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1.
天然有机质及其在地表环境中的重要性 总被引：37，自引：1，他引：36
天然有机质是地表各种环境介质中的重要化学组分,分布广泛.越来越多的研究已经表明:它在地表生态系统的物理、化学和生物过程中都起着十分重要的作用;它与生态系统的各个重要环节密切相关,是生态系统中能量与物质循环的重要途径.因此,天然有机质不仅是生物地球化学、生态学和环境科学等研究领域的重要内容之一,而且也是环境污染的评价、预测和治理研究中的基础理论问题,是目前环境质量、毒理学、环境立法和管理研究共同关注的科学问题.本文主要以陆地地表淡水湖泊与河流水环境为例,对天然有机质的来源、化学结构、循环特征,与养分循环的耦合关系,对有毒金属元素和有机污染物迁移转化和毒性影响机理等几个方面的研究进展进行了简要的总结;针对我国水体富营养化和环境污染等重要环境问题,阐述当前应该采取的研究思路和存在的主要科学内容,并对现代有机环境与生物地球化学学科的研究趋势进行了展望. 相似文献
2.
人类活动引起的富营养化对太湖的碳循环模式可能产生严重影响，精细描述太湖藻华暴发-消退周期的溶解性有机质分子是了解太湖碳库动态变化的关键.本研究利用傅立叶变换离子回旋共振质谱技术，以太湖北部梅梁湾2017年5月至2018年5月的表层水体为研究对象，解析藻华暴发-消退周期溶解性有机质的来源和分子组成特征，进而理解浮游藻类异常增殖对水体溶解性有机质的影响及其在区域碳循环中的角色.研究结果表明，藻华暴发期浮游藻类生产力显著增加，使得表层水体的溶解性有机质从含量到分子组成均发生剧烈改变.含量上表现为溶解性有机碳浓度升高，分子组成上表现为CHO类化合物和以脂肪族类化合物为代表的活性组分占比增加，特征化合物以相对高饱和度和高含氧的小质量数分子为主.而在藻华消退期，随着藻类有机质贡献的减少和有机质降解过程的持续进行，含量上表现为溶解性有机碳浓度下降，分子组成上表现为CHOS、CHONS类化合物和富羧酸脂环类化合物等惰性分子占比增加，特征化合物以大质量数分子和相对低饱和度和低含氧的小质量数分子为主.研究结果表明，太湖水体的溶解性有机质分子组成在藻华暴发期受藻类有机质输入控制，在消退期受藻类有机质降解的影响. 相似文献
3.
胶体是一种分散相粒子具有特定粒径(通常为1 nm~1μm)的混合物,天然水体中的胶体通常是指水环境中普遍存在,而又符合“胶体”形态定义的物质的总和.因为具有特殊的表面性质以及独特的水动力学特点,天然水体中的胶体被认为是一种重要的污染物载体,尤其在促进重金属类的污染物迁移以及性质转化的过程中具有重要作用.本文归纳总结了水环境研究领域中胶体概念的提出与发展,讨论了现有研究中对胶体的定义与理解,比较了当前几种主要的胶体提取手段的特点.同时,针对胶体在水环境中的环境行为,详细归纳了河湖水体中胶体的物质组成、特征以及相应的检测手段,重点总结了胶体在水环境中对污染物的结合作用、胶体污染物的生物效应、胶体自身的团聚规律以及胶体对污染物迁移的影响机制.本文提出了胶体在水环境中复杂的组成成分与动态变化在胶体研究中的重要性,并对进一步揭示胶体环境效应的研究思路以及方法手段进行了展望. 相似文献
4.
《中国科学:地球科学》2016,(3)
溶解性有机质(DOM)是一类包含了复杂结构及交互作用的溶解性有机化合物,其在水生生态系统中存量达到万亿吨.DOM是水生生态系统生产力的重要组成部分,在全球碳循环中扮演重要角色;其表生行为和环境效应丰富,不仅影响污染物的生物有效性,也是重要的活性氧激发物,还能保护水生生物不受紫外线伤害.DOM组成、结构与来源等方面的研究多,较为简单且系统性较强,而其表生行为与环境效应方面的研究则比较复杂,受到诸多因素的影响,仍然处于不断的发展之中.本文重点阐述了DOM与颗粒态有机质(POM)的相互转化机制、诱导产生活性氧的光化学行为、与有机物的结合作用、与微生物的相互作用、对污染物生物有效性、毒性和生态风险影响等表生行为与环境效应的研究进展,以及存在问题与发展趋势,希望有助于系统地了解DOM的表生行为和环境效应以及促进该类研究的不断深入开展. 相似文献
5.
富营养化湖泊的藻类残体大量沉降到湖底,其中易降解成分的降解和转化快速消耗底层水体中的溶解氧,极易造成水土界面缺氧,影响湖泊生态系统的健康.于2014年对巢湖12个样点的表层沉积物进行周年跟踪研究,分析样品中有机质来源、总有机碳(TOC)、蛋白质、总糖、总脂以及生物聚合物碳(BPC)等成分含量,揭示易降解有机质的成分特征及在巢湖的分布规律.研究表明:巢湖表层沉积物TOC含量较高,全湖样点平均含量达到1.24%.BPC含量占TOC含量的30.99%~60.48%,有机质中易降解成分含量较高,并且在冬季和夏季时在巢湖西北部湖区有明显累积;有机质及其中的生物易降解部分均主要集中在粒径4~8μm的表层沉积物上,在应用工程技术手段处理、降解表层沉积物中的过量有机质时,更应该关注粒径为4~8μm的沉积物颗粒. 相似文献
6.
我国海洋沉降颗粒物质的有机地球化学研究——Ⅰ.有机质通量及烃类化合物和脂肪酸分布特征 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
首次应用有机地球化学方法,对我国南沙永暑礁泻湖和东海大陆架沉降颗粒物质进行了分析和研究.结果表明两地区沉降颗粒有机质在达到距海底5m以前,接近一半被消耗,消耗程度是永暑礁泻湖大于东海大陆架.烃类和脂肪酸分布指示了两地区沉降颗粒有机质来源存在着较小的差异,但是主要来自海洋浮游生物.沉降颗粒有机质的生物和生物化学强烈改造也被认识了,其强度是永暑礁泻湖大于东海大陆架.同时发现C_(25)HBI二烯化合物的存在与硅藻种属分布有关. 相似文献
7.
长江中下游地区湖泊水和沉积物中营养盐的赋存、循环及其交换特征 总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15
回顾了有关长江中下游地区湖泊水、生物、沉积物中营养盐的迁移、转化、循环和交换等研究工作进展.典型湖泊的研究结果显示,历史上长江中下游地区湖泊的营养本底的确较高,处于中营养和富营养状态;人类活动在最近几十年中加快了这些湖泊的富营养化进程.长江中下游地区湖泊的治理不仅要重视外源污染的削减,也要重视湖泊内源污染的控制.长江中下游地区的浅水湖泊沉积物中,一般只有30％以下的磷是以较活跃的藻类易利用态存在的,表层沉积物通过吸附-解吸等交换作用对浅水湖泊水体中磷的浓度有较大的影响.长江中下游浅水湖泊沉积物中的营养盐释放主要有静态和动态二种释放方式.前者是基于化学平衡条件下的水土界面扩散作用.决定其释放量大小的主要因子是孔隙水与上覆水之间的营养盐浓度差.后者是基于水动力扰动对水土界面物理破坏条件下的底泥悬浮释放作用.二种释放模式在浅水水体中都存在.无论是静态或动态,水土界面的氧化还原环境,铁、锰、铝等元素含量,都对释放有影响.动态释放能在短期内大大提高水体颗粒态营养盐的浓度.在动态释放的初期,将有效增加水体可溶性营养盐,但是如果沉积物中铁、铝等金属元素较丰富,水体中的溶解性营养盐将由于吸附等作用而沉淀至湖底,因此,这样的湖泊往往具有较强的自我净化能力.长江中下游地区绝大多数湖泊都属于这种类型的湖泊.用底泥疏浚方法来控制湖泊内源污染的方法只适用湖泊面积较小、还原环境强烈,或者沉积物中铁、锰含量较低、水体去除可溶性营养盐的能力较弱的水体.此外,长江中下游地区的浅水湖泊生态系统对富营养化也具有强烈的反馈作用.水华暴发期间蓝藻的暴发性生长能通过改变水体的pH而引发沉积物中磷释放数量的大幅增加,大量释放的营养盐反过来又会促使蓝藻的大量生长,从而加剧水华的暴发.研究显示污染相对较重的水域水体中营养盐的含量高,微生物的生物量及生产力也高,碱性磷酸酶的活性也高,水体营养盐的循环也就更快.这反过来又促使微生物生产力增加,营养盐循环更快,加剧富营养化的危害.今后的工作应该重点围绕生物参与下营养盐的迁移转化等方面开展工作. 相似文献
8.
夏季梅梁湾水体中生物有效磷的分布及来源 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：8
2004年夏季在太湖梅梁湾应用一种新型氧化铁/醋酸纤维素复合膜(FeO/CAM)对水体生物有效磷浓度(FeO-P)进行了调查和连续监测. 发现水体溶解态(FeO-DP)、颗粒态(FeO-PP-)生物有效磷浓度与其总浓度在空间上有着相似的平面分布. 在梅梁湾北部入湖河口附近生物有效磷浓度最高, 随离河口或湖岸距离的增加逐渐减小, 湖心区域的水体生物有效磷浓度差异不大. 在观测期间, 梅梁湾北部多数水域的叶绿素a含量较高, 出现藻类水华现象. 但在几个主要入湖河口附近叶绿素a含量并不是最高, 尽管其水体生物有效磷浓度最高. 在受河流输入影响较小的梅梁湾开阔水域, 叶绿素a含量与生物有效磷浓度呈显著正相关性. 在风浪引起的沉积物再悬浮过程中, 水体生物有效磷浓度会出现短促的升高. 结果表明, 河流磷输入对河口水体生物有效磷浓度起主要贡献作用, 而内源磷释放则是开阔水域生物有效磷的主要来源. 在富营养的浅水湖泊中, 蓝藻水华暴发可以通过改变pH值引发内源磷的释放. 所研制的FeO/CAM膜材料能够用来监测水体生物有效磷浓度变化规律, 并为湖泊富营养化控制策略提供科学依据. 相似文献
9.
3种人工载体净化富营养化水体能力的比较 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
通过野外模拟实验,对比3种不同理化性状人工载体(立体填料、生物绳和尼龙纱网)净化太湖梅梁湾富营养化水体的能力,并探讨影响人工载体水质净化能力的生物与非生物因素.结果表明:(1)所选择的3种人工载体均能显著降低水体的浊度,其中尼龙纱网处理组中水体浊度下降了94.2％,其单位质量载体净化量最高(36.18NTU/g);(2)与对照组相比,各人工载体处理组中,水体中藻类的生长都受到极显著抑制;(3)3种人工载体对水体中TN、TP的去除效果差异极显著,其对TN累积去除率分别为25.55％、10.21％、51.54％,对TP累积去除率分别为38.93％、38.33％、62.98％;(4)载体理化性状、附着藻类与细菌的生物量和活性、挂载量以及载体上溶解态营养盐的释放是影响人工载体水质净化能力的重要因素.综上,尼龙纱网因具备单位质量附着生物的生物量与活性高、自身滞留溶解态营养盐少以及质量轻且价格经济等优势成为净化富营养化水体较为理想的人工载体. 相似文献
10.
为了揭示湖库内源性污染物的分布、来源、组成及垂向分布特征,以新建人工深水湖泊龙景湖为研究对象,采用紫外-可见光谱和三维荧光光谱技术,研究了该湖泊以成湖前用途划分的3个特征区域(原河道底部、新淹没区底部和新淹没区边坡)的沉积物上覆水和孔隙水中的溶解性有机质(DOM)的光谱特征.结果表明,孔隙水中的DOM芳香性和腐殖化程度高于上覆水;孔隙水中疏水组分含量大于上覆水,且水体中可能存在内源孔隙水释放的低分子量DOM.龙景湖上覆水和孔隙水中的DOM主要源于水体自身的微生物,自生源特征明显,且可能存在新近释放到水体的有机质.龙景湖沉积物上覆水和孔隙水中的DOM以类腐殖酸和类蛋白质为主,且随着深度增加,类腐殖酸峰强度增强,与龙景湖的建湖背景有明显联系. 相似文献
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12.
The concentrations of organic matter that enters the aquatic environment in dissolved form, organic matter fractions adsorbed on suspended mineral particles, and the total concentration of suspended matter in the Yenisei water were studied using rapid optical methods. Spectral characteristics of light attenuation and absorption by river water and its filtrates were analyzed in summer. Total discharges of organic carbon and suspended matter by the river were evaluated. 相似文献
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14.
We investigate sources of both dissolved and particulate organic carbon in the St Lawrence River from its source (the Great Lakes outlet) to its estuary, as well as in two of its tributaries. Special attention is given to seasonal interannual patterns by using data collected on a bi‐monthly basis from mid‐1998 to mid‐2003. δ13C measurements in dissolved inorganic carbon, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC), as well as molar C : N in particulate organic matter (POM), are used to bring insight into the dynamic between aquatic versus terrigenous sources. In addition, 14C activities of DOC were measured at the outlet of the St Lawrence River to its estuary to assess a mean age of the DOC exported to the estuary. In the St Lawrence River itself, aquatically produced POC dominates terrestrially derived POC and is depleted in 13C by approximately 12‰ versus dissolved CO2. In the Ottawa River, the St Lawrence River's most important tributary, the present dataset did not allow for convincing deciphering of POC sources. In a small tributary of the St Lawrence River, aquatically produced POC dominates in summer and terrestrially derived POC dominates in winter. DOC seems to be dominated by terrestrially derived organic matter at all sampling sites, with some influence of DOC derived from aquatically produced POC in summer in the St Lawrence River at the outlet of the Great Lakes and in one of its small tributaries. The overall bulk DOC is relatively recent (14C generally exceeding 100% modern carbon) in the St Lawrence River at its outlet to the estuary, suggesting that it derives mainly from recent organic matter from topsoils in the watershed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
15.
《Limnologica》2016
Mechanical and biological processing in aquatic systems converts coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM) into fine particulate organic matter (FPOM). Other sources of particles with different size classes include flocculated dissolved matter, algae and soil particles. The relative magnitudes of these inputs are influenced by the degree of allochthony of a lake or stream. The size-reactivity hypothesis, formulated for dissolved organic matter, postulates that bacterial degradation rates are higher with high-molecular-weight fractions than with low-molecular-weight fractions. In this study, we investigated the effect of particle size on degradation of POM and on freshwater bacterial communities. We generated leaf-derived particle size classes of the same age (same diagenesis status) but differing in quality (maple and beech leaves). Contrary to our expectations, we found a strong effect of particle size and no significant effect of substrate quality on community respiration which decreased at smaller particle size, on C:N ratios which declined with particle size, and on δ15 N which showed a decreasing trend (though not significant) at smaller particle size in beech leaves. By contrast, bacterial community structure and ∂13C values responded mainly to particle quality. Bacterial biomass, estimated by qPCR, was affected by complex interactions between particle size and quality. These findings open an unanticipated perspective on the size-reactivity hypothesis for particulate organic matter. 相似文献
16.
L. A. Rukhovets N. A. Petrova V. V. Menshutkin G. P. Astrakhantsev T. R. Minina V. N. Poloskov T. N. Petrova O. M. Susareva 《Water Resources》2011,38(6):806-817
A study of the transformation of Lake Ladoga ecosystem in 1996–2005 shows that a decrease in the phosphorus load after 1995
has not cause a decrease in lake ecosystem productivity. Mathematical modeling provided an explanation of the observed phenomenon,
thus justifying limnologists’ hypothesis that phosphorus turnover within a water body accelerates with increasing abundance
of bacterioplankton and aquatic fungi. Computational experiments have shown that the additional amount of phosphorus that
is required for maintaining phytoplankton productivity is additionally released by destructors (bacterioplankton and aquatic
fungi) from detritus and organic matter dissolved in water. 相似文献
17.
《Limnologica》2021
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is one of the most abundant fractions of organic matter in aquatic systems and plays an important role in the dynamics of aquatic environments, controlling both the penetration and the underwater light radiation climate. DOC can be photodegraded by light, thus facilitating biodegradation, especially in regions where the incidence of solar radiation is high, such as higher altitudes and lower latitudes. This study quantified the photodegradation of dissolved organic material in a natural tropical lake surrounded by native forests (Brazilian Atlantic Forest) through two experiments: i) the first experiment exposed concentrated autochthonous, allochthonous, and lake water to in situ solar radiation; ii) this experiment also exposed the same organic material to artificial UV radiation in an incubator under controlled conditions. The quality and quantity of dissolved organic carbon were measured using indices based on carbon absorbance and fluorescence spectrum. In the in situ experiment, it was observed that the DOC degradation profile of the concentrated allochthonous and autochthonous organic material were distinct from each other in the absorbance indices, and the lake water mostly resembled the latter one. On the other hand, we did not see evidence of any significant difference among treatments in the laboratory experiment. An increase in the SR index and a concomitant decrease in the fluorescence of humic compounds and SUVA254 over time were observed. In both experiments, the amount of degraded organic material over time was low and some possible explanations are discussed. 相似文献
18.
淡水湖泊水体中溶解有机氮测定方法的对比 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
溶解有机氮(Dissolved Organic Nitrogen,DON)是天然水体中氮的重要组成部分,目前研究相对很少．本文对淡水中测定DON的两种常见方法即过硫酸钾湿氧化法(Persulfate Oxidation,PO)和高温催化氧化法(High Temperature Cata- lytic Oxidation,HTCO)进行了对比研究．结果表明:两种方法各有特点,湿氧化法相对较为理想．湿氧化法对不同氮标准化合物的回收率较高,平均为96．0±3．0％以上(杂环氮化合物除外);对湖泊淡水样品,用PO法测定溶解有机氮的相对标准偏差范围为6．2％-12．5％．高温催化氧化法对不同氮标准化合物的回收率较低,平均为68．4±13．6％,需作进一步条件优化． 相似文献
19.
Nutrient fluxes across terrestrial-aquatic boundaries and their subsequent integration into lake nutrient cycles are currently
a major topic of aquatic research. Although pollen represents a good substrate for microorganisms, it has been neglected as
a terrestrial source of organic matter in lakes. In laboratory experiments, we incubated pollen grains of Pinus sylvestris in water of lakes with different trophy and pH to estimate effects of pollen input and its subsequent microbial degradation
on nutrient dynamics. In this ex situ experiment, we measured concentrations of organic carbon, phosphorus and nitrogen in the surrounding water as well as microbial
dynamics (bacteria and fungal sporangia) at well-controlled conditions. Besides leaching, chemical and microbial decomposition
of pollen was strongest within the first week of incubation. This led to a marked increase of soluble reactive phosphorus
and total dissolved nitrogen (up to 0.04 and 1.5 mg L−1, respectively, after 5 days of incubation) in the ambient water. In parallel, pollen grains were rapidly colonized by heterotrophic
bacteria and aquatic fungi. Leaching and microbial degradation of pollen accounted for ≥80, ≥40, ≥50% for organic C, N and
P, respectively, and did not significantly differ among water samples from the studied lakes. Thus, pollen introduces high
amounts of bio-available terrestrial organic matter and nutrients into surface waters within a short time. A rough calculation
on P input into oligotrophic Lake Stechlin indicates that pollen plays an important ecological role in nutrient cycling of
temperate lakes. This requires further attention in aquatic ecology. 相似文献
20.
《Limnologica》2016
The Senegal River is of intermediate size accommodating at present about 3.5 million inhabitants in its catchment. Its upstream tributaries flow through different climatic zones from the wet tropics in the source area in Guinea to the dry Sahel region at the border between Senegal and Mauritania. Total suspended matter, particulate and dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen as well as nutrient concentrations were determined during the dry and wet seasons at 19 locations from the up- to downstream river basin. The aims of the study were to evaluate the degree of human interference, to determine the dissolved and particulate river discharges into the coastal sea and to supply data to validate model results. Statistical analyses showed that samples from the wet and dry season are significantly different in composition and that the upstream tributaries differ mainly in their silicate and suspended matter contents. Nutrient concentrations are relatively low in the river basin, indicating low human impact. Increasing nitrate concentrations, however, show the growing agriculture in the irrigated downstream areas. Particulate organic matter is dominated by C4 plants during the wet season and by aquatic plankton during the dry season. The total suspended matter (TSM) discharge at the main gauging station Bakel was about 1.93 Tg yr−1 which is in the range of the only available literature data from the 1980s. The calculated annual discharges of particulate organic carbon (POC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) are 55.8 Gg yr−1, 54.1 Gg yr−1, and 5.3 Gg yr−1, respectively. These first estimates from the Senegal River need to be verified by further studies. 相似文献