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1.
汶川Ms8.0强烈地震发生在一条现今并不活动的龙门山构造带上,造成了以汶川、映秀为中心及其周边地域的严重破坏和人员的重大伤亡.然而强烈震发生前却未见有可能的确切征兆或浅表层异常活动,即浅层过程与地震发生的深层过程并不匹配.为此对这次强烈地震“孕育”、发生和发展的深层过程进行了分析和探讨,初步研究表明：①在印度洋板块与欧亚板块陆—陆碰撞、挤压作用下,喜马拉雅造山带东构造结向NNE方向顶挤、楔入青藏高原东北缘,迫使高原深部物质向东流展,在受到以龙门山为西北边界的四川盆地阻隔下,一部分物质则转而向东南侧向运移;②龙门山地带在地形上差达3500±500 m左右,而地壳厚度在龙门山西北部为60±5 km左右,四川盆地为40±2 km左右,而龙门山地带与其东、西两侧相比则为地壳厚度变化幅度达15~20 km的突变地域,即为应力作用的耦合地带;③中、下地壳和地幔盖层物质以地壳低速层、低阻层（深20~25 km）为第一滑移面,以上地幔软流层顶面为第二滑移面,且在四川盆地深部“刚性”物质阻 隔下,深部壳、幔物质以高角度在龙门山构造带和四川盆地的耦合地带向上运移（或称逆冲）,且在龙门山地表三条断裂构成的断裂系向下延伸到20 km左右深处汇聚,二者强烈碰撞、挤压、震源介质破裂;在物质与能量的强烈交换下,应力得到释放,故形成了这次Ms.0强烈地震.为此从深部初步揭示了这次强烈地震“孕育”、发生和发展的深层动力过程. 相似文献
2.
汶川8.0级大地震的孕育和发生的深层过程与动力成因探讨 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
汶川8.0级大地震发生在由3条NE向断裂带组成的龙门山逆冲走滑断裂系上,造成了以汶川、映秀为中心和其周边地域的严重破坏和人员的重大伤亡。然而强烈地震发生前却未见有可能的确切征兆或浅表层异常活动的迹象(相对于短期和临震预测),即浅层过程与地震发生的深层过程并不匹配。那么为什么在龙门山地区突然发生了这次大地震,它具有哪些特征?其成因机制又是什么?为此必须对这次大地震孕育、发生和发展的壳幔速度结构和其深层动力过程进行深入研究和探讨。通过松藩—甘孜,龙门山造山带和四川盆地地域人工源地震深部探测、天然地震层析成像、接收函数与面波频散反演、大地电磁测深和重力场研究,所得初步结果表明:①在印度洋板块与欧亚板块陆-陆板块碰撞、挤压作用下,形成了喜马拉雅造山带和东构造结,该东构造结似一尖楔向NNE方向顶挤并插入青藏高原东北缘,故迫使高原深部物质向东流展,在受到以龙门山为西北边界的四川盆地刚性物质阻隔下,一部分物质则转而向东南侧运移;②龙门山造山带与其西北侧地带地形高差达3500±500m左右,而地壳厚度在龙门山西北部为65±5km左右,四川盆地为40±2km,而龙门山地带与其东、西两侧相比则其地壳厚度变化幅度可达15~20km。这里恰为应力作用的耦合与集中地带;③下地壳和地幔盖层物质以上、中地壳(深20~25km)中的低速层为第一滑移面(并与上地壳解耦),以上地幔软流层顶面为第二滑移面,且在四川盆地深部壳、幔"刚性"物质阻隔下,下地壳和上地幔盖层物质以高角度在龙门山断裂系与四川盆地的耦合地带向上运移(或称逆冲),且在龙门山地表三条断裂构成的断裂系向下收敛到15±5km左右深处汇聚,二者强烈碰撞、挤压、震源介质破裂;即在物质与能量的强烈交换下,高度集中的应力得到急速释放,故形成了这次8.0级大地震;④汶川8.0级大地震的发震断裂是深部15±5km处的汇聚断裂带,且为在15±5km深处、半径为5km左右的柱状震源体积。为此通过该区的壳、幔速度结构变异,初步揭示了这次8.0级大地震孕育、发生和发展的深部介质和构造环境及其深层动力过程。 相似文献
3.
利用四川地震台网2000年1月～2008年4月的地震数据,使用地震层析成像方法反演了龙门山及其邻近地区的地壳P波速度结构,以此为依据分析了龙门山断裂带和汶川Ms8.0地震的深部构造特征.研究结果表明,龙门山的地壳速度结构和深部动力学性质与汶川Ms8.0地震的破裂起始点、震源深度以及破裂传播方向密切相关.龙门山西侧的彭灌杂岩体是地壳内部应变强度较大、易于应力长期积累的主要载体,汶川Ms8.0地震即位于彭灌杂岩体的南端,毗邻四川盆地的西部边缘,该块体与四川盆地地壳的碰撞是引发汶川Ms8.0地震的直接原因.在汶川以北,沿着龙门山断裂的高速异常有利于破裂的发生和传递,而汶川以南地壳强度相对较弱,不易产生脆性破裂而引发地震,这可能是地震破裂自汶川向东北方向延伸、汶川以南缺少地震活动的重要原因.汶川Ms8.0地震的深部动力成因与龙门山断裂两侧的构造差异有关,松潘-甘孜造山带中下地壳强度较弱,青藏高原的向东运动受到四川盆地刚性岩石层阻碍,迫使龙门山发生垂向变形,中下地壳厚度增加,莫霍面弯曲下沉,基底则褶皱抬升向山前盆地逆冲,地壳形变所产生的应力积累为汶川地震的发生提供了深部动力来源. 相似文献
4.
在印度洋板块与欧亚板块的碰撞-挤压作用下,不仅形成了喜马拉雅弧形山造山带,而且导致其东部弧顶—东构造结似一尖楔沿NNE方向插入青藏高原的东北缘.造成了巴颜喀拉块体和龙门山断裂系深、浅部构造强烈活动和变形,并导致高原腹地壳、幔物质以大型走滑断裂为通道边界向E-ES方向运移.2008年5月12日汶川—映秀MS8.0地震就发生在这相对活动的巴颜喀拉块体与相对稳定的四川盆地之间的龙门山断裂系辖区内.基于该区深部壳、幔结构和主震（MS8.0）与7万多次余震震中位置与震源深度的展布研究表明,汶川—映秀MS8.0地震的发震断裂不是震中在地表投影位置附近,而是龙门山断裂系3条以不同角度西倾、且向下在15±5 km深处汇聚的断裂带CF.该发震断裂带不是一条简单的线性断裂带,而是一半径为5 km左右的柱状震源体,沿NE向展布.在青藏高原东北缘深部物质向东与向东南运动过程中地壳各层整体逐渐抬升,且在龙门山断裂系地带为减薄的转折部位,而地壳低速层却在这里尖灭.在两陆-陆板块碰撞力系作用下,壳、幔介质以上地壳底部低速层（深20±5 km）为上滑移面,并与上地壳解耦,而在深处则以岩石圈底部漂曳的软流层顶部（深100±10 km）为下滑移,故下地壳和上地幔盖层物质才能同步运动.它们在四川盆地高速“刚性”壳、幔物质阻隔下,龙门山断裂系的3条向下汇聚的断裂带与下地壳和上地幔盖层物质同步沿龙门山断裂系的断层面向上逆冲,当向上与向下同步运动的固态壳、幔介质二者在15±5 km深处强烈碰撞时激发了这次MS8.0地震和一系列强余震的发生和发展.基于上述可见,对强烈地震孕育,发生和发展的深部介质与构造环境,深部物质与能量的交换、运移和深层动力过程的研究乃核心所在. 相似文献
5.
利用四川地震台网的观测资料和体波地震层析成像方法反演了龙门山地区的S波速度结构,据此分析了龙门山断裂带的地壳结构和汶川震源区的深部构造特征.反演结果表明,地震破裂与龙门山断裂及其两侧的地壳结构差异存在明显的对应关系,汶川以北的龙门山上地壳具备较高的强度且明显抬升,灌县至江油是龙门山西侧应力积累的主要地区,汶川8.0级地震位于其南部边缘;四川盆地的刚性地壳向西俯冲于龙门山之下,其凸出部与造山带古老基底在汶川附近发生碰撞是汶川成为8.0级地震破裂起始点的主要原因.汶川以南的龙门山地区地壳上层具有较大的韧性,岩石强度相对减弱,与龙门山北部相比不易于应力积累和产生破裂,因而汶川以南的龙门山断裂缺少余震活动.龙门山地区地壳厚度明显增加,其原因与中下地壳具备较大的柔韧性有关.由于青藏东部向东挤出时受到四川盆地刚性岩石层的阻挡,龙门山中下地壳的塑性变形和垂向物质的增加导致地壳厚度加大和莫霍面下沉,以此方式吸收了龙门山地区的大部分地壳缩短量,地表则强烈褶皱抬升形成数千米的龙门山脉. 相似文献
6.
利用天然地震的走时数据和层析成像方法反演了四川西部及邻近地区的Pn波速度和各向异性,据此分析了龙门山的上地幔结构和汶川地震的深部构造特征.研究结果揭示了龙门山断裂两侧Pn波速度的差异:松潘-甘孜造山带速度偏低,四川盆地速度偏高;前者易于发生流动和韧性变形,后者显示出较强的刚性,反映出活动造山带和稳定地块岩石层地幔的不同性质.高速区和低速区的分界对应于龙门山断裂,大体上以汶川为界,北段相对平直且与余震的震中分布相一致,南段向四川盆地一侧凹进弯曲,汶川8级地震的震中位于北段和南段之间速度结构横向变化最大的区域,也是龙门山深层构造应力最易于集中和最易于产生应力差的地区,具有十分明显的深部构造特征.Pn波各向异性反映出的深部物质流动与青藏高原的向东运动相吻合,但是明显受到四川盆地刚性岩石层的阻挡,这一作用过程为龙门山地区的应力积累和汶川8级地震的发生提供了深部动力来源.龙门山断裂与上地幔顶部的各向异性无明显的对应关系,估计该断裂的活动仅限于地壳内部,而深部物质的流动与川滇地块沿着鲜水河断裂的旋转挤出有一定的相关性,据此推测龙门山断裂和鲜水河断裂具备不同的深层动力条件. 相似文献
7.
2008年汶川Ms8.0级地震的深部构造环境——远震P波接收函数和布格重力异常的联合解释 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
《中国科学D辑》2008,(10)
对龙门山及其邻近地区20个宽频带地震台站的记录提取远震P波接收函数,并应用H-k叠加方法,求得每个台站下方的地壳厚度和波速比.以此为约束,进一步作接收函数反演,获得各个台站下方的S波速度结构.后龙门山与松潘-甘孜地块的地壳速度结构相似,而前龙门山的地壳速度结构则与四川盆地相似.由此说明,中央主断裂带是青藏高原东部与扬子地块之间主要的边界断裂.松潘甘孜地块至后龙门山中南部地区存在下地壳低速层,有利于中上地壳物质的滑脱作用.远震接收函数和布格重力异常的分析结果支持龙门山断裂带深部构造为滑脱-逆冲型的论断.在松潘-甘孜地块内可能具有双层的滑脱构造.上层滑脱发生在10~15km的深度上,该滑脱带表现为高温韧性滑脱剪切带.下层滑脱则发生在30km左右的深度上,其下方为青藏高原东部广泛存在的下地壳流.布格重力异常的分析表明,在中上地壳,四川盆地的密度较高,松潘-甘孜地块密度相对较低.龙门山断裂带位于密度较高的一侧,是松潘-甘孜地块向东南方的四川盆地逆冲的结果.在地壳下部,四川盆地为高P波速度和高密度区,表明地壳物质是坚硬的.松潘-甘孜块体是低S波速度和低密度区,表明物质比较软弱.高密度块体阻挡了青藏高原东部下地壳物质向四川盆地下方的流动.受印度板块往北运动的影响,青藏高原下地壳物质向东流动.中上地壳物质向东运动受到刚性强度较大的扬子地块的阻挡,在龙门山断裂带上产生应力集中,导致中央断裂带上应力突然释放,产生汶川Ms8.0级地震. 相似文献
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定量研究地震滑坡物质河流卸载时间对理解地震与造山带地貌演化之间的关系有着十分重要的意义.本文以青藏高原东缘龙门山构造带内岷江流域为例,定量估算了2008年汶川大地震滑坡物质的河流卸载时间.研究结果表明,如果以位于龙门山构造带内的岷江河段现有搬运能力计算,并且岷江可以有效地搬运汶川地震滑坡物质,地震滑坡物质至少在3100 yr内被岷江卸载出龙门山.而龙门山构造带中段类似2008年汶川Ms8.0级大地震的复发周期约为3000 yr左右,暗示大地震所产生的滑坡物质量可以在大地震复发周期内基本上被侵蚀和剥蚀所平衡,并被卸载出龙门山构造带. 因此,我们推断:除了周期性大地震造成的地表抬升的累积外,龙门山地区地震及其它地表过程所产生的剥蚀物质通过河流快速卸载驱动了地壳均衡反弹和深部物质上涌,形成了青藏高原东缘的高陡地形梯度带. 相关的地球物理证据表明在青藏高原东缘可能存在由地表快速剥蚀(或侵蚀)所引发的地球深部地幔软流圈物质上涌. 相似文献
9.
龙门山中段及两侧地壳结构与汶川地震构造 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
2010年完成了由四川盆地中部向西北方向、近垂直穿越龙门山中段5·12汶川特大地震极震区和川西北高原、总长500 km的深地震宽角反/折射测深野外工作,沿测线建立了较为完善的地震测深观测系统,取得了丰富观测记录.对反映不同构造单元的震相记录、特别是强震构造区复杂震相信息的详细分析和模拟追踪计算,得到龙门山中段褶皱造山带及两侧的二维非均匀地壳速度结构模型.揭示了稳定的四川盆地地壳结构与被改造增厚的川西北高原地壳结构性质差异;探测到高原壳内介质由上向下的岩性变化,特别是下地壳介质速度大幅降低、岩性强烈弱化的塑性流变性质;发现了四川盆地与川西北高原之间褶皱造山带下地壳存在由西向东、下缓上陡的巨型铲式上升流以及上升流与龙门山中段断裂构造体系的关系;上升流沿褶皱带东部边缘在龙门山中段上中地壳以陡倾角度向上逆冲,造成龙门山上地壳中央断裂带附近强烈上隆并使结晶基底突出地表大幅抬升.综合区域构造应力场和现有地质成果进一步研究青藏高原东缘龙门山中段盆山耦合与造山构造,壳内断裂体系与强震孕育环境构造. 相似文献
10.
2008年汶川Ms8．0级地震的深部构造环境——远震P波接收函数和布格重力异常的联合解释 总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16
对龙门山及其邻近地区20个宽频带地震台站的记录提取远震P波接收函数,并应用H-k叠加方法,求得每个台站下方的地壳厚度和波速比．以此为约束,进一步作接收函数反演,获得各个台站下方的s波速度结构．后龙门山与松潘-甘孜地块的地壳速度结构相似,而前龙门山的地壳速度结构则与四川盆地相似．由此说明,中央主断裂带是青藏高原东部与扬子地块之间主要的边界断裂．松潘甘孜地块至后龙门山中南部地区存在下地壳低速层,有利于中上地壳物质的滑脱作用．远震接收函数和布格重力异常的分析结果支持龙门山断裂带深部构造为滑脱-逆冲型的论断．在松潘-甘孜地块内可能具有双层的滑脱构造．上层滑脱发生在10—15km的深度上,该滑脱带表现为高温韧性滑脱剪切带．下层滑脱则发生在30km左右的深度上,其下方为青藏高原东部广泛存在的下地壳流．布格重力异常的分析表明,在中上地壳,四川盆地的密度较高,松潘．甘孜地块密度相对较低．龙门山断裂带位于密度较高的一侧,是松潘-甘孜地块向东南方的四川盆地逆冲的结果．在地壳下部,四川盆地为高P波速度和高密度区,表明地壳物质是坚硬的,松潘-甘孜块体是低s波速度和低密度区,表明物质比较软弱．高密度块体阻挡了青藏高原东部下地壳物质向四川盆地下方的流动．受印度板块往北运动的影响,青藏高原下地壳物质向东流动．中上地壳物质向东运动受到刚性强度较大的扬子地块的阻挡,在龙门山断裂带上产生应力集中,导致中央断裂带上应力突然释放,产生汶川Ms8．0级地震． 相似文献
11.
《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2014,(12)
正SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences,an academic journal cosponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Natural Science Foundation of China,and published by Science China Press and Springer,is committed to publishing high-quality,original results in both basic and applied research. 相似文献
12.
《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2014,(9)
正SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences,an academic journal cosponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Natural Science Foundation of China,and published by Science China Press and Springer,is committed to publishing high-quality,original results in 相似文献
13.
In natural waters arsenic concentrations up to a few milligrams per litre were measured. The natural content of arsenic found in soils varies between 0.01 mg/kg and a few hundred milligrams per kilogram. Anthropogenic sources of arsenic in the environment are the smelting of ores, the burning of coal, and the use of arsenic compounds in many products and production processes in the past. A lot of arsenic compounds are toxic and cause acute and chronic poisoning. In aqueous environment the inorganic arsenic species arsenite (As(III)) and arsenate (As(V)) are the most abundant species. The mobility of these species is influenced by the pH value, the redox potential, and the presence of adsorbents such as oxides and hydroxides of Fe(III), Al(III), Mn(III/IV), humic substances, and clay minerals. 相似文献
14.
Due to deleterious effects on non-target organisms, the use of organotin compounds on boat hulls of small vessels (<25 m) has been widely prohibited. The International Maritime Organisation (IMO) resolved that the complete prohibition on organotin compounds acting as biocides in antifouling systems should commence in 2008. As a result of restrictions on the use of organotin based paints, other antifouling formulations containing organic biocides have been utilised. This survey was conducted to assess the contamination of replacement biocides in the marine environment following the ban of TBT-based paints. Surface sediments samples were collected in the major ports and marinas along the France Mediterranean coastline (Cote d’Azur) and analysed for organotin compounds, Irgarol 1051, Sea-nine 211TM, Chlorothalonil, Dichlofluanid and Folpet. Every port and marina exhibited high levels of organotin compounds, with concentrations in sediments ranging from 37 ng Sn g−1dry wt in Menton Garavan to over 4000 ng Sn g−1dry wt close to the ship chandler within the port of Villefranche-sur-Mer. TBT degradation indexes suggested that fresh inputs are still made. Among the other antifoulants monitored, only Irgarol 1051 exhibited measurable concentrations in almost every port, with concentrations ranging from 40 ng g−1dry wt (Cannes) to almost 700 ng g−1dry wt (Villefranche-sur-Mer, ship chandler). 相似文献
15.
Ian R. Falconer 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2005,33(1):64-71
Microcystins are cyclic heptapeptide toxins produced by a range of cyanobacterial genera. These cyanobacteria occur naturally in drinking water reservoirs subject to eutrophication, and in rivers and natural lakes. Because of the diversity of organisms, the toxins occur, from oligo‐mesotrophic lakes in North Temperate latitudes, to hypertrophic tropical ponds. The toxins are responsible for numerous cases of injury and death of domestic animals, and human poisoning from drinking water. The initial poisoning includes hepatic cell death. This leads to secondary effects from liver deficiency, including jaundice and photosensitisation. The toxic effects are largely due to inhibition of phosphatase enzymes, acting to regulate protein phosphorylation. The consequences include structural damage, apoptosis and, at lower concentrations, cell cycle effects and tumour promotion. As there is no clear evidence for direct carcinogenesis by microcystins, they are classed as non‐carcinogenic toxins in drinking water. Guideline Values for safe drinking water are derived from data for subchronic rodent toxicity, using the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (the highest dose giving no toxicity). To this dose are applied uncertainty factors, to calculate a Tolerable Daily Intake. On the basis of a standard bodyweight and water consumption the Guideline Value is determined for drinking water. For microcystin‐LR the WHO have set a provisional Guideline Value of 1 μg/L for drinking water. 相似文献
16.
The geomagnetic field and secular variation exhibit asymmetrical spatial features which are possibly originating from an heterogeneous thermal control of the Earth's lower mantle on the core. The identification of this control in magnetic data is subject to several difficulties, some of which can be alleviated by the use of core surface flow models. Using numerical dynamos driven by heterogeneous boundary heat flux, we confirm that within the parameter space accessible to simulations, time average surface flows obey a simple thermal wind equilibrium between the Coriolis and buoyancy forces, the Lorentz, inertial and viscous forces playing only a secondary role, even for Elsasser numbers significantly larger than 1. Furthermore, we average the models over the duration of three vortex turnovers, and correlate them with a longer time average which fully reveals the signature of boundary heterogeneity. This allows us to quantify the possibility of observing mantle control in core surface flows averaged over a short time period. A scaling analysis is performed in order to apply the results to the Earth's core. We find that three vortex turnovers could represent between 100 and 360 years of Earth time, and that the heat flux heterogeneity at the core-mantle boundary could be large enough to yield an observable signature of thermal mantle control in a time average core surface flow within reach of the available geomagnetic data. 相似文献
17.
Richard McCreary John McGaughey Yves Potvin Dave Ecobichon Marty Hudyma Harald Kanduth Alain Coulombe 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1992,139(3-4):349-373
Located in northern Québec, the Lac Shortt Mine was a small gold mine consisting of a thin subvertical orebody which was mined in three main phases. High stress and rockbursting conditions were experienced when ore was extracted in the upper zone between the surface and a depth of 500 metres during the first two phases of mining. Severe rockbursts were experienced in late 1989 near the shaft and in the footwall development following a deepening of the mine shaft to a depth of 830 m and partial development of footwall drift access for the third phase of mining (the mining of the lower zone starting at a depth of 830 m moving upward toward a depth of 500 m). A 16-channel Electrolab MP250 microseismic system, with a Queen's University Full-Waveform piggy-back system, was installed underground at the site due to these problems.It was expected that the thinning sill would be subjected to an ever-increasing load as the thickness of the 500 m sill pillar decreased in the face of the mining excavation from below. A monitoring program consisting of the microseismic monitoring system, a range of conventional geomechanics monitoring tools as well as the undertaking of periodic seismic tomography surveys to assess the ongoing state of stress and rock mass condition within the sill was therefore warranted.The anomalously high-magnitude stress field and the brittle rockmass created a situation in which rockmass failure was common and violent. In the creation and thinning of the sill pillar, the location of banded microseismic activity was crucial in tracing rockmass failure and the associated ground control problems. Reliable source-location determination enabled the identification of areas of stress increase. The movement of the rockmass failure front could be followed, and was responsible for stope dilution, footwall and orebody development deterioration, and caving.Source-mechanism analyses gave accurate double-couple solutions for approximately forty percent of these events having at least ten recognizable polarities. Results suggested movement along vertical north-south striking or vertical east-west striking features. Underground observation of damaged access points showed that vertical north-south striking joints were experiencing failure.The microseismic activity, which was consistently concentrated close to the southwest and northeast corners of current production stopes, could be explained by a stress field oriented obliquely to the strike of the orebody, as measured prior to shrinkage of the sill pillar byin situ stress measurements and observed borehole overbreaks. The orientations of theP andT axes for the microseismic activity further confirmed that the stress field oriented obliquely to strike.While an increase in compressional-wave velocity of 2.3 percent, corresponding to a measured stress increase of approximately 10 MPa could be measured by repeated tomographic surveys, it was relatively small and only a factor of two or so above the velocity measured uncertainty. The relative insensitivity of thein situ rock mass modulus to the applied stress is believed to be largely due to the rockmass discontinuities being relatively closed prior to stress increase, as substantiated by the small deformations seen by the extensometer and borehole camera. This situation existed because of the very high pre-mining stress level.The experimental demonstration that the rock could not absorb substantially increased load through the mechanism of discontinuity closure or tightening (which would be reflected in the modulus) may be evidence in itself of potentially burst-prone ground, such as encountered at Lac Shortt. 相似文献
18.
《水文科学杂志》2013,58(4):704-712
Abstract The upper Niger and Volta rivers exhibit a great and highly contrasting variability of inter-annual runoff. The Bani River, the largest tributary to the Niger River in Mali, shows a dramatic decrease in runoff after the 1970s, with the result that many boreholes in the region have dried up since the drought began. In contrast, the Nakambe River (Upper Volta basin, in Burkina Faso) shows an increase in runoff for the same period, leading to unexpected flood peaks that damaged infrastructures. The contribution that the groundwater and its variability make to surface runoff variability is assessed in this study by comparing the data of the national groundwater monitoring networks of Mali and Burkina Faso to surface runoff. Several variables are compared at the basin scale: the date of the maximum level of the water table, the annual rainfall, discharge, low flows and depletion coefficients. Variability in the low flows of the Bani River is well correlated to a decrease in the water table. Since 1970, the greater decrease in runoff in comparison to the rainfall decrease is due to a reduction in the baseflow, related to the cumulated rainfall deficit. Concerning the Nakambe River, the runoff increase is not supported by a water table increase, but is due to the increase in runoff coefficient related to land degradation. 相似文献
19.
The inability to detect the presence of viable Helicobacter pylori bacteria in environmental waters has hindered the public health community in assessing the role water may play in the transmission of this pathogen. This work describes a cultural enrichment method coupled with an H. pylori‐specific PCR to identify these bacteria in water. While far from perfected at the present time, this represents an exciting new approach to studying the significance of water as a transmission mechanism for H. pylori. Evidence is presented that indicates culturable H. pylori bacteria were found using this enrichment/PCR method in a local groundwater source. 相似文献
20.
Response spectrum predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong: rock sites 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
N. T. K. Lam A. M. Chandler J. L. Wilson G. L. Hutchinson 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2002,22(1)
To realistically assess the seismic risk relating to built infrastructures in Hong Kong and in the neighbouring coastal cities of southern Guangdong province, it is necessary to predict ground shaking induced by different earthquake scenarios with good accuracy. A companion paper has described the modelling of the spatial and temporal distribution of the diffused seismic activities in the region, based on the newly-developed ‘Expanding Circular Disc’ (ECD) method. Representative Magnitude–Distance (M–R) combinations for both near-field and far-field earthquakes (in relation to Hong Kong) have been derived using the ECD method. The present paper describes the modelling of the response spectrum on rock sites associated with the predicted M–R combinations, using the Component Attenuation Model (CAM) that was also developed recently by the authors, based on stochastic simulations of the seismological model. The significant effects of soil resonance on the response spectrum are described in a separate publication.The accuracy of CAM in modelling ground motion properties on rock sites has been tested here by comparisons with (i) strong motions recorded in Taiwan and South China from the 1999 ‘Chi-Chi’ earthquake in Taiwan (M=7.6), (ii) motions recorded in South China from another earthquake occurring in the southern Taiwan Strait in the same year (M=5.1), and (iii) historical seismic intensity data obtained within South China. The overall capability of CAM in modelling both near-field and far-field attenuation has been shown to be unmatched by existing empirical models. Results of the comparison studies confirm the accuracy of CAM, particularly within an epicentral distance of 300–400 km.This study shows that the developed serviceability response spectra (i.e. at short return periods) are controlled mainly by the earthquake recurrence behaviour of major distant seismic sources. In contrast, the ultimate response spectra (i.e. at long return periods) relate to events with magnitudes close to the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) limit, the effect of which may also be represented by the Characteristic Response Spectrum (CRS). Both types of earthquake scenario can be significantly affected by the regional crustal properties. The proposed response spectrum envelopes have been compared with previously developed recommendations, and a critical review has been conducted. The intrinsic advantages of the ECD–CAM modelling approach have been highlighted, emphasising its directness and transparency when compared with the more complex process required to implement traditional Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment (PSHA). 相似文献