄,洪水位未明显下降,同级流量下的江湖槽蓄量不会明显调整. 相似文献
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摄食栖息地面积是反映越冬水鸟生存空间的直接指标,三峡水库运行后洞庭湖枯水期水文节律出现新的变化,给越冬水鸟摄食栖息地造成的影响尚不明确.为定量描述三峡水库枯水期不同出库流量对洞庭湖越冬水鸟摄食栖息地的影响,以洞庭湖典型的珍稀越冬水鸟——白鹤(Grus leucogeranus)为指示性候鸟,以白鹤摄食对栖息地水深需求作为关键生态因子,建立白鹤摄食对水深需求的栖息地适宜度模型.构建涵盖长江干流、三口河系、洞庭湖及其四水尾闾河段的江湖一体化耦合水动力模型,实现栖息地水动力分布特征的精确模拟.在此基础上耦合栖息地适宜度模型和水动力模型,建立了面向白鹤摄食对三峡水库出库流量需求的物理栖息地模型,量化不同出库流量对应的白鹤摄食栖息地加权可利用面积,定量分析水库运行对白鹤摄食栖息地面积的影响.结果表明:1月中旬三峡水库不同出库流量下洞庭湖白鹤潜在摄食栖息地面积保持稳定并随出库流量的增加呈增大趋势,维持在101.40~121.84 km2之间,其中东洞庭湖摄食栖息地面积在7.49~9.86 km2之间,南洞庭湖(含横岭湖)摄食栖息地面积在47.37~60.34 km2之间,西洞庭湖摄食栖息地面积在46.54~51.64 km2之间.不同湖区摄食栖息地面积随着三峡水库出库流量的增加均呈增大的趋势,说明三峡水库枯水期补水调度对于维持栖息地面积具有重要作用.较三峡水库运行前相比,白鹤摄食栖息地面积最大增加20.44 km2,对应的增幅为20.16%.成果明晰了三峡水库运行对洞庭湖白鹤摄食栖息地面积的影响规律,可为通过三峡水库补水调度改善洞庭湖越冬水鸟摄食栖息地生境提供理论基础. 相似文献
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鄱阳湖水利枢纽工程对湖泊水位变化影响的模拟 总被引：14，自引：6，他引：8
水位变化是影响湖泊水文过程和生态环境的重要因素.本研究基于环境流体动力学(EFDC)模型构建了鄱阳湖水利枢纽工程与主湖区的二维模型,模拟水利枢纽工程运行后对主湖区及湿地保护区水位变化节律的影响.模拟结果表明:水利枢纽工程对湖泊水位的影响由北向南逐渐减小,水利枢纽工程提升了大湖北部水位,使南北水位差减小,将影响鄱阳湖枯水期的流速及自净能力.吴城和南矶湿地自然保护区核心区水位变化受水利枢纽工程的影响较小,吴城自然保护区核心区在水位低于13.8 m时与大湖脱离,不再受水利枢纽工程影响,但水利枢纽工程会影响蚌湖与大湖脱离时间;南矶自然保护区位于鄱阳湖南部,水位受水利枢纽工程影响很小.水利枢纽工程条件下,湖泊水位受人工控制,枯水年和平水年湖泊水位的变化基本一致;枯水年水利枢纽工程对湖泊水位的影响大于平水年,但对湖泊南部的水位变化影响仍然较小.模型模拟结果可以揭示在目前调度方案下,水利枢纽工程对湖泊水位变化节律的影响规律,为工程建设提供一定的理论参考. 相似文献
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鄱阳湖是我国最大淡水湖和长江中游仅存的两个通江湖泊之一,重建其近百年自然通江的湖泊湿地演变过程,对于鄱阳湖湿地生态修复与保护具有重要意义.本研究基于两期历史时期地形图和遥感产品,构建了1930s、1970s、1990s、2000s和2010s鄱阳湖湿地格局变化数据集,探究了土地利用方式改变和水文连通变化对鄱阳湖湿地变化的影响.结果表明：鄱阳湖湿地面积由1930s的5024.3 km2下降至2010s的3232.7 km2,近百年损失率高达35.7%,其中1930s-1970s时期面积变化最为显著,损失率达33.2%,且主要集中分布于赣江与饶河的入湖尾闾地区和南部康山圩.湖泊湿地向耕地的转移是鄱阳湖湿地丧失的主要形式,1930s以来,共有累计1149.6 km2的湖泊湿地受垦殖的作用转变为耕地.闸坝与圩垸导致的水文连通性降低加剧了鄱阳湖自然通江的湖泊湿地格局的变化.相较1930s,累计有683.4 km2的湖泊湿地与主湖相阻隔,水文节律完全独立于通江水域.基于地统计学的水文连通函数曲线也表明,近百年来鄱阳湖的横向和纵向水文连通性均呈现一定程度的下降,且在1990s以后保持相对稳定的状态.本研究能够为鄱阳湖乃至长江中游湖泊湿地生态修复与生态系统服务提升提供参考状态与客观资料. 相似文献
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1950s以来洞庭湖调蓄特征及变化 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
针对洞庭湖区淤积、围垦和江湖关系变化对湖泊调蓄功能的影响,根据洞庭湖调蓄属于典型复合洪水波的实际情况,提出利用离散小波分解和计算入、出湖径流过程方差的方法揭示1950s以来洞庭湖调蓄特征及其实际调蓄作用的多年变化.结果发现:洞庭湖削减的洪峰主要是32 d以下的中短尺度洪水波,其全年整体削峰系数在0.13~0.56之间;从入、出湖径流方差多年变化体现的调蓄效果看,洞庭湖区近几十年淤积围垦虽然极大地改变了湖区面积和容积,但并未使湖泊调蓄作用发生大的变化.结合洞庭湖削峰系数与城陵矶-螺山段水位落差的对应关系,认为在整个江湖系统关系中洞庭湖的调蓄能力是被动的,其变化主要取决于城陵矶以下河段过水能力对洞庭湖泄流的制约.从整个江湖关系下的洞庭湖调蓄变化特征看,1990s以来湖区"小水大灾"的原因之一是入湖径流过程的短尺度方差和削峰系数较大,本质上是由荆江裁弯和三峡运行导致的江湖关系变化引起的长江螺山段出流使出湖径流方差减小造成的. 相似文献
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近30年洞庭湖季节性水情变化及其对江湖水量交换变化的响应 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
江湖水量交换的变化影响着通江湖泊洞庭湖的水情,进而影响湖区社会经济及生态的可持续发展.以洞庭湖城陵矶站、南咀站以及长江干流宜昌站、螺山站1981-2012年逐日水位、流量观测数据为基础,采用单位根检验、方差分析和水位-流量绳套曲线等方法对洞庭湖季节性水情变化特征进行提取,并探究江湖水量交换变化对其产生的影响.研究表明:近30年来洞庭湖水情呈阶段性特征,与相对稳定的1981-2002年相比,2003-2012年湖泊水位总体呈下降趋势,年均水位下降0.43 m;枯、涨、丰、退水期各季水情变化特征为:2003年以后洞庭湖丰水期水位平均下降0.60 m,呈现出"高水不高"现象;退水期水位平均下降1.49 m,退水加快;枯水期水位略有上升,平均上升0.18 m;涨水期水位变化不明显.湖泊退水期水位降幅最为明显,尤其是10月大幅下降,平均下降2.03 m,有提前进入枯水期的趋势.水情变化与江湖水量交换变化密切相关:丰水期,三口(松滋、太平和藕池)分流量减小在一定程度上降低湖泊水位;退水期,三口分流量减小叠加城陵矶出口长江水位下降对洞庭湖产生拉空作用,湖泊出流加快水位被拉低;枯水期,主要是1 3月,城陵矶出口长江水位上升对湖泊顶托作用增强,湖泊出流减缓水位略有抬升. 相似文献
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Large dams and reservoirs alter not only the natural flow regimes of streams and rivers but also their flooding cycles and flood magnitudes. Although the effect of dams and reservoirs has been reported for some vulnerable locations, the understanding of the inner-basin variation with respect to the effects remains limited. In this study, we analyse the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) built on the Changjiang mainstream (Yangtze River) to investigate the dam effect variations in the system of interconnected water bodies located downstream. We investigated the effect of flow alterations along the downstream river network using discharge time series at different gauging stations. The river–lake interactions (referring to the interactions between the Changjiang mainstream and its tributary lakes i.e. the Dongting and Poyang lakes) and their roles in modifying the TGD effect intensity were also investigated in the large-scale river–lake system. The results show that the water storage of the tributary lakes decreased after the activation of the TGD. Severe droughts occurred in the lakes, weakening their ability to recharge the Changjiang mainstream. As a consequence, the effect of the TGD on the Changjiang flow increase during the dry season diminished quickly downstream of the dam, whereas its impact on the flow decrease during the wet season gradually exacerbated along the mainstream, especially at sites located downstream of the lake outlets. Therefore, when assessing dam-induced hydrological changes, special attention should be paid to the changes in the storage of tributary lakes and the associated effects in the mainstream. This is of high importance for managing the water resource trade-offs between different water bodies in dam-affected riverine systems. 相似文献
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Study of the flood control scheduling scheme for the Three Gorges Reservoir in a catastrophic flood 
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下载免费PDF全文 The Three Gorges Project is the world's largest water conservancy project. According to the design standards for the 1,000‐year flood, flood diversion areas in the Jingjiang reach of the Yangtze River must be utilized to ensure the safety of the Jingjiang area and the city of Wuhan. However, once these areas are used, the economic and life loss in these areas may be very great. Therefore, it is vital to reduce this loss by developing a scheme that reduces the use of the flood diversion areas through flood regulation by the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), under the premise of ensuring the safety of the Three Gorges Dam. For a 1,000‐year flood on the basis of a highly destructive flood in 1954, this paper evaluates scheduling schemes in which flood diversion areas are or are not used. The schemes are simulated based on 2.5‐m resolution reservoir topography and an optimized model of dynamic capacity flood regulation. The simulation results show the following. (a) In accord with the normal flood‐control regulation discharge, the maximum water level above the dam should be not more than 175 m, which ensures the safety of the dam and reservoir area. However, it is necessary to utilize the flood diversion areas within the Jingjiang area, and flood discharge can reach 2.81 billion m3. (b) In the case of relying on the TGR to impound floodwaters independently rather than using the flood diversion areas, the maximum water level above the dam reaches 177.35 m, which is less than the flood check level of 180.4 m to ensure the safety of the Three Gorges Dam. The average increase of the TGR water level in the Chongqing area is not more than 0.11 m, which indicates no significant effect on the upstream reservoir area. Comparing the various scheduling schemes, when the flood diversion areas are not used, it is believed that the TGR can execute safe flood control for a 1,000‐year flood, thereby greatly reducing flood damage. 相似文献
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维系江湖关系的重要基础是江湖之间的物质通量,而江湖之间物质通量的核心内容是水的通量.规划中的鄱阳湖水利枢纽工程,以"一湖清水"为建设目标,坚持"江湖两利"的原则,按"调枯不控洪"方式运行.目前,国内学者对拟建的鄱阳湖水利枢纽工程可能导致湖泊影响方面的研究较多,但对该工程能否实现或维持"江湖两利"方面的研究较少.本文采用二维水动力模型,针对拟建的鄱阳湖水利枢纽工程和规划中的水位调度方案,分别从湖泊丰水期和枯水期两个时段,选择鄱阳湖丰、平、枯3种典型年型,在无枢纽与有枢纽两种情景模拟的基础上,定量分析丰、平、枯3种典型年枢纽工程的水位调度方案对长江干流流量的可能影响.模拟结果表明:在一个鄱阳湖水利枢纽工程水位调度周期中,无枢纽状态与有枢纽情景下湖泊外排到长江干流的径流总量差异很小,从模拟的年份来看,有枢纽外排减少量在0.2%~0.7%之间变化,基本维持了有枢纽与无枢纽状态下的水量平衡,但在一定程度上改变了湖泊外排长江干流水量的分配时间,使不同年型丰水期的湖泊外排水量有所减少,而在湖泊和长江低枯水期,对长江流量则有一定的增排作用,且增排效果为枯水年型平水年型丰水年型,不同年型的增排比例在2.1%~17.0%之间变化;在丰水期湖泊水位偏低,且枢纽位置的实际水位严重不足9 m的年型情况下,按照枢纽工程的水位调度方案要在9月15日将湖泊水位提升至14~15 m是难于实现的,现有的枢纽工程调度方案在这种情况下缺乏可操作性,有进一步细化和优化的空间. 相似文献
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洞庭湖地处北亚热带季风湿润气候区,水情时空变化尤为明显.为了探明洞庭湖水位时空演变特征,以洞庭湖6个水位站(城陵矶、鹿角、营田、杨柳潭、南咀、小河咀)、出入湖流量("三口"总入湖流量、"四水"总入湖流量、城陵矶出湖流量)和长江干流流量(宜昌、螺山)等1985-2014年逐日数据为基础,通过构建泰森多边形计算湖泊水位,运用Morlet小波分析、层次聚类分析和地统计理论研究湖泊水位的周期性变化规律及空间分布格局和自相关性.研究结果表明:洞庭湖水位变化具有典型的季节性,且年际变化具有28和22 a的多时间尺度特征;水位空间分布格局呈现出小河咀、南咀、杨柳潭(Group 1)以及城陵矶、鹿角、营田(Group 2)两种聚类,且在不同水文季节的空间自相关性依次表现为丰水期退水期涨水期枯水期.通过建立两类水位在不同水文季节与径流量的多元逐步回归模型揭示了洞庭湖水位时空演变的驱动因素,其中Group 1水位演变主要受长江干流水文情势的影响,Group 2水位演变由出入湖径流量和长江干流径流量共同作用,并随着不同水文季节江湖关系的改变以及湖泊自身水力联系的变化而变化.研究结果对于科学认识洞庭湖水位的时空演变规律以及湖泊生态系统保护和水资源的规划、管理与调控具有重要意义. 相似文献
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The discharge regimes of the large rivers of northern Australia are characterized by the occurrence of extreme flood events with far‐reaching environmental and societal impacts. In January 1998 the largest flood ever recorded on the Katherine River, northern Australia, resulted in widespread inundation and resultant damage to the town of Katherine. The occurrence of the flood emphasized the unreliability of the then available flood probability estimates and prompted a palaeoflood approach to estimate the recurrence interval of the event. The location of Katherine is ideal for such a study, as the town is located immediately downstream from Katherine Gorge, which provides the necessary bedrock‐confined channel required for such an approach. In addition, previous work in Katherine Gorge had demonstrated that the gorge sections hold suitable deposits for palaeoflood stage reconstruction. The results of the present study show that at least two flow events with discharges similar to the 1998 flood have occurred within the last 600 years, and that high‐magnitude floods are a general feature of the discharge record of the Katherine River over the last c. 2000 years. Furthermore, because the study was undertaken within a few months of the occurrence of the 1998 flood, it provided the opportunity to evaluate the previously obtained flood discharge estimates and draw attention to the general uncertainties associated with palaeoflood studies. Our results emphasize that palaeoflood stage estimates based on slackwater deposits need to be treated as conservative estimates only. More specifically, with respect to the 1998 event, our study demonstrates that the controls of flood peak were more complex than simply flood routing through the gorge sections. It is clear that the areas downstream from Katherine Gorge made an important contribution to the flood peak of the 1998 event. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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In-depth studies of water and sediment fluxes from rivers into the sea are very important for understanding the interactions between land and sea. This paper is concerned with identifying the changes in the time series of water and sediment fluxes from Feiyun River in Zhejiang Province, China. Inter- and intraannual variability in the water discharge and sediment load of the Feiyun River into the sea are analyzed using the observed data of runoff (1956–2008) and sediment (1957–2008) at Xuekou Station, which is in the main channel. The results show that there is a good peak–valley correlation between the water discharge and sediment load, and there are obvious seasonal variations, with a 65.7% water discharge and 89.2% sediment load during the flooding periods. Water discharge is mainly controlled by natural rainfall, but the construction of the upstream reservoirs in 1997 increased the discharge amount in the dry season and decreased the amount in the flooding season. Sediment loads were reduced after a huge flood in 1990 and construction of upstream reservoirs, while the latter also decreased the sediment load during the typhoon flooding period. Furthermore, the correlation between water discharge and sediment load is also affected by the flood and reservoir construction. There are some differences in the regression equations of sediment load and water discharge for 1957–1989, 1991–1996, and 1997–2008. 相似文献
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鄱阳湖水龄季节性变化特征 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
基于环境水动力学模型EFDC源程序,建立了染色剂模型和水龄模型,在将模型与航测水文数据验证吻合的基础上,分别计算了鄱阳湖自然条件下春、夏、秋、冬季的水龄和倒灌前后鄱阳湖染色剂和水龄分布的变化,以及五河水系各分支河流水龄.分季节的水龄计算表明鄱阳湖水体交换受季节性来水影响明显.夏、秋季的水龄相对较小,在多数年份又受到长江水倒灌的影响导致水龄有所增大;冬、春季水龄较大,亦无长江水倒灌现象,相较于夏、秋季,水域面积明显减少.分支流的水龄计算表明,西南湖区的水体交换主要受到赣江的影响,西北湖区水体交换主要受到修水和赣江的影响,南部湖区主要受到抚河与信江的影响,东部湖区主要受到饶河的影响,湖心区和入江水道则受到五河水系的综合影响.同时水龄的研究表明拟建的鄱阳湖水利枢纽工程"调枯不调洪"的原则是合理的,为鄱阳湖水利枢纽工程论证提供了重要的参考依据. 相似文献