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震源定位是微地震监测技术要解决的主要问题.目前,井下微地震监测多采用走时拟合法计算震源位置.常规方法受到环境噪声、初至拾取误差、速度模型误差等因素的影响,定位结果存在一定误差.为了提高定位精度,本文提出了一种改进的基于网格搜索的微地震震源定位方法.本文方法根据P波的偏振特征参数计算概率密度函数求取震源方位角,并采用改进的目标函数和搜索算法计算震源的径向距离和深度.模型数据和实际资料的处理结果表明,本文方法具有较强的抗噪性,计算得到的震源方位角更加接近真实值;与常规目标函数相比,本文方法采用的目标函数具有更好的收敛性,其定位结果受初至拾取误差和速度模型误差的影响更小;本文提出的搜索算法能够消除由于错误拾取造成的观测到时中的异常值对定位结果的影响. 相似文献
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由于地面微地震监测台站布设在地表,会受到地表起伏、低降速带厚度和速度变化的影响,降低了微地震事件的识别准确度和定位精度,限制了地面微地震监测技术在复杂地表地区的应用.因此,将三维地震勘探技术的思路引入到地面微地震监测中,提出了三维地震与地面微地震联合校正方法,将油气勘探和开发技术更加紧密地结合在一起.根据三维地震数据和低降速带测量数据,通过约束层析反演方法建立精确的近地表速度模型,将地面微地震台站从起伏地表校正到高速层中的平滑基准面上,有效消除复杂近地表的影响.其次,根据射孔数据和声波测井速度信息,通过非线性反演方法建立最优速度模型,由于已经消除复杂近地表的影响,在进行速度模型优化时不需要考虑近地表的影响,因而建立的速度模型更加准确.最后,在精确速度模型的基础上,通过互相关方法求取剩余静校正量,进一步消除了复杂近地表和速度模型近似误差的影响.三维地震与地面微地震联合校正方法采用逐步校正的思路,能够有效消除复杂近地表的影响,提高微地震数据的品质和速度模型的精确度,保证了微地震事件的定位精度,具有良好的应用前景. 相似文献
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Cross double‐difference inversion for simultaneous velocity model update and microseismic event location 
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下载免费PDF全文 Microseismic monitoring is an approach for mapping hydraulic fracturing. Detecting the accurate locations of microseismic events relies on an accurate velocity model. The one‐dimensional layered velocity model is generally obtained by model calibration from inverting perforation data. However, perforation shots may only illuminate the layers between the perforation shots and the recording receivers with limited raypath coverage in a downhole monitoring problem. Some of the microseismic events may occur outside of the depth range of these layers. To derive an accurate velocity model covering all of the microseismic events and locating events at the same time, we apply the cross double‐difference method for the simultaneous inversion of a velocity model and event locations using both perforation shots and microseismic data. The cross double‐difference method could provide accurate locations in both the relative and absolute sense, utilizing cross traveltime differences between P and S phases over different events. At the downhole monitoring scale, the number of cross traveltime differences is sufficiently large to constrain events locations and velocity model as well. In this study, we assume that the layer thickness is known, and velocities of P‐ and S‐wave are inverted. Different simultaneous inversion methods based on the Geiger's, double‐difference, and cross double‐difference algorithms have been compared with the same input data. Synthetic and field data experiments suggest that combining both perforation shots and microseismic data for the simultaneous cross double‐difference inversion of the velocity model and event locations is available for overcoming the trade‐offs in solutions and producing reliable results. 相似文献
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对于非常规油气开发,水力压裂监控的效果取决于对微地震事件的分析、解释。准确的微地震震源位置是关乎施工成败的重要因素。微地震震源位置的准确性与多个参数相关,其不仅依赖于微地震事件的激发时间,同时也依赖于储层介质参数信息,因此进行微地震震源位置、震源时间、储层介质参数的联合反演尤为重要。页岩气储层通常表现出较强的各向异性,VTI介质可对其进行较好的近似描述。基于VTI介质波动方程,本文提出了同时反演微地震震源位置、震源时间以及VTI介质各向异性参数的联合反演方法。数值算例结果表明,该联合反演方法可以通过迭代反演同时得到高精度的微地震震源位置、震源激发时间以及VTI介质各向异性参数信息。 相似文献
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微地震事件的空间分布可以用来监测水力压裂过程中裂缝的发育情况。因此,震源定位是微震监测中重要的环节。震源定位依赖准确的速度模型,而震源位置和速度模型的耦合易导致线性迭代的同时反演方法陷入局部极小值。邻近算法作为一种非线性全局优化算法,能够最大程度地避免陷入局部最优解。本文将邻近算法应用于单井监测的微震定位和一维速度模型同时反演,首先利用邻近算法搜索一维速度模型,再使用网格搜索方法进行震源定位,并根据定位的走时残差产生新的速度模型,最后通过若干次迭代使其收敛到最优解。理论和实际数据结果均表明该方法能够避免局部最优解,得到较为可靠的震源位置和一维速度模型。 相似文献
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Full moment tensor inversion constrained by double-couple focal mechanism for induced seismicity* 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 In this study, we propose a new method to determine full moment tensor solution for induced seismicity. This method generalizes the full waveform matching algorithm we have developed to determine the double-couple (DC) focal mechanism based on the neighbourhood algorithm. One major difference between the new method and the former one is that we adopt a new misfit function to constrain the candidate moment tensor solutions with respect to a reference DC solution in addition to other misfit terms characterizing the waveform matching. Through synthetic tests using a real passive seismic survey geometry, the results show the new constraint can help better recover the DC components of inverted moment tensors. We further investigate how errors in the velocity model and source location affect the moment tensor solution. The synthetic test results indicate that the constrained inversion is robust in recovering both the DC and non-DC components. We also test the proposed method on several real induced events in an oil/gas field in Oman using the same observation system as synthetic tests. While it is found that the full moment tensor solutions without using the DC constraints have much larger non-DC components than solutions with the DC constraints, both solutions are able to fit the observed waveforms at similar levels. The synthetic and real test results suggest the proposed DC constrained inversion method can reliably retrieve full moment tensor solutions for the induced seismicity. 相似文献
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采用新近研制的分区多步不规则最短路径多震相地震射线追踪正演技术,结合流行的子空间反演算法,提出了一种联合多震相走时资料进行地震三参数 （速度、反射界面和震源位置） 同时反演的方法技术.数值模拟反演实例、以及与双参数 （速度和反射界面或速度和震源位置） 同时反演的对比分析表明：三参数同时反演成像结果大体接近双参数同时反演成像的结果.另外,噪声敏感性试验表明：所提算法对到时数据中可容许的随机误差并不敏感,结果说明多震相走时的联合三参数同时反演成像方法技术不失为一种提高走时成像空间分辨率、进而降低重建模型参数失真度、行之有效的方法技术. 相似文献
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This paper discusses Born/Rytov approximation tomographic velocity inversion methods constrained by the Fresnel zone. Calculations of the sensitivity kernel function and traveltime residuals are critical in tomographic velocity inversion. Based on the Born/Rytov approximation of the frequency-domain wave equation, we derive the traveltime sensitivity kernels of the wave equation on the band-limited wave field and simultaneously obtain the traveltime residuals based on the Rytov approximation. In contrast to single-ray tomography, the modified velocity inversion method improves the inversion stability. Tests of the near-surface velocity model and field data prove that the proposed method has higher accuracy and Computational efficiency than ray theory tomography and full waveform inversion methods. 相似文献
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针对在矿山微地震监测过程中纵横波及其传播速度难以确定的难点,在球坐标系中以波动方程为基础,推导出了矿山微地震全波自动定位的层析成像的计算公式,并给出了参数选择准则,藉此可以获得微地震成像能量最大值及其对应参数。通过判断能量最大值在风险区内的位置,可以将风险区内外的微地震事件区分出来。对于能量最大值位于风险区域内的微地震事件,其震源位置和震动时间以及传播速度与能量最大值对应的坐标参数相同,能量最大值对应于震源函数相对强度;当能量最大值位于风险区域边界上时,微地震事件不在风险区域范围之内。理论模型试算和矿山实际微地震资料的应用表明:层析成像方法无需纵横波识别和传播速度假定,只要给定事故风险区域范围及其传播速度范围,便可完成微地震事件定位,是一种全波全自动定位方法,具有进一步研究价值。 相似文献
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本文采用Ｈａｍｉｌｔｏｎ理论方法,研究反射地震记录域中地下同一反射点对应的反射走时随炮检距变化的特性,这在叠前地震资料处理中具有重要意义．由于走时函数可以表示成炮点位置、检波点位置、地震波射线出射角和接收角的函数,通过对共反射点走时与炮点位置变化关系的分析,提出了复杂介质中共反射点轨迹可用Ｈａｍｉｌｔｏｎ正则方程描述．在线性变速介质中,走时函数可以解析给出,由此可导出该介质中共反射点轨迹的Ｈａｍｉｌｔｏｎ正则方程．文中结合常速度、横向变速和线性变速介质模型,计算了地下不同反射面上各点相应的共反射点轨迹,阐明Ｈａｍｉｌｔｏｎ方法的一些特点,并首次引入Ｈａｍｉｌｔｏｎ理论方法描述共反射点走时随炮检距的变化特性,开创了该领域研究的一条新途径． 相似文献
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地震走时层析成像方法是解决复杂近地表模型速度建模问题的重要技术.该方法是一种迭代反演方法,在反演过程中需要反复计算地震射线走时.故而,高效高精度且能适应复杂模型的走时计算方法是地震走时层析成像实用化的关键技术之一.本文引入医学成像领域研究的MSFM(Multi-stencils Fast Marching Methods)用于地震层析反演中的走时计算.该方法在标准FMM(Fast Marching Methods)基础上利用坐标旋转生成新的FMM计算模板,使计算网格点对角方向邻点参与计算,改善了标准FMM存在对角方向误差大的缺陷.本文分析对比了MSFM和标准FMM的计算精度和计算效率;针对地震层析成像技术解决的起伏地表模型建模问题,研究了起伏地表模型地震走时计算的MSFM实现方法;采用炮点邻近区域局部细分网格技术只需增加很少的计算量即可大幅提高计算精度.理论分析和模型试算表明MSFM算法明显改善了FMM的计算精度,同时保持了FMM算法的高效性.文章通过对崎岖地表模型的正演和层析反演试算,验证了基于MSFM的地震走时计算方法对复杂模型有很强的适应能力.研究表明该方法作为地震走时层析反演中高效高精度的正演算法,有很好的应用价值. 相似文献
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—?The stress state at the Hijiori hot dry rock site was estimated based on the inversion from focal mechanisms of microseismic events induced during hydraulic injection experiments. The best fit stress model obtained by inverting 58 focal mechanisms of seismic events simultaneously indicates that the maximum principal stress σ1 is vertical, while the minimum principal stress σ3 is horizontal and trends north-south. The average misfit between the stress model and all the data is 6.8°. The inversion results show that the average misfit is small enough to satisfy the assumption of homogeneity in the focal mechanism data and that the 95% confidence regions of σ1 and σ3 are well constrained, i.e., they do not overlap, suggesting that the inversion results are acceptable. The stress estimates obtained by the focal mechanism inversion essentially agree with other stress estimates previously obtained. It is therefore concluded that the focal mechanism inversion method provides a useful tool for estimating the stress state. The hypocentral distributions of microseismic events associated with the hydraulic fracturing experiments are distributed around the plane that spreads to almost east–west from the injection wells and declines to the north at a high angle. The vertical orientation and east–west strike of the seismic events are essentially coplanar with the caldera ring-fault structure in the southern portion of the Hijiori Caldera. This indicates that tensile fractures of intact rock were not being created, but pre-existing fractures were being re-opened and developed in the direction of the maximum horizontal principal stress, although microseismic events were caused by shear failures. 相似文献
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The knowledge of the velocity model in microseismic jobs is critical to achieving statistically reliable microseismic event locations. The design of microseismic networks and the limited sources for calibration do not allow for a full tomographic inversion. We propose optimizing a priori velocity models using a few active shots and a non‐linear inversion, suitable to poorly constrained systems. The considered models can be described by several layers with different P‐ and S‐wave velocities. The velocities may be constant or have 3D gradients; the layer interfaces may be simple dipping planes or more complex 3D surfaces. In this process the P‐ and S‐ wave arrival times and polarizations measured on the seismograms constitute the observed data set. They are used to estimate two misfit functions: i) one based on the measurement residuals and ii) one based on the inaccuracy of the source relocation. These two functions are minimized thanks to a simulated annealing scheme, which decreases the risk of converging to a local solution within the velocity model. The case study used to illustrate this methodology highlights the ability of this technique to constrain a velocity model with dipping layers. This was performed by jointly using sixteen perforation shots recorded during a multi‐stage fracturing operation from a single string of 3C‐receivers. This decreased the location inaccuracies and the residuals by a factor of six. In addition, the retrieved layer dip was consistent with the pseudo‐horizontal trajectories of the wells and the background information provided by the customer. Finally, the theoretical position of each calibration shot was contained in the uncertainty domain of the relocation of each shot. In contrast, single‐stage inversions provided different velocity models that were neither consistent between each other nor with the well trajectories. This example showed that it is essential to perform a multi‐stage inversion to derive a better updated velocity model. 相似文献
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本文针对层状介质并结合梯度法波形反演，提出逐层波形反演的方法. 首先给出介质扰动响应的概念，并在此基础上分析了梯度法波形反演方法. 波形反演实质上是将实测地震记录和预测地震记录的波形残差信息转化为实际地质模型和预测地质模型的模型残差信息. 波形反演的优点是利用大量振幅相位信息得到高分辨率的反演结果， 其缺点是运行耗时大；当初始模型和实际模型相差较大时，迭代算法容易陷入局部极小点，这是因为目标函数和初始模型同实际模型间的差异是非线性的关系. 逐层波形反演方法是使自上而下每一层的目标函数最小，这样总的目标函数也是最小的. 利用二分法速度扫描确定每一层速度不仅提高了运算速度也避免了迭代算法陷入局部极小点的问题. 结合介质扰动响应和目标函数值变化可以更为准确迅速地确定每一层速度和该层界面位置. 相似文献
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本文介绍了根据反射地震数据进行波速成象的一种方法,其基础为多种反演技术的综合。由于要求的波速图象C（x,z）具有间断性,除利用走时数据T（x,t）外,在地层比较水平的情况下,还利用了均方根速度V（x,t）和统计子波W（t）的数据来成象。计算机层析成象过程分为三步:首先重做速度分析,取得与初次反射走时一致的均方根速度数据;然后用反射走时与均方根速度联合反演对应分析道的层速度和界面深度;最后由联合反演结果和反射面走时求波速图象函数的数字化版。文中还给出了波速成象方法在我国西北某沉积盆地上的应用及验证结果。 相似文献
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Yang Zhang Leo Eisner William Barker Michael C. Mueller Kevin L. Smith 《Geophysical Prospecting》2013,61(5):919-930
We develop a methodology to obtain a consistent velocity model from calibration shots or microseismicity observed on a buried array. Using a layered 1D isotropic model derived from checkshots as an initial velocity model, we invert P‐wave arrival times to obtain effective anisotropic parameters with a vertical axis of symmetry (VTI). The nonlinear inversion uses iteration between linearized inversion for anisotropic parameters and origin times or depths, which is specific to microseismic monitoring. We apply this technique to multiple microseismic events from several treatments within a buried array. The joint inversion of selected events shows a largely reduced RMS error indicating that we can obtain robust estimates of anisotropic parameters, however we do not show improved source locations. For joint inversion of multiple microseismic events we obtained Thomsen anisotropic parameters ε of 0.15 and δ of 0.05, which are consistent with values observed in active seismic surveys. These values allow us to locate microseismic events from multiple hydraulic fracture treatments separated across thousands of metres with a single velocity model. As a result, we invert the effective anisotropy for the buried array region and are able to provide a more consistent microseismicity mapping for past and future hydraulic fracture stimulations. 相似文献
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A challenge in microseismic monitoring is quantification of survey acquisition and processing errors, and how these errors jointly affect estimated locations. Quantifying acquisition and processing errors and uncertainty has multiple benefits, such as more accurate and precise estimation of locations, anisotropy, moment tensor inversion and, potentially, allowing for detection of 4D reservoir changes. Here, we quantify uncertainty due to acquisition, receiver orientation error, and hodogram analysis. Additionally, we illustrate the effects of signal to noise ratio variances upon event detection. We apply processing steps to a downhole microseismic dataset from Pouce Coupe, Alberta, Canada. We use a probabilistic location approach to identify the optimal bottom well location based upon known source locations. Probability density functions are utilized to quantify uncertainty and propagate it through processing, including in source location inversion to describe the three-dimensional event location likelihood. Event locations are calculated and an amplitude stacking approach is used to reduce the error associated with first break picking and the minimization with modelled travel times. Changes in the early processing steps have allowed for understanding of location uncertainty of the mapped microseismic events. 相似文献